豆粕固态发酵条件及其对断奶仔猪饲用效果的研究
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摘要
本研究优化了豆粕(soybean meal, SBM)复合菌固态发酵的工艺条件,测定了其消化能、代谢能和氨基酸回肠末端消化率,检验了其在断奶仔猪日粮中替代豆粕的应用效果。论文共包括四部分试验：(1)试验一采用单因素试验设计研究初始含水量、发酵温度、发酵时间、含糖量、外源蛋白酶添加量和中性蛋白酶与酸性蛋白酶的比例对发酵豆粕(fermented soybean meal, FSBM)营养品质的影响,并得到优化的发酵豆粕的加工工艺条件。使用本实验室研发的呼吸袋厌氧发酵技术,由枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) MA139、嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus)和酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisae)组成复合菌种发酵豆粕。豆粕发酵最终优化方案为：初始含水量,40%；含糖量,0.5%；中性蛋白酶与酸性蛋白酶比例,3：1；外源蛋白酶添加量,0.3%；发酵温度,40℃;发酵时间,5d。(2)试验二选用24头三元杂交(杜×长×大)去势公猪(初始体重(body weight, BW)为32.2±1.7kg),随机分为4个处理,每个处理6个重复,应用全收粪法测定豆粕、发酵豆粕和市场发酵豆粕产品优补健的消化能(digestible energy,DE)和代谢能(metabolizable energy, ME)。结果表明,以干物质基础,豆粕的DE和ME值分别为16.94和16.56MJ/kg,发酵豆粕的DE和ME值分别为17.04和16.51MJ/kg,优补健的DE和ME值分别为17.12和16.54MJ/kg。发酵对豆粕的DE、ME、总能表观消化率及ME/DE均无显著影响,并且发酵豆粕和优补健的DE、ME、总能表观消化率及ME/DE之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。(3)试验三选用8头安装简单T型回肠瘘管的三元杂交(杜×长×大)去势公猪(初始体重为26.8±1.5kg),采用4×4双拉丁方试验设计,测定了豆粕、发酵豆粕和优补健表观和标准回肠末端氨基酸消化率。结果表明,除精氨酸和组氨酸外,发酵豆粕的标准回肠末端氨基酸消化率(standardized ileal digestibility, SID)均与豆粕差异不显著；除赖氨酸、天冬氨酸、甘氨酸和脯氨酸外,优补健的SID值均显著高于发酵豆粕(P<0.05)。(4)试验四利用猪实测的DE和可消化氨基酸的数据,研究发酵豆粕和优补健替代相同DE及可消化氨基酸水平日粮中的豆粕对断奶仔猪生长性能、营养物质全肠道表观消化率、腹泻率及血液指标的影响。试验选用144头(初始体重为8.8±1.2kg)28日龄断奶仔猪(杜×长×大),按照随机区组试验设计,分为4个处理,每个处理6个重复(公母各半),每个重复6头猪。4个处理组如下：1)对照组：玉米-豆粕基础日粮,含24%的豆粕；2)6%发酵豆粕组：用发酵豆粕替代对照组中25%的豆粕；3)12%发酵豆粕组：用发酵豆粕替代对照组中50%的豆粕；4)12%优补健组：用优补健替代对照组中50%的豆粕。结果表明,试验15～28d,与对照组相比,6%发酵豆粕组平均日增重(average daily gain, ADG)和平均日采食量(average daily feed intake, ADF1)显著增高(P<0.05),试验全期,6%发酵豆粕组ADG显著高于对照组和12%优补健组。6%发酵豆粕和12%发酵豆粕组干物质的全肠道表观消化率(apparent total tract digestibility, ATTD)显著高于对照组和12%优补健组(P<0.05),并且12%发酵豆粕组干物质的ATTD显著高于6%发酵豆粕组(P<0.05)。但各处理组之间粗蛋白质、总能、钙和总磷的ATTD差异不显著(P>0.05)。6%发酵豆粕组仔猪前期腹泻率具有降低的趋势(P<0.10),但12%发酵豆粕组和12%优补健组的仔猪前期腹泻率与对照组差异不显著。对照组、6%发酵豆粕组、12%发酵豆粕组和12%优补健组之间仔猪血液指标均无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,以优化后的发酵条件发酵豆粕,营养价值得到改善,抗营养因子含量降低,小分子量蛋白质含量提高。发酵并不影响豆粕的DE、ME和氨基酸回肠末端消化率,替代断奶仔猪日粮中豆粕时,可以提高仔猪生长性能和干物质全肠道表观消化率,缓解仔猪腹泻。
In this research, the fermentation conditions of solid-state fermentated soybean meal (FSBM) were optimized, and concentration of DE and ME, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) of FSBM were determined; then the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with FSBM on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and serum indexes for weaned piglets were further studied. There were four parts in this study:(1) An experiment was conducted to explore a new strategy of co-inoculating Bacillus subtilis MA139with Streptococcus thermophilus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as starter strains to produce FSBM. Effects of initial moisture content, incubation temperature, incubation duration, sugar addition, and protease supplementation on the nutritional quality of FSBM were investigated. The optimal parameters for solid-state fermentation of SBM were initial moisture content,40%; sugar addition,0.5%; protease supplementation,0.3%; neutral protease to acid protease ratio,3:1; incubation temperature,40℃; incubation duration,5d.(2) Twenty-four barrows (Duroc x Landrace×Yorkshire, initial BW of32.2±1.7kg) were randomly allotted to1of4diets with6replicates per diet. A corn basal diet and3diets based on a mixture of corn and1of3soybean products (SBM, FSBM, and Suprotein(?)(a commercially available FSBM)) were formulated and the DE and ME contents were determined by the difference method. The DE and ME of SBM was16.94and16.56MJ/kg DM. The DE and ME of FSBM was17.04and16.51MJ/kg DM. The DE and ME of Suprotein(?) was17.12and16.54MJ/kg DM. The results showed that there were no differences in DE and ME between SBM and either FSBM product (P>0.05).(3) Eight barrows (initial BW of26.8±1.5kg) were fitted with ileal T-cannulaes and used in a replicated4×4Latin square design to determine the AID and SID of amino acids in SBM, FSBM and Suprotein(?). Three corn-starch-based diets were formulated using each of the3soybean products as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure endogenous losses of AA. The results showed that the SID of all AA except arginine and histidine was similar for FSBM and SBM (P>0.05), but Suprotein(?) had greater (P<0.05) SID of most AA except lysine, aspartate, glycine and proline than FSBM.(4) An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing soyben meal with FSBM and Suprotein(?) in identical DE and SID of AA diet on performance, ATTD of nutrients and serum indexes of weaned piglets. A total of144piglets (initial BW of8.8±1.2kg) were blocked by weight and fed1of4diets including a control diet with24%SBM as well as diets containing6%and12%FSBM or12%Suprotein(?) added at the expense of SBM. During d15to28, replacing SBM with6%FSBM significantly improved ADG and ADFI (P<0.05) for weaned piglets. During the overall experiment, ADG of piglets fed diets containing6%FSBM was significantly greater (P<0.05) than that of piglets fed SBM. There was significant effect of replacing SBM with FSBM on ATTD of dry matter. Furthermore, ATTD of dry matter was significantly higher in12%FSBM group compared with the6%FSBM group. Compared with SBM group, the6%FSBM group had decreased diarrhea rate (P <0.10). Serum indexes of weaned piglets were not affected by dietary treatments. In conclusion, fermentation with the new strategy did not affect the energy content or the AID and the SID of AA in SBM. However, inclusion of6%FSBM in diets fed to weaned piglets improved performance and ATTD of dry matter and decreased diarrhea rate after weaning likely as a result of better nutritional status and reduced immunological challenge.
In this research, the fermentation conditions of solid-state fermentated soybean meal (FSBM) were optimized, and concentration of DE and ME, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) of FSBM were determined; then the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with FSBM on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and serum indexes for weaned piglets were further studied. There were four parts in this study:(1) An experiment was conducted to explore a new strategy of co-inoculating Bacillus subtilis MA139with Streptococcus thermophilus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as starter strains to produce FSBM. Effects of initial moisture content, incubation temperature, incubation duration, sugar addition, and protease supplementation on the nutritional quality of FSBM were investigated. The optimal parameters for solid-state fermentation of SBM were initial moisture content,40%; sugar addition,0.5%; protease supplementation,0.3%; neutral protease to acid protease ratio,3:1; incubation temperature,40℃; incubation duration,5d.(2) Twenty-four barrows (Duroc x Landrace×Yorkshire, initial BW of32.2±1.7kg) were randomly allotted to1of4diets with6replicates per diet. A corn basal diet and3diets based on a mixture of corn and1of3soybean products (SBM, FSBM, and Suprotein(?)(a commercially available FSBM)) were formulated and the DE and ME contents were determined by the difference method. The DE and ME of SBM was16.94and16.56MJ/kg DM. The DE and ME of FSBM was17.04and16.51MJ/kg DM. The DE and ME of Suprotein(?) was17.12and16.54MJ/kg DM. The results showed that there were no differences in DE and ME between SBM and either FSBM product (P>0.05).(3) Eight barrows (initial BW of26.8±1.5kg) were fitted with ileal T-cannulaes and used in a replicated4×4Latin square design to determine the AID and SID of amino acids in SBM, FSBM and Suprotein(?). Three corn-starch-based diets were formulated using each of the3soybean products as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure endogenous losses of AA. The results showed that the SID of all AA except arginine and histidine was similar for FSBM and SBM (P>0.05), but Suprotein(?) had greater (P<0.05) SID of most AA except lysine, aspartate, glycine and proline than FSBM.(4) An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing soyben meal with FSBM and Suprotein(?) in identical DE and SID of AA diet on performance, ATTD of nutrients and serum indexes of weaned piglets. A total of144piglets (initial BW of8.8±1.2kg) were blocked by weight and fed1of4diets including a control diet with24%SBM as well as diets containing6%and12%FSBM or12%Suprotein(?) added at the expense of SBM. During d15to28, replacing SBM with6%FSBM significantly improved ADG and ADFI (P<0.05) for weaned piglets. During the overall experiment, ADG of piglets fed diets containing6%FSBM was significantly greater (P<0.05) than that of piglets fed SBM. There was significant effect of replacing SBM with FSBM on ATTD of dry matter. Furthermore, ATTD of dry matter was significantly higher in12%FSBM group compared with the6%FSBM group. Compared with SBM group, the6%FSBM group had decreased diarrhea rate (P <0.10). Serum indexes of weaned piglets were not affected by dietary treatments. In conclusion, fermentation with the new strategy did not affect the energy content or the AID and the SID of AA in SBM. However, inclusion of6%FSBM in diets fed to weaned piglets improved performance and ATTD of dry matter and decreased diarrhea rate after weaning likely as a result of better nutritional status and reduced immunological challenge.
引文
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