童性对苹果砧木绿枝扦插生根的影响
摘要
利用优良的矮化砧木密植是实现集约化生产和经营的重要保障。与压条相比,绿枝扦插繁殖系数高、繁育周期短、生产成本低,是苹果矮化砧木快速繁殖的高效途径,而其中诱导茎发生不定根是扦插成功的关键。为了建立快速、高效的苹果矮化砧木绿枝扦插快繁技术,本文研究童性、IBA、H2O2对苹果矮化砧木绿枝扦插生根的影响。
试验中以小金海棠(Malus xiaojinensis, MX)、SH1、SH6、M9、M26等苹果砧木为材料,通过绿枝扦插技术研究不同苹果砧木绿枝扦插生根能力及影响苹果砧木绿枝扦插生根的因子；选取童期小金海棠(J)、成年期小金海棠(A)、M9和M26茎尖分生组织作为外植体,研究连续茎段继代诱导苹果砧木返童提高绿枝扦插生根能力,得出如下结果：
1、苹果砧木绿枝扦插生根率存在极显著的品种间差异,多数砧木不易生根。取自童期小金海棠(J)实生苗的插穗扦插获得最好的移栽率(94.00%),其次是B9(62.17%)、p22(52.17%)、MM106(36.67%)和CG80(32.50%),生根能力最差的是GM256、M7、M26和CG24。
2、童性是苹果矮化砧木不定根形成的重要影响因子。取自童期小金海棠(J)实生苗的插穗和成年期小金海棠萌蘖(S)上的插穗绿枝扦插移栽率高达94.00%、93.35%,显著高于成年期小金海棠(A)(15.01%), SH1(16.00%)和SH6(34.67%)。
3、氧化还原平衡态与苹果砧木绿枝扦插生根有关。不同浓度的H2O2处理未能提高插穗生根率,而IBA(3,000mg·L-1)+H2O2(50mM)处理显著高于其它处理,表明H2O2对IBA有增效作用。0.5mM DPI(二苯基碘,活性氧产生的抑制剂)能完全消除H2O2对插穗生根的促进作用,而DPI对IBA没有影响。
4、通过连续茎段继代培养可成功诱导苹果矮化砧木返童。随着茎段继代次数的增加,小金海棠(A)、M9和M26叶片中内源IAA的含量、生根相关基因CKI1, ARRO-1、ARF7, ARF19和器官形成相关基因KNAT1的表达量显著提高,而内源ABA的含量、DNA甲基转移酶基因DRM2的表达量和DNA总甲基化水平逐渐下降。小金海棠(A)、M9和M26茎段继代到15代,小金海棠(A)叶片出现裂刻,表明小金海棠(A)、M9和M26在第15次继代成功返童,但小金海棠(A),M9和M26继代到第18和21代才出现不定根,生根率分别为42.48%,22.92%和74.28%。组培苗叶片IAA含量增加到～130(ng·g-1,鲜重)是小金海棠(A)、M9和M26生根的临界值。
5、取自组培返童的田间苗(R)的插穗扦插移栽率显著提高。小金海棠(R)、M26(R)移栽率分别达到96.75%和81.82%,显著高于小金海棠(A)、M26(A)(F=35.18,F0.05=3.48)。
6、5月份扦插生根效果最佳,好于6月和7月(F=552.85, F0.05=5.14)。
7、河沙+草炭(v/v,1：1)为苹果砧木绿枝扦插适宜基质。
结论：失去童性是使苹果砧木绿枝扦插不易生根的重要因子,通过茎段继代培养返童可使苹果砧木易生根。
The application of apple dwarfing rootstocks is great guarantee to realize orchard garden's intensive production and management. For perennial woody plants, cutting propagation is an efficient technique of rapidly propagating apple dwarfing rootstocks with a higher coefficient, shorter cycle and lower cost than layering, but inducing stem occur adventitious roots is the key to success for cutting. In order to establishing an efficient and rapid propagation system of apple dwarfing rootstocks cutting, in the paper, juvenility, IBA and H2O2were studied about the influence of rooting ability of apple dwarfing rootstocks.
In the experiment, Malus xiaojinensis (MX), SH1, SH6, M9, M26etc. were used as material to study rooting ability of different apple rootstocks and influence factors of leafy cuttings rooting. Shoot apical meristem in adult reproductive phase MX, shoot tip meristems taken from apomictic seedlings of MX and adult phase M9, M26were used as explants. Research on serial subcultures induced rejuvenation of apple dwarfing rootstocks, and improve rooting ability of softwood leafy. The results are as follows:
1. There are significant difference between varieties, the majority of apple rootstocks is not asy to root. The highest transplanting rates (94.00%) were observed in Malus xiaojinensis from apomictic seedlings (juvenile phase, J), followed by B9(62.17%), p22(52.17%), MM106(36.67%) and CG80(32.50%), and the worst is GM256, M7, M26and CG24.
2. A lack of juvenility is the most important limiting factor governing adventitious rooting of leafy cuttings in apple rootstocks. Rooting rates of juvenile MX (J) from seedlings and juvenile like MX (S) from suckers were dramatically higher (94.00%,93.35%, respectively) than of adult materials MX (A)(15.01%), SH1(16.00%), SH6(34.67%) cuttings.
3. Redox homeostasis was relate to rooting of apple dwarfing rootstock cuttings. The rooting ability cuttings were significantly higher in the treatment of3,000mg·L-1IBA+50mM H2O2than the other treatments. Treatments with H2O2alone, careless of concentrations, did not affect transplanting rates than water. Exogenous H2O2enhanced the effects of IBA on adventitious rooting and the enhanced portion of effect was abolished by H2O2inhibitor DPI (0.5mM). However, DPI didn't diminish the effect of IBA on adventitious rooting.
4. Serial subcultures in vitro caused successful rejuvenation of reproductively mature shoots. With the passages of subculture, the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) contents, the expressions of rooting related genes CKI1, ARRO-1, ARF7, ARF19and the expressions of organ formation related genes KNAT1increased significantly in leaves of in vitro shoots derived from MX (J), MX (A), M9and M26. In contrary, the abscisic acid (ABA) contents, the expressions of DRM2gene and total DNA methylation levels decreased. After15passages of in vitro subculture, the micro-shoots of MX (A), M9and M26from adult phase explants were rejuvenated successfully, and the lobe on leaflets of MX (A) appeared. But the rooting ability of rejuvenated micro-shoots was recovered delayed at the18th or21st passage of subculture(42.48%,22.92%,74.28%respectively). The minimum IAA content threshold would be～130(ng·g-1fresh weight), at which level, the plantlets from MX (J), MX (A), M9and M26rooted well.
5. Transplanting rates of leafy cuttings from tissue culture rejuvenated were significantly higher than from adult donor plants. Transplanting rates of leafy cuttings from MX (R) and M26(96.75%,81.82%, respectively) were significantly higher than from adult donor plants MX (A) and M26(A)(F=35.18, F0.05=3.48).
6. The transplanting rates was also significantly affected by the cutting seasons. The transplanting rates of cuttings were much higher in May than in June or July (F=552.85, F0.05=5.14).
7. Sand+peat (1:1, v/v) substrate is an suitable cutting substrate.
Conclusively, a lack of juvenility is the most important limiting factor governing adventitious rooting of leafy cuttings in apple rootstocks. Serial subcultures in vitro caused successful rejuvenation of reproductively mature shoots and hence recover the ability of adventitious rooting ability of leafy cuttings.
试验中以小金海棠(Malus xiaojinensis, MX)、SH1、SH6、M9、M26等苹果砧木为材料,通过绿枝扦插技术研究不同苹果砧木绿枝扦插生根能力及影响苹果砧木绿枝扦插生根的因子；选取童期小金海棠(J)、成年期小金海棠(A)、M9和M26茎尖分生组织作为外植体,研究连续茎段继代诱导苹果砧木返童提高绿枝扦插生根能力,得出如下结果：
1、苹果砧木绿枝扦插生根率存在极显著的品种间差异,多数砧木不易生根。取自童期小金海棠(J)实生苗的插穗扦插获得最好的移栽率(94.00%),其次是B9(62.17%)、p22(52.17%)、MM106(36.67%)和CG80(32.50%),生根能力最差的是GM256、M7、M26和CG24。
2、童性是苹果矮化砧木不定根形成的重要影响因子。取自童期小金海棠(J)实生苗的插穗和成年期小金海棠萌蘖(S)上的插穗绿枝扦插移栽率高达94.00%、93.35%,显著高于成年期小金海棠(A)(15.01%), SH1(16.00%)和SH6(34.67%)。
3、氧化还原平衡态与苹果砧木绿枝扦插生根有关。不同浓度的H2O2处理未能提高插穗生根率,而IBA(3,000mg·L-1)+H2O2(50mM)处理显著高于其它处理,表明H2O2对IBA有增效作用。0.5mM DPI(二苯基碘,活性氧产生的抑制剂)能完全消除H2O2对插穗生根的促进作用,而DPI对IBA没有影响。
4、通过连续茎段继代培养可成功诱导苹果矮化砧木返童。随着茎段继代次数的增加,小金海棠(A)、M9和M26叶片中内源IAA的含量、生根相关基因CKI1, ARRO-1、ARF7, ARF19和器官形成相关基因KNAT1的表达量显著提高,而内源ABA的含量、DNA甲基转移酶基因DRM2的表达量和DNA总甲基化水平逐渐下降。小金海棠(A)、M9和M26茎段继代到15代,小金海棠(A)叶片出现裂刻,表明小金海棠(A)、M9和M26在第15次继代成功返童,但小金海棠(A),M9和M26继代到第18和21代才出现不定根,生根率分别为42.48%,22.92%和74.28%。组培苗叶片IAA含量增加到～130(ng·g-1,鲜重)是小金海棠(A)、M9和M26生根的临界值。
5、取自组培返童的田间苗(R)的插穗扦插移栽率显著提高。小金海棠(R)、M26(R)移栽率分别达到96.75%和81.82%,显著高于小金海棠(A)、M26(A)(F=35.18,F0.05=3.48)。
6、5月份扦插生根效果最佳,好于6月和7月(F=552.85, F0.05=5.14)。
7、河沙+草炭(v/v,1：1)为苹果砧木绿枝扦插适宜基质。
结论：失去童性是使苹果砧木绿枝扦插不易生根的重要因子,通过茎段继代培养返童可使苹果砧木易生根。
The application of apple dwarfing rootstocks is great guarantee to realize orchard garden's intensive production and management. For perennial woody plants, cutting propagation is an efficient technique of rapidly propagating apple dwarfing rootstocks with a higher coefficient, shorter cycle and lower cost than layering, but inducing stem occur adventitious roots is the key to success for cutting. In order to establishing an efficient and rapid propagation system of apple dwarfing rootstocks cutting, in the paper, juvenility, IBA and H2O2were studied about the influence of rooting ability of apple dwarfing rootstocks.
In the experiment, Malus xiaojinensis (MX), SH1, SH6, M9, M26etc. were used as material to study rooting ability of different apple rootstocks and influence factors of leafy cuttings rooting. Shoot apical meristem in adult reproductive phase MX, shoot tip meristems taken from apomictic seedlings of MX and adult phase M9, M26were used as explants. Research on serial subcultures induced rejuvenation of apple dwarfing rootstocks, and improve rooting ability of softwood leafy. The results are as follows:
1. There are significant difference between varieties, the majority of apple rootstocks is not asy to root. The highest transplanting rates (94.00%) were observed in Malus xiaojinensis from apomictic seedlings (juvenile phase, J), followed by B9(62.17%), p22(52.17%), MM106(36.67%) and CG80(32.50%), and the worst is GM256, M7, M26and CG24.
2. A lack of juvenility is the most important limiting factor governing adventitious rooting of leafy cuttings in apple rootstocks. Rooting rates of juvenile MX (J) from seedlings and juvenile like MX (S) from suckers were dramatically higher (94.00%,93.35%, respectively) than of adult materials MX (A)(15.01%), SH1(16.00%), SH6(34.67%) cuttings.
3. Redox homeostasis was relate to rooting of apple dwarfing rootstock cuttings. The rooting ability cuttings were significantly higher in the treatment of3,000mg·L-1IBA+50mM H2O2than the other treatments. Treatments with H2O2alone, careless of concentrations, did not affect transplanting rates than water. Exogenous H2O2enhanced the effects of IBA on adventitious rooting and the enhanced portion of effect was abolished by H2O2inhibitor DPI (0.5mM). However, DPI didn't diminish the effect of IBA on adventitious rooting.
4. Serial subcultures in vitro caused successful rejuvenation of reproductively mature shoots. With the passages of subculture, the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) contents, the expressions of rooting related genes CKI1, ARRO-1, ARF7, ARF19and the expressions of organ formation related genes KNAT1increased significantly in leaves of in vitro shoots derived from MX (J), MX (A), M9and M26. In contrary, the abscisic acid (ABA) contents, the expressions of DRM2gene and total DNA methylation levels decreased. After15passages of in vitro subculture, the micro-shoots of MX (A), M9and M26from adult phase explants were rejuvenated successfully, and the lobe on leaflets of MX (A) appeared. But the rooting ability of rejuvenated micro-shoots was recovered delayed at the18th or21st passage of subculture(42.48%,22.92%,74.28%respectively). The minimum IAA content threshold would be～130(ng·g-1fresh weight), at which level, the plantlets from MX (J), MX (A), M9and M26rooted well.
5. Transplanting rates of leafy cuttings from tissue culture rejuvenated were significantly higher than from adult donor plants. Transplanting rates of leafy cuttings from MX (R) and M26(96.75%,81.82%, respectively) were significantly higher than from adult donor plants MX (A) and M26(A)(F=35.18, F0.05=3.48).
6. The transplanting rates was also significantly affected by the cutting seasons. The transplanting rates of cuttings were much higher in May than in June or July (F=552.85, F0.05=5.14).
7. Sand+peat (1:1, v/v) substrate is an suitable cutting substrate.
Conclusively, a lack of juvenility is the most important limiting factor governing adventitious rooting of leafy cuttings in apple rootstocks. Serial subcultures in vitro caused successful rejuvenation of reproductively mature shoots and hence recover the ability of adventitious rooting ability of leafy cuttings.
引文
陈四维,查霞娟,马宝焜,等.几种果树扦插繁殖试验初报.河北农业大学学报,1981,4(2)：103-116
褚丽丽,褚福侠,田家祥.激素对吉塞拉5号樱桃砧木全光照弥雾嫩枝扦插效果的影响.山西果树,2013,(2)：6-7
戴菲,董胜军,单守田,等.不同基质及生长调节剂对山杏扦插生根的影响.北方园艺,2012,(13)：32-34
胡孝葆,邓红宁,邵冲.果树全光照间歇喷雾嫩枝扦插育苗研究.果树科学,1993,10(2)：92-94
贾秭.苹果矮化砧几种快速繁殖方法的研究.山西农业大学学报,1984a,4(1)：76-87
贾秭.谈谈果树绿枝扦插.山西果树,1984b,2：14
姜林,张翠玲.国内外主要苹果新矮砧压条繁殖.北方园艺,1998,(3)：114
刘金郎.继代次数对梨枣试管苗生长生根的影响.中国果树,2003,6：54-55
刘庆忠,王甲威,张道辉,等.3个甜樱桃矮化砧木硬枝扦插技术研究.中国果树,2011,(1)：11
刘勇,肖德兴,黄长干,等.板栗嫩枝扦插生根解剖学特征研究.园艺学报,1997,24(1)：8-12
聂丽娟,王子成,何艳霞.菊花组织培养继代过程中的DNA甲基化变化.园艺学报,2008,35(11)：1689-1694
师校欣,陈四维,马宝焜.苹果砧木离体培养快速繁殖的研究.河北农业大学学报,1991,14(3)：21-25
王当山,孙世正,袁廷孝,等.枣树绿枝全光照弥雾扦插育苗试验.山东林业科技,1992,4：13-15
王关林,苏冬霞,吴海东.代谢调节剂对嫩枝扦插繁殖成活率的影响及其机理.园艺学报,2006,33(2)：395-398
王际轩,隋长琴.苹果砧木组织培养繁殖的研究.中国农业科学,1981,6：33-37
王甲威,魏海蓉,刘庆忠,等.苹果矮化砧木小金海棠嫩枝扦插研究初报.落叶果树,2011,(3)：4-5
王金祥,严小龙,潘瑞炽.不定根形成与植物激素的关系.植物生理学通讯,2005,41(2)：133-142
王竹.ABT生根粉对野生树莓枝条扦插效应的研究.湖南农业科学,2014,(2)：67-68
魏书,刘以仁,梁应物.桃绿枝扦插繁殖技术研究.果树科学,1994,11(4)：247-249
辛蓓.外源生长素和多胺对M26试管苗不定根发生效应的研究：[硕士学位论文].河北：河北农业大学,2006
许晓岗,汤庚国,童丽丽.海棠果插穗扦插生根过程解剖学观察.南京林业大学学报,2006,30(4)：77-80
杨廷桢,高敬东,王骞,等.两种芽接方法在苹果育苗中的应用试验.山西果树,2005,(4)：12-13
叶金山,徐海宁,周诚.3种珍贵用材树种扦插繁殖试验初报.江西林业科技,2013,(3)：11-13
曾炳山,黄永芳,杨懋勋,等.柚木嫩枝扦插生根过程中营养物质的研究.中南林业科技大学学报,2013,(2)：1-4
张娟,杜俊杰.果树扦插生根的解剖学及生理学研究进展.山西果树,2005,(6)：36-37
张猛,王丹,任少雄,等.不同基质和植物生长调节剂对费约果嫩枝扦插生根的影响.中国南方果树,2009,38(4)：47-49
张晓平,方炎明.杂种鹅掌楸插穗不定根发生与发育的解剖学观察.植物资源与环境学报,2003,12(1)：10-15
张秀美,李宝江,杨锋,等.苹果砧木绿枝扦插繁殖的研究.中国果树,2009,(1)：22-25
张玉刚,成建红,韩振海,等.小金海棠总RNA提取方法比较及cDNA的LD-PCR扩增.生物技术通报,2005,177：50-53
张志翔.中国沙棘插条生根解剖学特征的研究.林业科技通讯,1994,(2)：26-26
赵亮明,王飞,韩明玉,等.苹果砧木组织培养与快繁技术研究.西北农业学报,2011,20(7)：118-122
赵亮,孙守有.苹果无病毒矮砧母株苗水平压条繁殖技术.中国果树,1993,(1)：27-28
赵彦卿,孙迎秋.营养系矮化中间砧苹果苗嫁接繁殖新技术.中国果树,1991,3：013
Al-Salem MM, Karam NS. Auxin, wounding, and propagation medium affect rooting response of stem cuttings of Arbutus andrachne. HortScience,2001,36 (5):976-978
Alvarez R, Nissen SJ, Sutter EG. Relationship between indole-3-acetic acid levels in apple (Malus pumila Mill) rootstocks cultured in vitro and adventitious root formation in the presence of indole-3-butyric acid. Plant physiology,1989,89 (2):439-443
Amri E, Lyaruu HVM, Nyomora AS, et al. Vegetative propagation of African Blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr.):effects of age of donor plant, IBA treatment and cutting position on rooting ability of stem cuttings. New Forest,2010,39 (2):183-194
Anderson DR, Camper ND. Application of the disk method:responses to growth regulators. Journal of plant growth regulation,1987,6 (1):57-65
Baranek M, Krizan B, Ondrusikova E, et al. DNA-methylation changes in grapevine somaclones following in vitro culture and thermotherapy. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture,2010,101 (1):11-22
Baurens FC, Nicolleau J, Legavre T, et al. Genomic DNA methylation of juvenile and mature Acacia mangium micropropagated in vitro with reference to leaf morphology as a phase change marker. Tree physiology,2004,24 (4): 401-407
Bhardwaj DR, Mishra VK. Vegetative propagation of Ulmus villosa:effects of plant growth regulators, collection time, type of donor and position of shoot on adventitious root formation in stem cuttings. New Forest,2005,29 (2):105-116
Blazkova A, Sotta B, Tranvan H, et al. Auxin metabolism and rooting in young and mature clones of Sequoia sempervirens. Physiologia plantarum,1997,99 (1):73-80
Bouza L, Jacques M, Sotta B, Miginiac E. Relations between auxin and cytokinin contents and in vitro rooting of tree Peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.). Plant growth regulation,1994,15 (1):69-73
Brand MH, Lineberger RD. In vitro rejuvenation of Betula (Betulaceae):morphological evaluation. American journal of botany,1992,618-625
Busov VB, Johannes E, Whetten RW, et al. An auxin-inducible gene from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is differentially expressed in mature and juvenile-phase shoots and encodes a putative transmembrane protein. Planta,2004,218 (6): 916-927
Butler ED, Gallagher TF. Characterization of auxin-induced ARRO-1 expression in the primary root of Malus domestica. Journal of experimental botany,2000,51 (351):1765-1766
Butler ED, Gallagher TF. Isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding a novel 2-oxoacid-dependent dioxygenase which is up-regulated during adventitious root formation in apple(Malus domestica 'Jork 9') stem discs. Journal of experimental botany,1999,50 (333):551-552
Caboni E, Damiano C. Rooting in two almond genotypes. Plant science,1994,96 (1):163-165
Caboni E, Tonelli MG, Lauri P, et al. Biochemical aspects of almond microcuttings related to in vitro rooting ability. Biologia plantarum,1997,39 (1):91-97
Chen YH, Chao YY, Hsu YY, Kao CH. Heme oxygenase is involved in H2O2-induced lateral root formation in apocynin-treated rice. Plant cell reports,2013,32 (2):219-226
Christov C, Koleva A. Stimulation of root initiation in hardwood sweet and sour Cherry rootstocks (Prunus mahaleb L.). Bulgarian journal plant Physiology,1995,21 (1):68-72
Chuck G, Cigan AM, Saeteurn K, et al. The heterochronic maize mutant Corngrassl results from overexpression of a tandem microRNA. Nature genetics,2007,39 (4):544-549
Chuck G, Lincoln C, Hake S. KNAT1 induces lobed leaves with ectopic meristems when overexpressed inArabidopsis. Plant cell,1996,8 (8):1277-1289
Ciccotti AM, Bisognin C, Battocletti I, et al. Micropropagation of apple proliferation-resistant apomictic Malus sieboldii genotypes. Agronomy research,2008,6:445-458
Cui KR, Li J, Xing GM, et al. Effect of hydrogen peroxide on synthesis of proteins during somatic embryogenesis in Lycium barbarum. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture,2002,68:187-193
De Klerk, Brugge JT. Factors affecting adventitious root formation in microcuttings of Malus. Agronomie,1992,12:747-755
De Klerk GJ, Hanecakova J, Jasik J. The role of cytokinins in rooting of stem slices cut from apple microcuttings. Plant Biosystems-An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology,2001,135 (1):79-84
Delargy JA, Wright CE. Root formation in cuttings of apple in relation to auxin application and to etiolation. New Phytologjst,1979,82 (2):341-347
Demeulemeester MAC, Van Stallen N, De Proft MP. Degree of DNA methylation in chicory (Cichorium intybus L.): influence of plant age and vernalization. Plant science,1999,142 (1):101-108
Dumas E, Monteuuis O. In vitro rooting of micropropagated shoots from juvenile and mature Pinus pinaster explants: influence of activated charcoal. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture,1995,40 (3):231-235
Dunand C, Crevecoeur M, Penel C. Distribution of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in Arabidopsis root and their influence on root development:possible interaction with peroxidases. New phytologist,2007,174 (2):332-341
Evert DR, Smittle DA. Limb girdling influences rooting, survival, total sugar, and starch of dormant hardwood peach cuttings. HortScience,1990,25 (10):1224-1226
Ersoy N, Kalyoncu IH, Aydin M, et al. Effects of some humidity and IBA hormone dose applicatyons on rooting of M9 apple clonal rootstock softwood top cuttings. African journal of biotechnology,2010,9 (17):2510-2514
Finnegan EJ, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES. DNA methylation, a key regulator of plant development and other processes. Current opinion in genetics and development,2000,10 (2):217-223
Ford YY, Taylor JM, Blake PS, et al. Gibberellin A3 stimulates adventitious rooting of cuttings from cherry (Prunus avium). Plant growth regulation,2002,37 (2):127-133
Fouret Y, Arnaud Y, Maldiney R, et al. Relation entre rhizogenese et teneur en auxine et acide abscissique chez trois clones de Sequoia sempervirens (Endl.) issus d'arbres d'age different. Comptes rendus de l'Academie des sciences. S6rie 3, Sciences de la vie,1986,303(4),135-138
Fraga MF, Cafial M, Rodriguez R. Phase-change related epigenetic and physiological changes in Pinus radiata D. Don. Planta,2002,215 (4):672-678
Gapper C, Dolan L. Control of plant development by reactive oxygen species. Plant physiology,2006,141 (2):341-345
Gechev TS, Van Breusegem F, Stone JM, et al. Reactive oxygen species as signals that modulate plant stress responses and programmed cell death. Bioessays,2006,28 (11):1091-1101
Graves W R. IBA, juvenility, and position on ortets influence propagation of Carolina buckthorn from softwood cuttings. Journal of Environmental Horticulture,2002,20 (1):57-61
Greenwood MS.1. Rejuvenation of forest trees. Plant growth regulation,1987,6 (1-2):1-12
Hartmann HT, Kester D, Davies F, et al. Plant propagation Principles and practices.7th edition.USA:Pearson Higher Education. USA,2001
Hibara K, Karim MR, Tackada S, et al. Arabidopsis CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON3 regulates postembryonic shoot meristem and organ boundary formation. Plant cell,2006,18 (11):2946-2957
Huang AX, She XP, Cao BH, et al. Distribution of hydrogen peroxide during adventitious roots initiation and development in mung bean hypocotyls cuttings. Plant growth regulation,2011,64 (2):109-118
Huang H, Han SS, Wang Y, et al. Variations in leaf morphology and DNA methylation following in vitro culture of Malus xiaojinensis. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture,2012,111:153-161
Huang LC, Lius S, Huang BL, et al. Rejuvenation of Sequoia sempervirens by repeated grafting of shoot tips onto juvenile rootstocks in vitro model for phase reversal of trees. Plant physiology,1992,98 (1):166-173
Hung KT, Hsu YT, Kao CH. Hydrogen peroxide is involved in methyl jasmonate-induced senescence of rice leaves. Physiologia plantarum,2006,127 (2):293-303
Husen A. Clonal propagation of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. and associated metabolic changes during adventitious root primordium development. New Forest,2008a,36:13-27
Husen A. Clonal propagation of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. by softwood nodal cuttings:effects of genotypes, application of IBA and position of cuttings on shoots. Silvae genetica,2004,53 (2):50-54
Husen A, Pal M. Effect of branch position and auxin treatment on clonal propagation of Tectona grandis Linn. f. New Forest,2007a,34:223-233
Husen A, Pal M. Effect of serial bud grafting and etiolation on rejuvenation and rooting of mature trees of Tectona grandis Linn. f. Silvae genetica,2003,52:84-88
Husen A, Pal M. Metabolic changes during adventitious root primordium development in Tectona grandis Linn. f. (teak) cuttings as affected by age of donor plants and auxin (IBA and NAA) treatment. New Forest,2007b,33 (3):309-323
Husen A. Stock-plant etiolation causes drifts in total soluble sugars and anthraquinones, and promotes adventitious root formation in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) coppice shoots. Plant growth regulation,2008b,54:13-21
Karakurt H, Aslantas R, Ozkan G, et al. Effects of indol-3-butyric acid (IBA), plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and carbohydrates on rooting of hardwood cutting of MM106 Apple rootstock. African journal of agricultural research,2009,4:60-64
Kataeva NV, Popowich EA. Maturation and rejuvenation of Coriandrum sativum shoot clones during micropropagation. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture,1993,34 (2):141-148
Kaul K. Variation in rooting behavior of stem cuttings in relation to their origin in Taxus wallichiana Zucc. New Forest, 2008,36 (3):217-224
Kubis SE, Castilho AMMF, Vershinin AV, et al. Retroelements, transposons and methylation status in the genome of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and the relationship to somaclonal variation. Plant molecular biology,2003,52 (1):69-79
Kurkcuoglu S, Degenhardt J, Lensing J, et al. Identification of differentially expressed genes in Malus domestica after application of the non-pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens Bk3 to the phyllosphere. Journal of experimental botany,2007,58 (3):733-741
Kwak JM, Nguyen V, Schroeder JI. The role of reactive oxygen species in hormonal responses. Plant physiology,2006, 141 (2):323-329
Label PH, Sotta B, Miginiac E. Endogenous levels of abscisic acid and indole-3-acetic acid during in vitro rooting of wild cherry explants produced by micropropagation. Plant growth regulation,1989,8 (4):325-333
Li SW, Xue LG, Xu SJ, et al. Hydrogen peroxide involvement in formation and development of adventitious roots in cucumber. Plant growth regulation,2007,52 (2):173-180
Li SW, Xue LG, Xu SJ, et al. Hydrogen peroxide acts as a signal molecule in the adventitious root formation of mung bean seedlings. Environmental and experimental botany,2009a,65 (1):63-71
Li SW, Xue LG, Xu SJ, et al. IBA-induced changes in antioxidant enzymes during adventitious rooting in mung bean seedlings:The role of H2O2. Environmental and experimental botany,2009b,66 (3):442-450
Li TY, Wang Y, Zhang XZ, et al. Isolation and characterization of ARRO-1 genes from apple rootstocks in response to auxin treatment. Plant molecular biology reporter,2012,30 (6):1408-1414
Liu W, Xu ZH, Luo D, et al. Roles of OsCKIl, a rice casein kinase I, in root development and plant hormone sensitivity. Plant journal,2003,36 (2):189-202
li XG, Su YH, Zhao XY, et al. Cytokinin overproduction-caused alteration of flower development is partially mediated by CUC2 and CUC3 in Arabidopsis. Gene,2010,450 (1):109-120
Lyrene PM. Juvenility and production of fast-rooting cuttings from blueberry shoot cultures. Journal of the american society for horticultural science,1981,106:396-398
Magyar-Tabori K, Dobranszki J, Hudak I. Effect of cytokinin content of the regeneration media on in vitro rooting ability of adventitious apple shoots. Scientia horticulturae,2011,129 (4):910-913
Marks TR, Simpson SE. Interaction of explant type and indole-3-butyric acid during rooting in vitro in a range of difficult and easy-to-root woody plants. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture,2000,62 (1):65-74
Mesen F, Newton AC, Leakey RRB. Vegetative propagation of Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pavon) Oken:the effects of IBA concentration, propagation medium and cutting origin. Forest ecology and management,1997,92 (1):45-54
Mohamed F, Swartz H J, Buta JG. The role of abscisic acid and plant growth regulators in tissue culture-induced rejuvenation of strawberry ex vitro. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture,1991,25 (1):75-84
Murashige T, Skoog F. A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiologia plantarum,196215 (3):473-497
Neves C, Hand P, Amancio S. Patterns of B-type cyclin gene expression during adventitious rooting of micropropagated cork oak. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture,2006,86(3):367-374
Nikovics K, Blein T, Peaucelle A, et al. The balance between the MIR164A and CUC2 genes controls leaf margin serration in Arabidopsis. Plant cell,2006,18 (11):2929-2945
Noiton D, Vine JH, Mullins MG Endogenous indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid in apple microcuttings in relation to adventitious root formation. Plant growth regulation,1992a,11 (1):63-67
Noiton D, Vine JH, Mullins MG. Effects of serial subculture in vitro on the endogenous levels of indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid and rootability in microcuttings of Jonathan' apple. Plant growth regulation,1992b,11 (4):377-383
Nordstrom AC, Jacobs FA, Eliasson L. Effect of exogenous indole-3-acetic acid and indole-3-butyric acid on internal levels of the respective auxins and their conjugation with aspartic acid during adventitious root formation in pea cuttings. Plant physiology,1991,96 (3):856-86
Ofori DA, Newton AC, Leakey RRB, et al. Vegetative propagation of Milicia excelsa by leafy stem cuttings:effects of auxin concentration, leaf area and rooting medium. Forest ecology and management,1996,84 (1):39-48
Okushima Y, Fukaki H, Onoda M, et al. ARF7 and ARF19 regulate lateral root formation via direct activation of LBDIASL genes in Arabidopsis. Plant cell,2007,19 (1):118-130
Opuni-Frimpong E, Karnosky DF, Storer AJ, et al. Key roles of leaves, stockplant age, and auxin concentration in vegetative propagation of two African mahoganies:Khaya anthotheca Welw. and Khaya ivorensis A. Chev. New Forest,2008,36 (2):115-123
Osterc G, Stampar F. Differences in endo/exogenous auxin profile in cuttings of different physiological ages. Journal of plant physiology,2011,168 (17):2088-2092
Peaucelle A, Morin H, Traas J, et al. Plants expressing a miR164-resistant CUC2 gene reveal the importance of post-meristematic maintenance of phyllotaxy in Arabidopsis. Development,2007,134 (6):1045-1050
Peredo EL, Arroyo-Garcia R, Revilla M. Epigenetic changes detected in micropropagated hop plants. Journal of plant physiology,2009,166(10):1101-1111
Perrin Y, Doumas P, Lardet L, Carron MP. Endogenous cytokinins as biochemical markers of rubber-tree (Hevea brasiliensis) clone rejuvenation. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture,1997,47 (3):239-245
Poethig RS. Small RNAs and developmental timing in plants. Current opinion in genetics & development,2009,19 (4): 374-378
Richards EJ. DNA methylation and plant development. Trends in genetics,1997,13 (8):319-323
Rowe DB, Blazich FA, Weir RJ. Mineral nutrient and carbohydrate status of loblolly pine during mist propagation as influenced by stock plant nitrogen fertility. HortScience,1999,34 (7):1279-1285
Schopfer P, Plachy C, Frahry G. Release of reactive oxygen intermediates (superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals) and peroxidase in germinating radish seeds controlled by light, gibberellin, and abscisic acid. Plant physiology,2001,125 (4):1591-1602
Sebastiani L, Tognetti R, Di Paolo P, Vitagliano C. Hydrogen peroxide and indole-3-butyric acid effects on root induction and development in cuttings of Olea europaea L. (cv. Frantoio and Gentile di Larino). Advances in horticultural science,2002,16(1):7-12
Sebastiani L, Tognetti R.Growing season and hydrogen peroxide effects on root induction and development in Olea europaea L. (cvs 'Frantoio' and 'Gentile di Larino') cuttings. Scientia horticulturae,2004,100 (1):75-82
Smith NG, Wareing PF. The rooting of actively growing and dormant leafy cuttings in relation to endogenous hormone levels and photoperiod. New phytologist,1972:483-500
Smolka A, Welander M, Olsson P, et al. Involvement of the ARRO-1 gene in adventitious root formation in apple. Plant science,2009,177 (6):710-715
Smyikal P, Valledor L, Rodriguez R, et al. Assessment of genetic and epigenetic stability in long-term in vitro shoot culture of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Plant cell reports,2007,26 (11):1985-1998
Stimart DP, Harbage JF. Growth of Rooted'Gala'Apple Microcuttings ex Vitro as Influenced by Initial Adventitious Root Count. HortScience,1993,28 (6):664-666
Su GX, Zhang WH, Liu YL. Involvement of hydrogen peroxide generated by polyamine oxidative degradation in the development of lateral roots in soybean. Journal of integrative plant biology,2006,48 (4):426-432
Sun S B, Song JP, Yang J. Overexpressing Arabidopsis KNAT1 gene in Celosia plumosus L. causes modification of plant morphology. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum,2011,33 (5):1597-1602
Swamy SL, Puri S, Singh AK. Effect of auxins (DBA and NAA) and season on rooting of juvenile and mature hardwood cuttings of Robinia pseudoacacia and Grewia optiva. New Forest,2002,23 (2):143-157
Takayama S, Misawa M. Differentiation in Lilium bulbscales grown in vitro. Effects of activated charcoal, physiological age of bulbs and sucrose concentration on differentiation and scale leaf formation in vitro. Physiologia plantarum, 1980,48 (1):121-125
Tchoundjeu Z, Avana ML, Leakey RRB, et al. Vegetative propagation of Prunus africana:effects of rooting medium, auxin concentrations and leaf area. Agroforestry Systems,2002,54 (3):183-192
Teklehaimanot Z, Mwang'ingo PL, Mugasha AG, et al. Influence of the origin of stem cutting, season of collection and auxin application on the vegetative propagation af African Sandalwood (Osyris lanceolata) in Tanzania. The southern african forestry journal,2004,201 (1):13-24
Tsipouridis C, Thomidis T, Bladenopoulou S. Rhizogenesis of GF677, Early Crest, May Crest and Arm King stem cuttings during the year in relation to carbohydrate and natural hormone content. Scientia horticulturae,2006,108 (2),200-204
Tworkoski T, Takeda F. Rooting response of shoot cuttings from three peach growth habits. Scientia horticulturae, 2007,115 (1):98-100
Ocler AO, Parlak S, Yucesan Z. Effects of IBA and cutting dates on the rooting ability of semi-hardwood kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa A. Chev.) cuttings. Turkish journal of agriculture and forestry,2009,28 (3):195-201
Wang S, Zhu QH, Guo X, et al. Molecular evolution and selection of a gene encoding two tandem microRNAs in rice. Febs letters,2007,581 (24):4789-4793
Welander M, Pawlicki N, Holefors A, et al. Genetic transformation of the apple rootstock M26 with the rolB gene and its influence on rooting. Journal of plant physiology,1998,153 (3):371-380
Wilmoth JC, Wang SC, Tiwari SB, et al. NPH4/ARF7 and ARF19 promote leaf expansion and auxin-induced lateral root formation. Plant journal,2005,43 (1):118-130
Wu G, Poethig RS. Temporal regulation of shoot development in Arabidopsis thaliana by miR156 and its target SPL3. Development,2006,133 (18):3539-3547
Xu M, Li X, Korban SS. DNA-methylation alterations and exchanges during in vitro cellular differentiation in rose (Rosa hybrida L.). Theoretical and applied genetics,2004,109 (5):899-910
Xu M, Zhu L, Shou H, et al. APIN1 family gene, OsPIN1, involved in auxin-dependent adventitious root emergence and tillering in rice. Plant and cell physiology,2005,46 (10):1674-1681
Zhang XZ, Zhao YB, Wang GP, et al. Dynamics of endogenous cytokinins during phase change in Malus domestica Borkh. Acta horticulturea,2008,774:29-33
Zhu L H, Holefors A, Ahlman A, et al. Transformation of the apple rootstock M.9/29 with the rolB gene and its influence on rooting and growth. Plant Science,2001,160 (3):433-439
褚丽丽,褚福侠,田家祥.激素对吉塞拉5号樱桃砧木全光照弥雾嫩枝扦插效果的影响.山西果树,2013,(2)：6-7
戴菲,董胜军,单守田,等.不同基质及生长调节剂对山杏扦插生根的影响.北方园艺,2012,(13)：32-34
胡孝葆,邓红宁,邵冲.果树全光照间歇喷雾嫩枝扦插育苗研究.果树科学,1993,10(2)：92-94
贾秭.苹果矮化砧几种快速繁殖方法的研究.山西农业大学学报,1984a,4(1)：76-87
贾秭.谈谈果树绿枝扦插.山西果树,1984b,2：14
姜林,张翠玲.国内外主要苹果新矮砧压条繁殖.北方园艺,1998,(3)：114
刘金郎.继代次数对梨枣试管苗生长生根的影响.中国果树,2003,6：54-55
刘庆忠,王甲威,张道辉,等.3个甜樱桃矮化砧木硬枝扦插技术研究.中国果树,2011,(1)：11
刘勇,肖德兴,黄长干,等.板栗嫩枝扦插生根解剖学特征研究.园艺学报,1997,24(1)：8-12
聂丽娟,王子成,何艳霞.菊花组织培养继代过程中的DNA甲基化变化.园艺学报,2008,35(11)：1689-1694
师校欣,陈四维,马宝焜.苹果砧木离体培养快速繁殖的研究.河北农业大学学报,1991,14(3)：21-25
王当山,孙世正,袁廷孝,等.枣树绿枝全光照弥雾扦插育苗试验.山东林业科技,1992,4：13-15
王关林,苏冬霞,吴海东.代谢调节剂对嫩枝扦插繁殖成活率的影响及其机理.园艺学报,2006,33(2)：395-398
王际轩,隋长琴.苹果砧木组织培养繁殖的研究.中国农业科学,1981,6：33-37
王甲威,魏海蓉,刘庆忠,等.苹果矮化砧木小金海棠嫩枝扦插研究初报.落叶果树,2011,(3)：4-5
王金祥,严小龙,潘瑞炽.不定根形成与植物激素的关系.植物生理学通讯,2005,41(2)：133-142
王竹.ABT生根粉对野生树莓枝条扦插效应的研究.湖南农业科学,2014,(2)：67-68
魏书,刘以仁,梁应物.桃绿枝扦插繁殖技术研究.果树科学,1994,11(4)：247-249
辛蓓.外源生长素和多胺对M26试管苗不定根发生效应的研究：[硕士学位论文].河北：河北农业大学,2006
许晓岗,汤庚国,童丽丽.海棠果插穗扦插生根过程解剖学观察.南京林业大学学报,2006,30(4)：77-80
杨廷桢,高敬东,王骞,等.两种芽接方法在苹果育苗中的应用试验.山西果树,2005,(4)：12-13
叶金山,徐海宁,周诚.3种珍贵用材树种扦插繁殖试验初报.江西林业科技,2013,(3)：11-13
曾炳山,黄永芳,杨懋勋,等.柚木嫩枝扦插生根过程中营养物质的研究.中南林业科技大学学报,2013,(2)：1-4
张娟,杜俊杰.果树扦插生根的解剖学及生理学研究进展.山西果树,2005,(6)：36-37
张猛,王丹,任少雄,等.不同基质和植物生长调节剂对费约果嫩枝扦插生根的影响.中国南方果树,2009,38(4)：47-49
张晓平,方炎明.杂种鹅掌楸插穗不定根发生与发育的解剖学观察.植物资源与环境学报,2003,12(1)：10-15
张秀美,李宝江,杨锋,等.苹果砧木绿枝扦插繁殖的研究.中国果树,2009,(1)：22-25
张玉刚,成建红,韩振海,等.小金海棠总RNA提取方法比较及cDNA的LD-PCR扩增.生物技术通报,2005,177：50-53
张志翔.中国沙棘插条生根解剖学特征的研究.林业科技通讯,1994,(2)：26-26
赵亮明,王飞,韩明玉,等.苹果砧木组织培养与快繁技术研究.西北农业学报,2011,20(7)：118-122
赵亮,孙守有.苹果无病毒矮砧母株苗水平压条繁殖技术.中国果树,1993,(1)：27-28
赵彦卿,孙迎秋.营养系矮化中间砧苹果苗嫁接繁殖新技术.中国果树,1991,3：013
Al-Salem MM, Karam NS. Auxin, wounding, and propagation medium affect rooting response of stem cuttings of Arbutus andrachne. HortScience,2001,36 (5):976-978
Alvarez R, Nissen SJ, Sutter EG. Relationship between indole-3-acetic acid levels in apple (Malus pumila Mill) rootstocks cultured in vitro and adventitious root formation in the presence of indole-3-butyric acid. Plant physiology,1989,89 (2):439-443
Amri E, Lyaruu HVM, Nyomora AS, et al. Vegetative propagation of African Blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr.):effects of age of donor plant, IBA treatment and cutting position on rooting ability of stem cuttings. New Forest,2010,39 (2):183-194
Anderson DR, Camper ND. Application of the disk method:responses to growth regulators. Journal of plant growth regulation,1987,6 (1):57-65
Baranek M, Krizan B, Ondrusikova E, et al. DNA-methylation changes in grapevine somaclones following in vitro culture and thermotherapy. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture,2010,101 (1):11-22
Baurens FC, Nicolleau J, Legavre T, et al. Genomic DNA methylation of juvenile and mature Acacia mangium micropropagated in vitro with reference to leaf morphology as a phase change marker. Tree physiology,2004,24 (4): 401-407
Bhardwaj DR, Mishra VK. Vegetative propagation of Ulmus villosa:effects of plant growth regulators, collection time, type of donor and position of shoot on adventitious root formation in stem cuttings. New Forest,2005,29 (2):105-116
Blazkova A, Sotta B, Tranvan H, et al. Auxin metabolism and rooting in young and mature clones of Sequoia sempervirens. Physiologia plantarum,1997,99 (1):73-80
Bouza L, Jacques M, Sotta B, Miginiac E. Relations between auxin and cytokinin contents and in vitro rooting of tree Peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.). Plant growth regulation,1994,15 (1):69-73
Brand MH, Lineberger RD. In vitro rejuvenation of Betula (Betulaceae):morphological evaluation. American journal of botany,1992,618-625
Busov VB, Johannes E, Whetten RW, et al. An auxin-inducible gene from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is differentially expressed in mature and juvenile-phase shoots and encodes a putative transmembrane protein. Planta,2004,218 (6): 916-927
Butler ED, Gallagher TF. Characterization of auxin-induced ARRO-1 expression in the primary root of Malus domestica. Journal of experimental botany,2000,51 (351):1765-1766
Butler ED, Gallagher TF. Isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding a novel 2-oxoacid-dependent dioxygenase which is up-regulated during adventitious root formation in apple(Malus domestica 'Jork 9') stem discs. Journal of experimental botany,1999,50 (333):551-552
Caboni E, Damiano C. Rooting in two almond genotypes. Plant science,1994,96 (1):163-165
Caboni E, Tonelli MG, Lauri P, et al. Biochemical aspects of almond microcuttings related to in vitro rooting ability. Biologia plantarum,1997,39 (1):91-97
Chen YH, Chao YY, Hsu YY, Kao CH. Heme oxygenase is involved in H2O2-induced lateral root formation in apocynin-treated rice. Plant cell reports,2013,32 (2):219-226
Christov C, Koleva A. Stimulation of root initiation in hardwood sweet and sour Cherry rootstocks (Prunus mahaleb L.). Bulgarian journal plant Physiology,1995,21 (1):68-72
Chuck G, Cigan AM, Saeteurn K, et al. The heterochronic maize mutant Corngrassl results from overexpression of a tandem microRNA. Nature genetics,2007,39 (4):544-549
Chuck G, Lincoln C, Hake S. KNAT1 induces lobed leaves with ectopic meristems when overexpressed inArabidopsis. Plant cell,1996,8 (8):1277-1289
Ciccotti AM, Bisognin C, Battocletti I, et al. Micropropagation of apple proliferation-resistant apomictic Malus sieboldii genotypes. Agronomy research,2008,6:445-458
Cui KR, Li J, Xing GM, et al. Effect of hydrogen peroxide on synthesis of proteins during somatic embryogenesis in Lycium barbarum. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture,2002,68:187-193
De Klerk, Brugge JT. Factors affecting adventitious root formation in microcuttings of Malus. Agronomie,1992,12:747-755
De Klerk GJ, Hanecakova J, Jasik J. The role of cytokinins in rooting of stem slices cut from apple microcuttings. Plant Biosystems-An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology,2001,135 (1):79-84
Delargy JA, Wright CE. Root formation in cuttings of apple in relation to auxin application and to etiolation. New Phytologjst,1979,82 (2):341-347
Demeulemeester MAC, Van Stallen N, De Proft MP. Degree of DNA methylation in chicory (Cichorium intybus L.): influence of plant age and vernalization. Plant science,1999,142 (1):101-108
Dumas E, Monteuuis O. In vitro rooting of micropropagated shoots from juvenile and mature Pinus pinaster explants: influence of activated charcoal. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture,1995,40 (3):231-235
Dunand C, Crevecoeur M, Penel C. Distribution of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in Arabidopsis root and their influence on root development:possible interaction with peroxidases. New phytologist,2007,174 (2):332-341
Evert DR, Smittle DA. Limb girdling influences rooting, survival, total sugar, and starch of dormant hardwood peach cuttings. HortScience,1990,25 (10):1224-1226
Ersoy N, Kalyoncu IH, Aydin M, et al. Effects of some humidity and IBA hormone dose applicatyons on rooting of M9 apple clonal rootstock softwood top cuttings. African journal of biotechnology,2010,9 (17):2510-2514
Finnegan EJ, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES. DNA methylation, a key regulator of plant development and other processes. Current opinion in genetics and development,2000,10 (2):217-223
Ford YY, Taylor JM, Blake PS, et al. Gibberellin A3 stimulates adventitious rooting of cuttings from cherry (Prunus avium). Plant growth regulation,2002,37 (2):127-133
Fouret Y, Arnaud Y, Maldiney R, et al. Relation entre rhizogenese et teneur en auxine et acide abscissique chez trois clones de Sequoia sempervirens (Endl.) issus d'arbres d'age different. Comptes rendus de l'Academie des sciences. S6rie 3, Sciences de la vie,1986,303(4),135-138
Fraga MF, Cafial M, Rodriguez R. Phase-change related epigenetic and physiological changes in Pinus radiata D. Don. Planta,2002,215 (4):672-678
Gapper C, Dolan L. Control of plant development by reactive oxygen species. Plant physiology,2006,141 (2):341-345
Gechev TS, Van Breusegem F, Stone JM, et al. Reactive oxygen species as signals that modulate plant stress responses and programmed cell death. Bioessays,2006,28 (11):1091-1101
Graves W R. IBA, juvenility, and position on ortets influence propagation of Carolina buckthorn from softwood cuttings. Journal of Environmental Horticulture,2002,20 (1):57-61
Greenwood MS.1. Rejuvenation of forest trees. Plant growth regulation,1987,6 (1-2):1-12
Hartmann HT, Kester D, Davies F, et al. Plant propagation Principles and practices.7th edition.USA:Pearson Higher Education. USA,2001
Hibara K, Karim MR, Tackada S, et al. Arabidopsis CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON3 regulates postembryonic shoot meristem and organ boundary formation. Plant cell,2006,18 (11):2946-2957
Huang AX, She XP, Cao BH, et al. Distribution of hydrogen peroxide during adventitious roots initiation and development in mung bean hypocotyls cuttings. Plant growth regulation,2011,64 (2):109-118
Huang H, Han SS, Wang Y, et al. Variations in leaf morphology and DNA methylation following in vitro culture of Malus xiaojinensis. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture,2012,111:153-161
Huang LC, Lius S, Huang BL, et al. Rejuvenation of Sequoia sempervirens by repeated grafting of shoot tips onto juvenile rootstocks in vitro model for phase reversal of trees. Plant physiology,1992,98 (1):166-173
Hung KT, Hsu YT, Kao CH. Hydrogen peroxide is involved in methyl jasmonate-induced senescence of rice leaves. Physiologia plantarum,2006,127 (2):293-303
Husen A. Clonal propagation of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. and associated metabolic changes during adventitious root primordium development. New Forest,2008a,36:13-27
Husen A. Clonal propagation of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. by softwood nodal cuttings:effects of genotypes, application of IBA and position of cuttings on shoots. Silvae genetica,2004,53 (2):50-54
Husen A, Pal M. Effect of branch position and auxin treatment on clonal propagation of Tectona grandis Linn. f. New Forest,2007a,34:223-233
Husen A, Pal M. Effect of serial bud grafting and etiolation on rejuvenation and rooting of mature trees of Tectona grandis Linn. f. Silvae genetica,2003,52:84-88
Husen A, Pal M. Metabolic changes during adventitious root primordium development in Tectona grandis Linn. f. (teak) cuttings as affected by age of donor plants and auxin (IBA and NAA) treatment. New Forest,2007b,33 (3):309-323
Husen A. Stock-plant etiolation causes drifts in total soluble sugars and anthraquinones, and promotes adventitious root formation in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) coppice shoots. Plant growth regulation,2008b,54:13-21
Karakurt H, Aslantas R, Ozkan G, et al. Effects of indol-3-butyric acid (IBA), plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and carbohydrates on rooting of hardwood cutting of MM106 Apple rootstock. African journal of agricultural research,2009,4:60-64
Kataeva NV, Popowich EA. Maturation and rejuvenation of Coriandrum sativum shoot clones during micropropagation. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture,1993,34 (2):141-148
Kaul K. Variation in rooting behavior of stem cuttings in relation to their origin in Taxus wallichiana Zucc. New Forest, 2008,36 (3):217-224
Kubis SE, Castilho AMMF, Vershinin AV, et al. Retroelements, transposons and methylation status in the genome of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and the relationship to somaclonal variation. Plant molecular biology,2003,52 (1):69-79
Kurkcuoglu S, Degenhardt J, Lensing J, et al. Identification of differentially expressed genes in Malus domestica after application of the non-pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens Bk3 to the phyllosphere. Journal of experimental botany,2007,58 (3):733-741
Kwak JM, Nguyen V, Schroeder JI. The role of reactive oxygen species in hormonal responses. Plant physiology,2006, 141 (2):323-329
Label PH, Sotta B, Miginiac E. Endogenous levels of abscisic acid and indole-3-acetic acid during in vitro rooting of wild cherry explants produced by micropropagation. Plant growth regulation,1989,8 (4):325-333
Li SW, Xue LG, Xu SJ, et al. Hydrogen peroxide involvement in formation and development of adventitious roots in cucumber. Plant growth regulation,2007,52 (2):173-180
Li SW, Xue LG, Xu SJ, et al. Hydrogen peroxide acts as a signal molecule in the adventitious root formation of mung bean seedlings. Environmental and experimental botany,2009a,65 (1):63-71
Li SW, Xue LG, Xu SJ, et al. IBA-induced changes in antioxidant enzymes during adventitious rooting in mung bean seedlings:The role of H2O2. Environmental and experimental botany,2009b,66 (3):442-450
Li TY, Wang Y, Zhang XZ, et al. Isolation and characterization of ARRO-1 genes from apple rootstocks in response to auxin treatment. Plant molecular biology reporter,2012,30 (6):1408-1414
Liu W, Xu ZH, Luo D, et al. Roles of OsCKIl, a rice casein kinase I, in root development and plant hormone sensitivity. Plant journal,2003,36 (2):189-202
li XG, Su YH, Zhao XY, et al. Cytokinin overproduction-caused alteration of flower development is partially mediated by CUC2 and CUC3 in Arabidopsis. Gene,2010,450 (1):109-120
Lyrene PM. Juvenility and production of fast-rooting cuttings from blueberry shoot cultures. Journal of the american society for horticultural science,1981,106:396-398
Magyar-Tabori K, Dobranszki J, Hudak I. Effect of cytokinin content of the regeneration media on in vitro rooting ability of adventitious apple shoots. Scientia horticulturae,2011,129 (4):910-913
Marks TR, Simpson SE. Interaction of explant type and indole-3-butyric acid during rooting in vitro in a range of difficult and easy-to-root woody plants. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture,2000,62 (1):65-74
Mesen F, Newton AC, Leakey RRB. Vegetative propagation of Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pavon) Oken:the effects of IBA concentration, propagation medium and cutting origin. Forest ecology and management,1997,92 (1):45-54
Mohamed F, Swartz H J, Buta JG. The role of abscisic acid and plant growth regulators in tissue culture-induced rejuvenation of strawberry ex vitro. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture,1991,25 (1):75-84
Murashige T, Skoog F. A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiologia plantarum,196215 (3):473-497
Neves C, Hand P, Amancio S. Patterns of B-type cyclin gene expression during adventitious rooting of micropropagated cork oak. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture,2006,86(3):367-374
Nikovics K, Blein T, Peaucelle A, et al. The balance between the MIR164A and CUC2 genes controls leaf margin serration in Arabidopsis. Plant cell,2006,18 (11):2929-2945
Noiton D, Vine JH, Mullins MG Endogenous indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid in apple microcuttings in relation to adventitious root formation. Plant growth regulation,1992a,11 (1):63-67
Noiton D, Vine JH, Mullins MG. Effects of serial subculture in vitro on the endogenous levels of indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid and rootability in microcuttings of Jonathan' apple. Plant growth regulation,1992b,11 (4):377-383
Nordstrom AC, Jacobs FA, Eliasson L. Effect of exogenous indole-3-acetic acid and indole-3-butyric acid on internal levels of the respective auxins and their conjugation with aspartic acid during adventitious root formation in pea cuttings. Plant physiology,1991,96 (3):856-86
Ofori DA, Newton AC, Leakey RRB, et al. Vegetative propagation of Milicia excelsa by leafy stem cuttings:effects of auxin concentration, leaf area and rooting medium. Forest ecology and management,1996,84 (1):39-48
Okushima Y, Fukaki H, Onoda M, et al. ARF7 and ARF19 regulate lateral root formation via direct activation of LBDIASL genes in Arabidopsis. Plant cell,2007,19 (1):118-130
Opuni-Frimpong E, Karnosky DF, Storer AJ, et al. Key roles of leaves, stockplant age, and auxin concentration in vegetative propagation of two African mahoganies:Khaya anthotheca Welw. and Khaya ivorensis A. Chev. New Forest,2008,36 (2):115-123
Osterc G, Stampar F. Differences in endo/exogenous auxin profile in cuttings of different physiological ages. Journal of plant physiology,2011,168 (17):2088-2092
Peaucelle A, Morin H, Traas J, et al. Plants expressing a miR164-resistant CUC2 gene reveal the importance of post-meristematic maintenance of phyllotaxy in Arabidopsis. Development,2007,134 (6):1045-1050
Peredo EL, Arroyo-Garcia R, Revilla M. Epigenetic changes detected in micropropagated hop plants. Journal of plant physiology,2009,166(10):1101-1111
Perrin Y, Doumas P, Lardet L, Carron MP. Endogenous cytokinins as biochemical markers of rubber-tree (Hevea brasiliensis) clone rejuvenation. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture,1997,47 (3):239-245
Poethig RS. Small RNAs and developmental timing in plants. Current opinion in genetics & development,2009,19 (4): 374-378
Richards EJ. DNA methylation and plant development. Trends in genetics,1997,13 (8):319-323
Rowe DB, Blazich FA, Weir RJ. Mineral nutrient and carbohydrate status of loblolly pine during mist propagation as influenced by stock plant nitrogen fertility. HortScience,1999,34 (7):1279-1285
Schopfer P, Plachy C, Frahry G. Release of reactive oxygen intermediates (superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals) and peroxidase in germinating radish seeds controlled by light, gibberellin, and abscisic acid. Plant physiology,2001,125 (4):1591-1602
Sebastiani L, Tognetti R, Di Paolo P, Vitagliano C. Hydrogen peroxide and indole-3-butyric acid effects on root induction and development in cuttings of Olea europaea L. (cv. Frantoio and Gentile di Larino). Advances in horticultural science,2002,16(1):7-12
Sebastiani L, Tognetti R.Growing season and hydrogen peroxide effects on root induction and development in Olea europaea L. (cvs 'Frantoio' and 'Gentile di Larino') cuttings. Scientia horticulturae,2004,100 (1):75-82
Smith NG, Wareing PF. The rooting of actively growing and dormant leafy cuttings in relation to endogenous hormone levels and photoperiod. New phytologist,1972:483-500
Smolka A, Welander M, Olsson P, et al. Involvement of the ARRO-1 gene in adventitious root formation in apple. Plant science,2009,177 (6):710-715
Smyikal P, Valledor L, Rodriguez R, et al. Assessment of genetic and epigenetic stability in long-term in vitro shoot culture of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Plant cell reports,2007,26 (11):1985-1998
Stimart DP, Harbage JF. Growth of Rooted'Gala'Apple Microcuttings ex Vitro as Influenced by Initial Adventitious Root Count. HortScience,1993,28 (6):664-666
Su GX, Zhang WH, Liu YL. Involvement of hydrogen peroxide generated by polyamine oxidative degradation in the development of lateral roots in soybean. Journal of integrative plant biology,2006,48 (4):426-432
Sun S B, Song JP, Yang J. Overexpressing Arabidopsis KNAT1 gene in Celosia plumosus L. causes modification of plant morphology. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum,2011,33 (5):1597-1602
Swamy SL, Puri S, Singh AK. Effect of auxins (DBA and NAA) and season on rooting of juvenile and mature hardwood cuttings of Robinia pseudoacacia and Grewia optiva. New Forest,2002,23 (2):143-157
Takayama S, Misawa M. Differentiation in Lilium bulbscales grown in vitro. Effects of activated charcoal, physiological age of bulbs and sucrose concentration on differentiation and scale leaf formation in vitro. Physiologia plantarum, 1980,48 (1):121-125
Tchoundjeu Z, Avana ML, Leakey RRB, et al. Vegetative propagation of Prunus africana:effects of rooting medium, auxin concentrations and leaf area. Agroforestry Systems,2002,54 (3):183-192
Teklehaimanot Z, Mwang'ingo PL, Mugasha AG, et al. Influence of the origin of stem cutting, season of collection and auxin application on the vegetative propagation af African Sandalwood (Osyris lanceolata) in Tanzania. The southern african forestry journal,2004,201 (1):13-24
Tsipouridis C, Thomidis T, Bladenopoulou S. Rhizogenesis of GF677, Early Crest, May Crest and Arm King stem cuttings during the year in relation to carbohydrate and natural hormone content. Scientia horticulturae,2006,108 (2),200-204
Tworkoski T, Takeda F. Rooting response of shoot cuttings from three peach growth habits. Scientia horticulturae, 2007,115 (1):98-100
Ocler AO, Parlak S, Yucesan Z. Effects of IBA and cutting dates on the rooting ability of semi-hardwood kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa A. Chev.) cuttings. Turkish journal of agriculture and forestry,2009,28 (3):195-201
Wang S, Zhu QH, Guo X, et al. Molecular evolution and selection of a gene encoding two tandem microRNAs in rice. Febs letters,2007,581 (24):4789-4793
Welander M, Pawlicki N, Holefors A, et al. Genetic transformation of the apple rootstock M26 with the rolB gene and its influence on rooting. Journal of plant physiology,1998,153 (3):371-380
Wilmoth JC, Wang SC, Tiwari SB, et al. NPH4/ARF7 and ARF19 promote leaf expansion and auxin-induced lateral root formation. Plant journal,2005,43 (1):118-130
Wu G, Poethig RS. Temporal regulation of shoot development in Arabidopsis thaliana by miR156 and its target SPL3. Development,2006,133 (18):3539-3547
Xu M, Li X, Korban SS. DNA-methylation alterations and exchanges during in vitro cellular differentiation in rose (Rosa hybrida L.). Theoretical and applied genetics,2004,109 (5):899-910
Xu M, Zhu L, Shou H, et al. APIN1 family gene, OsPIN1, involved in auxin-dependent adventitious root emergence and tillering in rice. Plant and cell physiology,2005,46 (10):1674-1681
Zhang XZ, Zhao YB, Wang GP, et al. Dynamics of endogenous cytokinins during phase change in Malus domestica Borkh. Acta horticulturea,2008,774:29-33
Zhu L H, Holefors A, Ahlman A, et al. Transformation of the apple rootstock M.9/29 with the rolB gene and its influence on rooting and growth. Plant Science,2001,160 (3):433-439
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |