大豆连作条件下的根际细菌与氨氧化微生物群落特征及其影响因素
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摘要
在大豆长期连作定位试验地,利用T-RFLP和qPCR方法研究了连作1-13年土壤中细菌及氨氧化微生物群落结构和丰度的动态变化,同时通过构建微宇宙系统,研究染料木因和大豆苷元对细菌和氨氧化微生物的影响,并结合田间和盆栽13C02标记试验,研究大豆根系淀积物对土壤细菌群落的影响,结果如下：
(1)不同连作年限土壤中微生物量碳变化不显著,但是微生物量氮发生了显著的变化,并且细菌仍是主要的微生物类群。根际土壤中细菌16S rRNA基因的基因拷贝数随着连作年限的增加,出现了先增加后降低再增加的现象。不同连作年限土壤中与碳、氮循环相关的细菌类群的相对丰度发生变化,且根系分泌物与细菌群落结构的变化具有相关性,此外还与全氮、微生物量碳等因子有关。
(2) DNA-SIP在田间和盆栽条件下都没有找到利用13C的根际微生物,而盆栽RNA-SIP的结果找到158bp、438bp所代表的细菌是根际中活跃的微生物。在研究植物-微生物相互作用方面,RNA-SIP比DNA-SIP可能更为有效。
(3)大豆连作对氨氧化细菌的数量没有产生显著影响,但是改变了其群落结构,NMDS分析显示连作1年与其余年限分开,群落结构与染料木因、土壤全氮含量相关；氨氧化古菌的群落结构和数量均随着连作年限发生了显著的变化,连作1-4年土壤中氨氧化古菌amoA基因的拷贝数显著低于连作5-13年,而染料木因和土壤有机质含量与氨氧化古菌群落结构的变化有相关性。
(4)与对照相比,只有在培养3天时,添加较高浓度的大豆苷元和染料木因的混合液改变了细菌的群落结构,但是在培养7天和14天后细菌的群落结构却没有发生变化。培养时间为3天和7天时,大豆苷元对土壤中细菌群落的丰度产生了抑制作用,而培养14天时抑制作用减弱。染料木因对细菌群落丰度的作用表现在较低浓度时产生抑制作用,中等浓度时抑制作用消失,而高浓度时,培养3天时对细菌群落有抑制作用,而在培养7天和14天时抑制作用消失。
(5)添加异黄酮对氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌的群落结构均没有产生影响。在培养的7天和14天后,较高浓度的大豆苷元和染料木因的混合液显著增加了氨氧化细菌的数量。添加较高浓度的大豆苷元和染料木因的混合液对氧化古菌数量也有促进作用,其他处理在3天、7天时对氨氧化古菌的数量没有影响,培养14天时氨氧化古菌的数量显著性增加。
通过上述试验结果得出以下结论：(1)大豆连作后,主要对参与碳、氮循环的细菌类群产生影响,改变了其相对丰度；(2)大豆连作会影响土壤中氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌的群落结构和数量；(3)异黄酮在培养时间内对氨氧化细菌和古菌的群落结构没有产生影响,但是改变了其数量；(4)异黄酮对土壤细菌16S rRNA基因的基因拷贝数有影响,较高浓度的大豆苷元和染料木因混合液会改变细菌的群落结构；(5)在研究植物-微生物相互作用方面,RNA-SIP比DNA-SIP可能更为有效。
Cultivation of soybean (Glycine max) in Northeast China is characterized by high proportion of continuous monoculture which results in reduced crop production. Among all biotic and abiotic factors, changes in soil microbial communities induced by roots activities, especially root exudation might play an important role in it. The aim of present study was to investigate response of bacteria、ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) to root exudation in an experimental field of soybean monoculture continuously up to13years. Furthermore, a laboratory incubation experiment was performed to determine the effects of root exudates on the compositions and abundances of bacteria、AOA and AOB. In addition, to evaluate effects of root exudates as carbon sources on microbial communities, we used stable isotope probing under field and pot conditions and pulse labeled of soybean plants with13CO2. The main results were as follows:
(1) The abundance and community composition of bacteria and microbial biomass in soybean changed significantly with years of mono-cropping. The abundance of bacterial community increased from1to4years, and then it decreased from5to9years, then increased again from9to13years, except the11th year. Microbial biomass was correlated with both of genistein and daidzein. The change of community composition of bacteria was no clearly temporal compositional trends and affected by available P, total N, NH4+, microbial biomass, daidzein and genistein.
(2) The link between plant and rhizosphere microorganisms by13CO2labeling was applied to study the effect of root exudation of soybean as carbon sources on rhizosphere microbial communities. Terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analyses revealed158bp and438bp T-RF predominated in the heavy13C-labled bacterial rRNA, clearly showed that these bacteria were the populations most actively assimilating the carbon provided by the pulse labeling of the soybean plants in the greenhouse. Bacterial T-RFLP fingerprints from DNA taken from different density gradient fractions after pulse labeling showed similar fingerprints with increasing buoyant density, indicating that DNA-SIP failed to tracking carbon flow through different compartments of the rhizosphere microbiota.
(3) The community composition analyzed by T-RFLP fingerprints changed in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere with years of mono-cropping up to13years, including ammonia-oxidizing bacterial (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaeal (AOA). NMDS indicated that the AOB community of the first year was far from2to13years. Furthermore, AOB community composition was affected by genistein and total N. AOA community composition was affected by genistein and soil organic matter (SOM). The abundance of AOB was not significantly changed with years of mono-cropping, but the abundance of AOA was decreased from1to4years, and then it was increased from5to13years.
(4) During soil incubations, we tested response of bacteria, AOA and AOB to exogenous daidzein and genistein as well as their mixture. Our results demonstrated that the compositions of AOA and AOB were not responsive to the isoflavones, but the abundance of AOA and AOB were strongly accelerated at14th by daidzin, genistein and their mixture. In addition, community composition of bacterial was influenced by the mixture of daidzin and genistein at3rd. Daidzin, genistein and their mixture have strongly impacted on the abundance of bacterial community. Daidzein, low concentrations of genistein, mixture of daidzein and genistein had an inhibitory effect on it in incubated3rf,7th. High concentrations of genistein had no effect on the abundance of bacterial community at7th,14th.
In conclusion, the abundance and community composition of bacteria changed significantly with years of mono-cropping, the community composition of AOA and AOB were affected by soybean mono-cropping, but had little effort on the abundance of AOB, the abundance of AOA was decreased from1to4years, and then it was increased from5to13years. The compositions of AOA and AOB were not responsive to the isoflavones, but the abundance of AOA and AOB were strongly accelerated at14th by daidzein, genistein and their mixture. Daidzein, genistein and their mixture had impacted on the abundance and community composition of bacterial. The approach of RNA-SIP was more effective than DNA-SIP in the study of interaction between plant-microbes.
(1)不同连作年限土壤中微生物量碳变化不显著,但是微生物量氮发生了显著的变化,并且细菌仍是主要的微生物类群。根际土壤中细菌16S rRNA基因的基因拷贝数随着连作年限的增加,出现了先增加后降低再增加的现象。不同连作年限土壤中与碳、氮循环相关的细菌类群的相对丰度发生变化,且根系分泌物与细菌群落结构的变化具有相关性,此外还与全氮、微生物量碳等因子有关。
(2) DNA-SIP在田间和盆栽条件下都没有找到利用13C的根际微生物,而盆栽RNA-SIP的结果找到158bp、438bp所代表的细菌是根际中活跃的微生物。在研究植物-微生物相互作用方面,RNA-SIP比DNA-SIP可能更为有效。
(3)大豆连作对氨氧化细菌的数量没有产生显著影响,但是改变了其群落结构,NMDS分析显示连作1年与其余年限分开,群落结构与染料木因、土壤全氮含量相关；氨氧化古菌的群落结构和数量均随着连作年限发生了显著的变化,连作1-4年土壤中氨氧化古菌amoA基因的拷贝数显著低于连作5-13年,而染料木因和土壤有机质含量与氨氧化古菌群落结构的变化有相关性。
(4)与对照相比,只有在培养3天时,添加较高浓度的大豆苷元和染料木因的混合液改变了细菌的群落结构,但是在培养7天和14天后细菌的群落结构却没有发生变化。培养时间为3天和7天时,大豆苷元对土壤中细菌群落的丰度产生了抑制作用,而培养14天时抑制作用减弱。染料木因对细菌群落丰度的作用表现在较低浓度时产生抑制作用,中等浓度时抑制作用消失,而高浓度时,培养3天时对细菌群落有抑制作用,而在培养7天和14天时抑制作用消失。
(5)添加异黄酮对氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌的群落结构均没有产生影响。在培养的7天和14天后,较高浓度的大豆苷元和染料木因的混合液显著增加了氨氧化细菌的数量。添加较高浓度的大豆苷元和染料木因的混合液对氧化古菌数量也有促进作用,其他处理在3天、7天时对氨氧化古菌的数量没有影响,培养14天时氨氧化古菌的数量显著性增加。
通过上述试验结果得出以下结论：(1)大豆连作后,主要对参与碳、氮循环的细菌类群产生影响,改变了其相对丰度；(2)大豆连作会影响土壤中氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌的群落结构和数量；(3)异黄酮在培养时间内对氨氧化细菌和古菌的群落结构没有产生影响,但是改变了其数量；(4)异黄酮对土壤细菌16S rRNA基因的基因拷贝数有影响,较高浓度的大豆苷元和染料木因混合液会改变细菌的群落结构；(5)在研究植物-微生物相互作用方面,RNA-SIP比DNA-SIP可能更为有效。
Cultivation of soybean (Glycine max) in Northeast China is characterized by high proportion of continuous monoculture which results in reduced crop production. Among all biotic and abiotic factors, changes in soil microbial communities induced by roots activities, especially root exudation might play an important role in it. The aim of present study was to investigate response of bacteria、ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) to root exudation in an experimental field of soybean monoculture continuously up to13years. Furthermore, a laboratory incubation experiment was performed to determine the effects of root exudates on the compositions and abundances of bacteria、AOA and AOB. In addition, to evaluate effects of root exudates as carbon sources on microbial communities, we used stable isotope probing under field and pot conditions and pulse labeled of soybean plants with13CO2. The main results were as follows:
(1) The abundance and community composition of bacteria and microbial biomass in soybean changed significantly with years of mono-cropping. The abundance of bacterial community increased from1to4years, and then it decreased from5to9years, then increased again from9to13years, except the11th year. Microbial biomass was correlated with both of genistein and daidzein. The change of community composition of bacteria was no clearly temporal compositional trends and affected by available P, total N, NH4+, microbial biomass, daidzein and genistein.
(2) The link between plant and rhizosphere microorganisms by13CO2labeling was applied to study the effect of root exudation of soybean as carbon sources on rhizosphere microbial communities. Terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analyses revealed158bp and438bp T-RF predominated in the heavy13C-labled bacterial rRNA, clearly showed that these bacteria were the populations most actively assimilating the carbon provided by the pulse labeling of the soybean plants in the greenhouse. Bacterial T-RFLP fingerprints from DNA taken from different density gradient fractions after pulse labeling showed similar fingerprints with increasing buoyant density, indicating that DNA-SIP failed to tracking carbon flow through different compartments of the rhizosphere microbiota.
(3) The community composition analyzed by T-RFLP fingerprints changed in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere with years of mono-cropping up to13years, including ammonia-oxidizing bacterial (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaeal (AOA). NMDS indicated that the AOB community of the first year was far from2to13years. Furthermore, AOB community composition was affected by genistein and total N. AOA community composition was affected by genistein and soil organic matter (SOM). The abundance of AOB was not significantly changed with years of mono-cropping, but the abundance of AOA was decreased from1to4years, and then it was increased from5to13years.
(4) During soil incubations, we tested response of bacteria, AOA and AOB to exogenous daidzein and genistein as well as their mixture. Our results demonstrated that the compositions of AOA and AOB were not responsive to the isoflavones, but the abundance of AOA and AOB were strongly accelerated at14th by daidzin, genistein and their mixture. In addition, community composition of bacterial was influenced by the mixture of daidzin and genistein at3rd. Daidzin, genistein and their mixture have strongly impacted on the abundance of bacterial community. Daidzein, low concentrations of genistein, mixture of daidzein and genistein had an inhibitory effect on it in incubated3rf,7th. High concentrations of genistein had no effect on the abundance of bacterial community at7th,14th.
In conclusion, the abundance and community composition of bacteria changed significantly with years of mono-cropping, the community composition of AOA and AOB were affected by soybean mono-cropping, but had little effort on the abundance of AOB, the abundance of AOA was decreased from1to4years, and then it was increased from5to13years. The compositions of AOA and AOB were not responsive to the isoflavones, but the abundance of AOA and AOB were strongly accelerated at14th by daidzein, genistein and their mixture. Daidzein, genistein and their mixture had impacted on the abundance and community composition of bacterial. The approach of RNA-SIP was more effective than DNA-SIP in the study of interaction between plant-microbes.
引文
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