华北山区土地利用/覆被变化及其水资源效应
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摘要
土地利用/覆被变化对水循环过程的影响及其衍生的资源与环境问题已经成为当前研究的热点问题。永定河流域官厅山峡段是华北山区典型的生态环境脆弱区,也是北京市“京西绿色生态走廊与城市西南生态屏障”。同时,随着工业化和城市化的快速发展以及人民生活水平的不断提高,该区域水资源短缺的问题日益突出。虽然,流域内的水分平衡分量受上游流域的深刻影响,但区域内部土地利用/覆被格局及其变化也对流域的产汇流过程产生了重要影响。研究该区域的自然条件、人类活动、区位条件等多因素对土地利用/覆被变化的影响及其水资源效应,对于深化土地利用/覆被变化研究,具有理论意义；其研究结果对于认识上游山区生态涵养,掌握生态用水对于下游平原生产、生活用水的影响,建立合理的土地利用/覆被结构与格局,构建生态补偿机制都具有实践价值。
本文选择永定河流域(北京市门头沟区段)作为华北山区的典型区,以自然地理学、系统论、景观生态学、“天然-人工”二元水循环等理论为指导,应用遥感、地理信息系统等技术手段构建了研究区综合地理信息数据库,研究区域土地利用履被格局,植被覆盖变化特征及其降水响应；应用SWAT模型研究流域土地利用/覆被变化的水资源效应,并根据研究结果探讨出符合北京山区自然资源特点和经济社会条件的土地利用与生态保护道路。
研究得到主要结论如下：
(1)海拔、坡度、地质与土壤等自然地理因素是门头沟区土地利用/覆被空间格局的基础,社会经济发展是土地利用/覆被变化的驱动因素,但不同地形区内社会经济发展导致的土地利用/覆被变化存在差异。门头沟的地貌主体是山区、地形决定了以林地为主的土地利用/覆被基本格局。受海拔高度和地形影响,有林地主要分布在深山区,浅山区以灌木林地为主。山前平原区地形有利于开发活动,土地多宜性高,以农业景观和城市景观为主。深山区土地利用结构以未利用地向灌木林地转换为主,平原区和浅山区土地利用结构以灌木林地、未利用地向有林地和建设用地转换为主。由于交通发达,受道路切割影响,建设用地蚕食农地,山前平原区农业类型景观呈现破碎化、边缘化趋势,耕地优势度剧烈下降。
(2)从卫星影像解译的四个时点(1984a、1992a、1999a、2010a)的门头沟区的土地利用/覆被变化表明,全区耕地、园地一直为减少趋势；建设用地(包括城镇用地、农村居民点、工矿用地)保持持续增加,主要发生在门头沟中心城区和各镇的中心区；灌木林地和有林地总体表现为增加趋势。从1982a到2011a,研究区全域GIMMS-NDVI的年平均值在0.347～0.439范围内,植被覆盖/NDVI虽然在个别年份受降水量影响有波动,但总体上是大幅增加的。这说明,在门头沟山区持续的植树造林和生态恢复过程中,绿化率和植被覆盖不断提升。
(3)近十年来,研究区内植被覆盖变化率、植被覆盖年际变异的水平分异特征表明植被覆盖变化受降水变化、地形因素以及人类活动强弱变化等多种因素共同作用。近十年研究区内降水量呈现下降趋势,但是受人类活动强度变弱以及生态保护和修复治理等因素影响,植被覆盖/EVI呈现上升趋势。虽然研究区内降水量减少,但地形因素对降水的再分配,降低了地势较低、汇水条件较好位置的水分胁迫,加上人类活动的进一步减弱和生态修复治理工程的实施,使得中部区域的植被覆盖/EVI大面积提升。而海拔较高、坡度较大的西部区域植被覆盖相对稳定。山前平原区和军庄镇、潭柘寺镇在城镇化过程中由于新增建设用地占用其他用地类型导致研究区东部区域部分区域出现植被显著下降的趋势,植被覆盖变化波动较大。
(4)研究区内降水对不同植被类型的时滞影响普遍在1个月以内,影响的时效主要集中在1-2个月之间,山高坡陡,沟壑密度大,土壤中所能涵蓄的水量非常有限是该特征的主要原因。由于所处坡度缓、土层厚,有林地和园地相对于灌木林地和草地在水源涵养方面的作用更强,研究区内草地、灌木林地对降水的时效性较园地和有林地稍短。研究区内处于恢复阶段的生境由低级向高级、由不稳定向稳定的进化过程中,植被覆盖与降水的最大相关系数在波动上升,灌木林地对降水的依赖程度和利用效率向增强型方向发展,即在人为十扰程度较小的状况下,植被对降水的响应程度会增强。
(5)基于遥感数据的植被覆盖/NDVI,利用SWAT模型模拟的产流结果表明,随着植被覆被面积增加以及植被覆盖/NDVI等级提高,门头沟区总体上地表径流减少,整个区域产水区的变化经历了由以多水区为主向以缺水、少水区为主的变化过程,沿深山-浅山-山前平原的地形梯度由山区向平原区的径流输水正在减少。深山区径流发生显著下降的直接原因是降水减少以及深山区植被覆被面积增加以及植被覆盖/NDVI等级提高,地形因素以及人类干扰活动则通过影响土地利用/覆被间接对径流变化产生影响。浅山区内对径流的消耗趋势减弱,并非降水变化所致,更重要的是下垫面条件变化以及社会经济发展压力激增下人工侧支水循环干扰程度变化所致；该植被覆盖/NDVI等级提高,也是径流减少的主要原因。受有林地、灌木林地等生态用地面积的增加和植被覆盖/NDVI等级提高的影响,整个研究区内自然水循环条件下产水区的变化经历了由以多水区为主向以缺水、少水区为主的变化过程。
(6)区域水文和水资源的变化,不但要考虑人类干扰下的土地利用/覆被变化,而且必须根据地形划分不同地貌单元来研究,充分考虑地形造成的水资源再分配；对于生态保护或修复,也必须从系统论和景观生态学的角度,统筹考虑水资源在生态用水、生产用水和生活用水之间的合理分配以及上下游用水之间的合理分配,建立一个符合气候和地形特点,与区域经济社会需求相适应的土地利用/覆被格局。
Impacts of land use/cover change (LUCC) on hydrological cycle, and its derived resources and environmental problems, have been a hot topic in current studies. The Guanting gorge part of Yongding River watershed, located in the mountainous area of Northern China is confronted with a fragile environment. And it is going to be rehabilitated to form the "green eco-corridor for the west part of Beijing" and "ecological barrier for the whole municipality". Meanwhile, rapid industrialization and urbanization, and the needs for higher living standards of people aggravate the situation of water shortage. In the watershed, LUCC become an important driving-forces to change the hydrology within, besides the impact of upstream. There is theoritical meaning for further studies on LUCC to discuss the impacting factors, such as natural conditions, human activities, location and so forth on LUCC, as well as related hydrology and water resource effects. It's also can provide practical methods for ecological conservation in upstream regions, control of the impact of ecological water on water consumption in downstream areas, as well as the establishment of reasonable structure and pattern for land use/cover and scientific ecological compensation system.
In this research, Yongding River watershed (in Beijing Mentougou District) was selected as a typical area in the mountainous areas of northern China. And comprehensive geographic information database was built with the help of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) technologies, under the guidance of natural geography, systems theory, landscape ecology and "natural-artificial" dualistic circulation etc. With the synthesized data, analyses of regional LUCC, vegetation cover change and response of precipitation were carried out. Furthermore, Impacts of LUCC on hydrology and water resources were discussed on the support of SWAT model to find out proper land use and ecological conservation methods according to the characteristics of natural resources in the mountainous areas of Beijing and local socioeconomic conditions.
The main conclusions are drawn as follows:
(1) Altitude, slope, geology and soil make up the foundation of the spatial pattern of land use and land cover in Mentougou District. As a location-sensitive driving force to LUCC, socio-economy factors diversify and complicate the changes in different geographical areas. Hilly areas dominate Mentougou District, which determine that woodland is base of land use/cover pattern. Within which, Forest and shrub distributes in the inner and shallow parts respectively. In piedmont plain areas, multi-purpose development activities exist for the trivial topographical limitation, where agricultural and urban landscapes make up the most part. The main transformation from unused land to shrub land is the main direction in inner mountainous area. The main transformation of land use structure is shrub land and unused land to forest and construction land in shallow mountainous area and piedmont plain area. Because of improvement of transportation infrastructure and construction land sprawl agricultural landscape is becoming fragmental and marginal, which sharply abate the dominance of cultivated land.
(2) Land use/cover images of Mentougou District of1984,1992,1999and2010were derived from satellite imaginaries. The results were concluded based on the analysis of these data. Cultivated land area has been decreased. Construction land (including urban land, rural residential land, industrial and mining land) area has been increased, which occurred in downtown and fringe belt of Mentougou District. The area of shrub and forest are totally increased. Average values of GIMMS-NDVI of the whole region are ranged from0.347to0.439. In general, the NDVI values increase with the fluctuations of rainfall in recent years These data indicate that greening rate and vegetation coverage are increasing during the afforestation programs and ecological restoration.
(3) The Horizontal differentiation characteristics of velocity of land cover change and vegetation interannual variation in Mentougou District over the last decade, indicates that land cover change is determined by rainfall, topology and human activities etc. In general, with less of human disturbance and enforcement of ecological conservation and remediation, MODIS-EVI is becoming better, in spite of the descending of rainfall in recent decades.Although rainfall is decreasing in study area, water stress in low-lying and good catchment condition positions is weaken due to the redistribution of precipitation by terrain factors and the further weakening of human activity and the large area promotion of MODIS-EVI by ecological remediation project. Land cover is relatively stable in west zone where elevation is higher and slope gradient is bigger. MODIS-EVI is decreasing in some places of piedmont plain area and Junzhuang Town and Tanzhesi Town on account of construction land occupying other land types. Fluctuations of land cover are also much bigger in these places.
(4) Time lag effect of rainfall to vegetation is within1month in Mentougou District. Affect aging concentrates between1to2months because of limitation of soil water content with high mountains and steep slopes. Because forest land and orchard land with gentle slope and thickness soil layer are better in conserving water than shrub land and grass land, the affect aging of rainfall to forest land and orchard is much longer than that of shrub land and grass land. While the recovering habitats levels are evolving from low1to high from unstable to stable in our study area, maximum correlation coefficient between rainfall and land cover is increasing. Degree of dependence and utilization efficiency of shrub to rainfall is strengthened. The degree of response of vegetation to rainfall will be strengthened in the condition of less human disturbance.
(5) SWAT model was applied to simulate hydrologic water cycle in mountain region on the basis of vegetation coverage (NDVI) derived from remote sensing data, satellite imaginaries, With the increasing of vegetation cover area and the improvement of vegetation coverage grade, direct surface runoff is decreasing in Mentougou District, and this region goes through the change from the water riching dominant zone to the water shortage dominant zone. Along the topographic gradient from remote mountainous area, shallow mountainous area, to piedmont plains area, the conveyance of runoff water from mountainous area to plain area is reducing. Decreasing of rainfall, increasing of vegetation coverage area, improvement of vegetation coverage (NDVI) are direct reasons of the significant decrease of runoff in remote mountainous area, topographical factor and human activity interventions are indirect influence factors by influencing the land use/cover. In shallow mountainous area, the weakness of runoff yield's consumption are not induced by the changes of precipitation but by the changes of underlying surface conditions and intervention degree of artificial side-branch water cycle under the social and economic surge. The improvement of vegetation coverage degree (NDVI) is the main cause of the runoff yield's decrease.
(6)To study the changes of hydrology and water resources, we should not only consider the human disturbance on land use/cover change, but also take the topology into account and analysis its effects on water resources' redistribution. Therefore, the division of geographic unit according to topology is necessary. As to ecological protection and ecological remediation, a whole consideration of how to allocation water resources among ecological water utilization, production water and domestic water demands, and between upper reaches and lower reaches is essential from the theory of system theory, land landscape ecology. Only in this way, a pattern of land use/cover which is suitable to local climate and topology conditions and meeting the demand of local economical and social development could possibly be constructed.
本文选择永定河流域(北京市门头沟区段)作为华北山区的典型区,以自然地理学、系统论、景观生态学、“天然-人工”二元水循环等理论为指导,应用遥感、地理信息系统等技术手段构建了研究区综合地理信息数据库,研究区域土地利用履被格局,植被覆盖变化特征及其降水响应；应用SWAT模型研究流域土地利用/覆被变化的水资源效应,并根据研究结果探讨出符合北京山区自然资源特点和经济社会条件的土地利用与生态保护道路。
研究得到主要结论如下：
(1)海拔、坡度、地质与土壤等自然地理因素是门头沟区土地利用/覆被空间格局的基础,社会经济发展是土地利用/覆被变化的驱动因素,但不同地形区内社会经济发展导致的土地利用/覆被变化存在差异。门头沟的地貌主体是山区、地形决定了以林地为主的土地利用/覆被基本格局。受海拔高度和地形影响,有林地主要分布在深山区,浅山区以灌木林地为主。山前平原区地形有利于开发活动,土地多宜性高,以农业景观和城市景观为主。深山区土地利用结构以未利用地向灌木林地转换为主,平原区和浅山区土地利用结构以灌木林地、未利用地向有林地和建设用地转换为主。由于交通发达,受道路切割影响,建设用地蚕食农地,山前平原区农业类型景观呈现破碎化、边缘化趋势,耕地优势度剧烈下降。
(2)从卫星影像解译的四个时点(1984a、1992a、1999a、2010a)的门头沟区的土地利用/覆被变化表明,全区耕地、园地一直为减少趋势；建设用地(包括城镇用地、农村居民点、工矿用地)保持持续增加,主要发生在门头沟中心城区和各镇的中心区；灌木林地和有林地总体表现为增加趋势。从1982a到2011a,研究区全域GIMMS-NDVI的年平均值在0.347～0.439范围内,植被覆盖/NDVI虽然在个别年份受降水量影响有波动,但总体上是大幅增加的。这说明,在门头沟山区持续的植树造林和生态恢复过程中,绿化率和植被覆盖不断提升。
(3)近十年来,研究区内植被覆盖变化率、植被覆盖年际变异的水平分异特征表明植被覆盖变化受降水变化、地形因素以及人类活动强弱变化等多种因素共同作用。近十年研究区内降水量呈现下降趋势,但是受人类活动强度变弱以及生态保护和修复治理等因素影响,植被覆盖/EVI呈现上升趋势。虽然研究区内降水量减少,但地形因素对降水的再分配,降低了地势较低、汇水条件较好位置的水分胁迫,加上人类活动的进一步减弱和生态修复治理工程的实施,使得中部区域的植被覆盖/EVI大面积提升。而海拔较高、坡度较大的西部区域植被覆盖相对稳定。山前平原区和军庄镇、潭柘寺镇在城镇化过程中由于新增建设用地占用其他用地类型导致研究区东部区域部分区域出现植被显著下降的趋势,植被覆盖变化波动较大。
(4)研究区内降水对不同植被类型的时滞影响普遍在1个月以内,影响的时效主要集中在1-2个月之间,山高坡陡,沟壑密度大,土壤中所能涵蓄的水量非常有限是该特征的主要原因。由于所处坡度缓、土层厚,有林地和园地相对于灌木林地和草地在水源涵养方面的作用更强,研究区内草地、灌木林地对降水的时效性较园地和有林地稍短。研究区内处于恢复阶段的生境由低级向高级、由不稳定向稳定的进化过程中,植被覆盖与降水的最大相关系数在波动上升,灌木林地对降水的依赖程度和利用效率向增强型方向发展,即在人为十扰程度较小的状况下,植被对降水的响应程度会增强。
(5)基于遥感数据的植被覆盖/NDVI,利用SWAT模型模拟的产流结果表明,随着植被覆被面积增加以及植被覆盖/NDVI等级提高,门头沟区总体上地表径流减少,整个区域产水区的变化经历了由以多水区为主向以缺水、少水区为主的变化过程,沿深山-浅山-山前平原的地形梯度由山区向平原区的径流输水正在减少。深山区径流发生显著下降的直接原因是降水减少以及深山区植被覆被面积增加以及植被覆盖/NDVI等级提高,地形因素以及人类干扰活动则通过影响土地利用/覆被间接对径流变化产生影响。浅山区内对径流的消耗趋势减弱,并非降水变化所致,更重要的是下垫面条件变化以及社会经济发展压力激增下人工侧支水循环干扰程度变化所致；该植被覆盖/NDVI等级提高,也是径流减少的主要原因。受有林地、灌木林地等生态用地面积的增加和植被覆盖/NDVI等级提高的影响,整个研究区内自然水循环条件下产水区的变化经历了由以多水区为主向以缺水、少水区为主的变化过程。
(6)区域水文和水资源的变化,不但要考虑人类干扰下的土地利用/覆被变化,而且必须根据地形划分不同地貌单元来研究,充分考虑地形造成的水资源再分配；对于生态保护或修复,也必须从系统论和景观生态学的角度,统筹考虑水资源在生态用水、生产用水和生活用水之间的合理分配以及上下游用水之间的合理分配,建立一个符合气候和地形特点,与区域经济社会需求相适应的土地利用/覆被格局。
Impacts of land use/cover change (LUCC) on hydrological cycle, and its derived resources and environmental problems, have been a hot topic in current studies. The Guanting gorge part of Yongding River watershed, located in the mountainous area of Northern China is confronted with a fragile environment. And it is going to be rehabilitated to form the "green eco-corridor for the west part of Beijing" and "ecological barrier for the whole municipality". Meanwhile, rapid industrialization and urbanization, and the needs for higher living standards of people aggravate the situation of water shortage. In the watershed, LUCC become an important driving-forces to change the hydrology within, besides the impact of upstream. There is theoritical meaning for further studies on LUCC to discuss the impacting factors, such as natural conditions, human activities, location and so forth on LUCC, as well as related hydrology and water resource effects. It's also can provide practical methods for ecological conservation in upstream regions, control of the impact of ecological water on water consumption in downstream areas, as well as the establishment of reasonable structure and pattern for land use/cover and scientific ecological compensation system.
In this research, Yongding River watershed (in Beijing Mentougou District) was selected as a typical area in the mountainous areas of northern China. And comprehensive geographic information database was built with the help of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) technologies, under the guidance of natural geography, systems theory, landscape ecology and "natural-artificial" dualistic circulation etc. With the synthesized data, analyses of regional LUCC, vegetation cover change and response of precipitation were carried out. Furthermore, Impacts of LUCC on hydrology and water resources were discussed on the support of SWAT model to find out proper land use and ecological conservation methods according to the characteristics of natural resources in the mountainous areas of Beijing and local socioeconomic conditions.
The main conclusions are drawn as follows:
(1) Altitude, slope, geology and soil make up the foundation of the spatial pattern of land use and land cover in Mentougou District. As a location-sensitive driving force to LUCC, socio-economy factors diversify and complicate the changes in different geographical areas. Hilly areas dominate Mentougou District, which determine that woodland is base of land use/cover pattern. Within which, Forest and shrub distributes in the inner and shallow parts respectively. In piedmont plain areas, multi-purpose development activities exist for the trivial topographical limitation, where agricultural and urban landscapes make up the most part. The main transformation from unused land to shrub land is the main direction in inner mountainous area. The main transformation of land use structure is shrub land and unused land to forest and construction land in shallow mountainous area and piedmont plain area. Because of improvement of transportation infrastructure and construction land sprawl agricultural landscape is becoming fragmental and marginal, which sharply abate the dominance of cultivated land.
(2) Land use/cover images of Mentougou District of1984,1992,1999and2010were derived from satellite imaginaries. The results were concluded based on the analysis of these data. Cultivated land area has been decreased. Construction land (including urban land, rural residential land, industrial and mining land) area has been increased, which occurred in downtown and fringe belt of Mentougou District. The area of shrub and forest are totally increased. Average values of GIMMS-NDVI of the whole region are ranged from0.347to0.439. In general, the NDVI values increase with the fluctuations of rainfall in recent years These data indicate that greening rate and vegetation coverage are increasing during the afforestation programs and ecological restoration.
(3) The Horizontal differentiation characteristics of velocity of land cover change and vegetation interannual variation in Mentougou District over the last decade, indicates that land cover change is determined by rainfall, topology and human activities etc. In general, with less of human disturbance and enforcement of ecological conservation and remediation, MODIS-EVI is becoming better, in spite of the descending of rainfall in recent decades.Although rainfall is decreasing in study area, water stress in low-lying and good catchment condition positions is weaken due to the redistribution of precipitation by terrain factors and the further weakening of human activity and the large area promotion of MODIS-EVI by ecological remediation project. Land cover is relatively stable in west zone where elevation is higher and slope gradient is bigger. MODIS-EVI is decreasing in some places of piedmont plain area and Junzhuang Town and Tanzhesi Town on account of construction land occupying other land types. Fluctuations of land cover are also much bigger in these places.
(4) Time lag effect of rainfall to vegetation is within1month in Mentougou District. Affect aging concentrates between1to2months because of limitation of soil water content with high mountains and steep slopes. Because forest land and orchard land with gentle slope and thickness soil layer are better in conserving water than shrub land and grass land, the affect aging of rainfall to forest land and orchard is much longer than that of shrub land and grass land. While the recovering habitats levels are evolving from low1to high from unstable to stable in our study area, maximum correlation coefficient between rainfall and land cover is increasing. Degree of dependence and utilization efficiency of shrub to rainfall is strengthened. The degree of response of vegetation to rainfall will be strengthened in the condition of less human disturbance.
(5) SWAT model was applied to simulate hydrologic water cycle in mountain region on the basis of vegetation coverage (NDVI) derived from remote sensing data, satellite imaginaries, With the increasing of vegetation cover area and the improvement of vegetation coverage grade, direct surface runoff is decreasing in Mentougou District, and this region goes through the change from the water riching dominant zone to the water shortage dominant zone. Along the topographic gradient from remote mountainous area, shallow mountainous area, to piedmont plains area, the conveyance of runoff water from mountainous area to plain area is reducing. Decreasing of rainfall, increasing of vegetation coverage area, improvement of vegetation coverage (NDVI) are direct reasons of the significant decrease of runoff in remote mountainous area, topographical factor and human activity interventions are indirect influence factors by influencing the land use/cover. In shallow mountainous area, the weakness of runoff yield's consumption are not induced by the changes of precipitation but by the changes of underlying surface conditions and intervention degree of artificial side-branch water cycle under the social and economic surge. The improvement of vegetation coverage degree (NDVI) is the main cause of the runoff yield's decrease.
(6)To study the changes of hydrology and water resources, we should not only consider the human disturbance on land use/cover change, but also take the topology into account and analysis its effects on water resources' redistribution. Therefore, the division of geographic unit according to topology is necessary. As to ecological protection and ecological remediation, a whole consideration of how to allocation water resources among ecological water utilization, production water and domestic water demands, and between upper reaches and lower reaches is essential from the theory of system theory, land landscape ecology. Only in this way, a pattern of land use/cover which is suitable to local climate and topology conditions and meeting the demand of local economical and social development could possibly be constructed.
引文
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