脉动热管内脉动流动和传热的理论研究
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摘要
脉动热管是一种结构简单,成本廉价且性能高效的传热装置。然而其传热过程涉及气液两相传热,机理复杂,以至于到目前的理论研究仍未全面地解释其机理,对实验中的现象不能完全解释,从而不能对实际应用进行有效的理论指导和设计。
本文研究了微型圆管内被施以不同周期性压力波的振荡流体的传热性能,以确定振荡压力是如何影响流体流动和传热性能的。本文以微型圆管内的液柱为研究对象,以圆管外壁施加恒定热通量、驱动压力梯度随时间呈周期性变化作为前提条件,对不可压缩的脉动流体在压力波为正弦波和三角波的情况展开研究。对两种波形下传热性能变化进行理论分析,求解其解析解,从数学上精确刻画两种波形对传热性能的影响,明确其影响因素,从而从理论上回答流体的脉动是提高传热还是降低传热的难题。同时,基于压力波在气相和液相的传播速度不同的事实,探索充液率影响OHP中振荡运动产生的数学模型,从理论上回答充液率上限和OHP最小启动功率的问题。
通过研究所获得的解析解发现,流体的脉动对传热的影响,取决于流动流体本身特性参数：脉动频率,ω*,脉动压力的振幅,γ,和普朗特数Pr以及波形。对于微圆管内的层流脉动流动,给定适当的振荡压力可以提高传热系数。外部施加的振荡周期对流体传热特性的影响在低频下比高频下更强。三角波压力下和正弦波压力下的努塞尔数的分析和对比则表明,在低频下,三角波动对强化传热更具影响力,更容易达到强化传热的目的。随着无量纲脉动频率ω*的增长,波形对强化传热的影响逐渐减弱。此外,充液率影响0HP中振荡运动产生的数学模型更表明,在0HP内流体开始发生振荡运动所需的能量取决于充液率。当充液率增加时,需要增加热能输入以激发振荡运动；充液率存在上限且该上限依赖于工作流体的性质。
Oscillating heat pipe (OHP) is a heat transfer device which has unique features of simple structure, low cost and high performance. However, the heat transfer process in an OHP is involving liquid-vapor two-phase flow and oscillated forced convection. Fluid flow and heat transfer mechanisms have not been fully understood. In the current investigation, an analytical study of oscillating flow in a capillary tube was conducted to determine the oscillatory flow effect on the heat transfer coefficient and find whether there exists an optimum condition for the maximum heat transfer coefficient Based on a uniform heat flux boundary condition, the analytical solutions of temperature distribution and Nussek number for a pulsating laminar flow are obtained to analyze the effects of thermal and mechanical properties on the heat transfer performance. The reseach are foucus on the sine waveform and triangular waveform to find how the waveform affects the heat transfer coefficient in a capillary tube. Furthermore, based on the fact that pressure wave speed in vapor phase is different in liquid phase, a mathematical model predicting the filling ratio effect on the startup of oscillating motion in an OHP is established to slove the question about the relation of the mininmu heat toad vs. the filling ratio. The analytic solutions obtained in the current investigation show that not only the dimensionless pulsation frequency, ω*, amplitude, Y, and Prandtl number, Pr, are primary factors affecting the heat transfer performance of an oscillating flow in a capillary tube, but also fluid properties and oscillating waveform. More importantly, the triangular waveform of oscillating motion can result in a higher heat transfer coefficient by comparison to the sine waveform. Furthermore, a mathematical model that predicts the filling ratio effect on the start-up power of a one-turn OHP is presented. It shows that the heat input needed to start the oscillating motion in an OHP depends on the filling ratio. When the filling ratio increases, the heat input required to start up the oscillating motion increases. And there exists an upper limit, which is dependent on the properties of the working fluid.
本文研究了微型圆管内被施以不同周期性压力波的振荡流体的传热性能,以确定振荡压力是如何影响流体流动和传热性能的。本文以微型圆管内的液柱为研究对象,以圆管外壁施加恒定热通量、驱动压力梯度随时间呈周期性变化作为前提条件,对不可压缩的脉动流体在压力波为正弦波和三角波的情况展开研究。对两种波形下传热性能变化进行理论分析,求解其解析解,从数学上精确刻画两种波形对传热性能的影响,明确其影响因素,从而从理论上回答流体的脉动是提高传热还是降低传热的难题。同时,基于压力波在气相和液相的传播速度不同的事实,探索充液率影响OHP中振荡运动产生的数学模型,从理论上回答充液率上限和OHP最小启动功率的问题。
通过研究所获得的解析解发现,流体的脉动对传热的影响,取决于流动流体本身特性参数：脉动频率,ω*,脉动压力的振幅,γ,和普朗特数Pr以及波形。对于微圆管内的层流脉动流动,给定适当的振荡压力可以提高传热系数。外部施加的振荡周期对流体传热特性的影响在低频下比高频下更强。三角波压力下和正弦波压力下的努塞尔数的分析和对比则表明,在低频下,三角波动对强化传热更具影响力,更容易达到强化传热的目的。随着无量纲脉动频率ω*的增长,波形对强化传热的影响逐渐减弱。此外,充液率影响0HP中振荡运动产生的数学模型更表明,在0HP内流体开始发生振荡运动所需的能量取决于充液率。当充液率增加时,需要增加热能输入以激发振荡运动；充液率存在上限且该上限依赖于工作流体的性质。
Oscillating heat pipe (OHP) is a heat transfer device which has unique features of simple structure, low cost and high performance. However, the heat transfer process in an OHP is involving liquid-vapor two-phase flow and oscillated forced convection. Fluid flow and heat transfer mechanisms have not been fully understood. In the current investigation, an analytical study of oscillating flow in a capillary tube was conducted to determine the oscillatory flow effect on the heat transfer coefficient and find whether there exists an optimum condition for the maximum heat transfer coefficient Based on a uniform heat flux boundary condition, the analytical solutions of temperature distribution and Nussek number for a pulsating laminar flow are obtained to analyze the effects of thermal and mechanical properties on the heat transfer performance. The reseach are foucus on the sine waveform and triangular waveform to find how the waveform affects the heat transfer coefficient in a capillary tube. Furthermore, based on the fact that pressure wave speed in vapor phase is different in liquid phase, a mathematical model predicting the filling ratio effect on the startup of oscillating motion in an OHP is established to slove the question about the relation of the mininmu heat toad vs. the filling ratio. The analytic solutions obtained in the current investigation show that not only the dimensionless pulsation frequency, ω*, amplitude, Y, and Prandtl number, Pr, are primary factors affecting the heat transfer performance of an oscillating flow in a capillary tube, but also fluid properties and oscillating waveform. More importantly, the triangular waveform of oscillating motion can result in a higher heat transfer coefficient by comparison to the sine waveform. Furthermore, a mathematical model that predicts the filling ratio effect on the start-up power of a one-turn OHP is presented. It shows that the heat input needed to start the oscillating motion in an OHP depends on the filling ratio. When the filling ratio increases, the heat input required to start up the oscillating motion increases. And there exists an upper limit, which is dependent on the properties of the working fluid.
引文
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