基于形态域和单元化特征的产品构形分析与设计研究
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摘要
产品的工业设计是一个复杂的过程,形态作为产品的最基本特征、最本质的外部形象,在其设计过程中常遇到的问题可以基本归纳为以下三种：美学问题、结构问题和人机问题。对于产品结构来说,其设置布局在于解决物与物之间的关系,而处理结构的最终目的是当人使用产品时,能够更好的实现产品功能；由此可见,解决人与物之间的关系则显得更为重要。产品形态的发展和研究在经历了形态追随功能、国际化等时期后,设计界开始引进多学科理论方法,形态设计研究开始更多地考虑与人互动的因素,人机工程、人性化、感性因素等纷纷成为工业设计中的新热点。
工业设计过去在很大程度上依靠工业设计师的灵感和创意本能,所以在产品系统上缺少可以严谨分析的工具和标准,本文基于形态域和产品单元化特征,提出了包括网格画法、断面扫描及特征提取法、寻线法等产品设计新方法。力图从产品在创意之初到系列化产品设计上都能提出一种有效的理性化手段对设计过程进行控制,这也是本研究的重点着墨之处。
利用形态域与单元化特征的设计方法能够较为合理的分析产品表面变化关系,并对组成产品的线条进行研究,为设计师提供细节设计依据。通过网格法提出了一种将平面二维视图转化为三维轴侧视图的设计新方式,并应用断面扫描分析和产品表面寻线分析、得到反映产品形态趋势的质心线、划分产品的功能模块、建立产品的活性区域。为了在设计中完善产品特征模块与人体的交互关系,研究了人体运动关节尺寸分析了人体立体域与产品的特征变化关系。提出人体行为立体域设计法,该方法适合应用于产品外部轮廓形态、产品特征识别以及系列化产品群的设计和改进。基于形态域和单元化特征的设计研究方法对工业产品的设计和改进都有着较为重要的意义。
本文的主要研究内容包括以下几个方面：
(1)在工业产品设计中引入了形态域和单元化特征的概念,通过对产品设计中特征的识别、作用和遗传模式的分析,联系目前产品设计流程中存在的问题,提出产品设计中的两个重要研究基础——形态域和产品单元化特征,并论述了其概念和基本理论内容：以特征的点、线、面、体的设计为关键,运用新的设计方法探讨产品的构形分析与设计,并说明了此方法的优势所在。
(2)提出了“网格寻点画法”,以此进行产品改进平台的构建。此方法从产品理性表达层面出发,提出了产品二维和三维表达的互换关系以及转换方法——首先进行产品表面线条的分类,加深对产品结构的认识：然后通过“网格寻点画法”由产品的二维工程图较快速、较准确、较方便地转换为产品轴测图的辅助手绘。同时说明了此方法的具体实施步骤和所使用的工具,并以鼠标为例进行了方法展示。
(3)提出了寻线设计方法,引入了贝塞尔曲线的概念及特征,由此进行产品表面样条线的分类,提出了“寻线”的概念——此方法是一种提供对产品进行细化设计时的设计手段,通过产品表面线条反求壳线,对功能模块组内的线条进行分类定义,获得产品线条的特征,将线条组之间进行角度比和长度比分析,找到产品线条活性区域,从而优化产品线条关系。
(4)提出了断面扫描及特征提取法。作为一种产品设计的分析方法,断面扫描法从产品的视觉动态分析出发,通过运用三维扫描获得已有产品的各个角度的断面形态特征,借助设计分析软件、统计学分析、数值分析等多种手段对产品分层扫描面的边缘线特征进行分析研究,分析截面属性,并基于截面属性提出了质心线的概念,结合对方向盘进行质心线提取、分析水果刀中的质心线等案例,说明其在产品人机工程学中的意义。
(5)提出了形态域这种新的设计方式,其中包括人的行为域和产品造型边界的概念,为产品设计布局过程提供了先期平台。随后的相关信息模型,系列模型和动态过程的协作控制模型将使整个设计过程成为动态的交互过程设计。解决人与物、人与环境、物与环境之间不和谐的关系,并首次实现人体数据与产品设计参数之间的映射,将人机工程参与设计过程前期,完成从尺寸驱动到3D人体模型驱动的空间设计方式。
通过对上述内容的研究和探索,本文作者希望此研究的结果和内容可以为工业设计提供一些较为理性的设计方法和手段,为工业产品设计的进一步发展奠定理性分析设计基础,并希望为后续的工业设计工作者继续探索提供新的思路和方法。
Industrial design for form, the most basic characteristics of morphology and essential external image, is a complex process. The difficulty in the design process can be divided into the following three types:aesthetics, structure and ergonomics. The structure design. which is built to a relationship between the positions of parts, is the key for carry out the functions of products better. Therefore, it is certainly important to solve the relation between people and object. The research and development of product, which have gone through the form follows function and internationalization period, begins introduce new subjects for more research in the relationship between product and human, which makes ergonomics, humanization and emotional factors become the new hot spots in industrial design.
In the past, industrial design relied on industrial designer's inspiration and creativity, which lead to the lack of rigorous and comprehensive analysis tools and standard. In this paper, we put toward the concept "units of feature", including three new methods in product design:the grid drawing, profile scanning for features and line-hunting method. The focus of research is to find an effective and strict method to control the whole design.
The design method, which combines three-dimensional domain with element design, would provide a rational analysis in the form and contour of product for detail design. The grid drawing with point-searched is a method to change the product from three-dimension to two-dimension and get its orthographic view; then, the line-hunting method, a design method in analyzing the relationship of lines, would be used in the improvements to the form, the inner details and function modules. We would get the product's contours through profile scanning. By analyzing them, we would find the line of centroid, which show the trend of product's form, the functional modules and the active region. In order to improve the interaction between functional module and the human's hand, the paper makes research on the movement of joint. The design method, on basis of three-dimensional domain and element design shows more reasonable and quantitative improvement in the design, of industrial products, which has a quite important meaning.
The research encompasses several major topics:
(1)The concept of the action domain and units of feature is used in the industrial design, through the analysis on the concept, characteristics of the role of product design and genetic model of the product design process, contact problems in product design, put forward two important research methods:human behavior domain and other element method, and discusses its concept and the basic theory content:the point, line, surface, body based feature design ideas, using the new design method to investigate the shape and the function of products, and illustrates the advantages of this method.
(2) The paper puts the grid drawing with point-searched, which would build a product improvement platform. The method, with a rational product expression, show an conversion between two-dimensional and three-dimensional expression of the exchange relation:first, classify the line of product's surface to get a deep understanding of the product structure; then, use the grid drawing with point-searched to get an axonometric drawing from the orthographic view. The paper would explain the specific implementation steps of the method and the tools and take an example to show the method of mouse.
(3) The paper puts forward line-hunting method, which introduced the concept and characteristics of Bezier curve to classify product surface spline; line-hunting method provides for detailed design, through the lines of surface reversed shell line, the function module within the group of lines through the line classification definition, characteristics of product lines, the lines between groups of angle ratio and length ratio analysis, find the active area of line, and optimize the product line relationship.
(4) The paper puts forward profile scanning for features. As an analysis method of product design, it starts from the analysis of visual dynamic product section scanning, then cross section morphology for each angle of existing products through the use of3D scanning, and statistical analysis with analysis software, analyze the product line features by scanning the edge means of numerical analysis. the analysis of section properties industrial design, to provide a set of feature based ergonomics. Scanning for features is proposed based on the concept of mass line, combined the steering wheel center with line extraction, analysis of fruit knife centroid line case, and explains the significance of product ergonomics.
(5) The paper puts the action domain, which includes the concept of human behavior and product modeling boundary, and provides the initial platform for product design layout process. Relevant information model, serialization of product design model and dynamic process will make the whole design process dynamically. With solving the discordant relationship between people and objects, people and the environment, and the environment, it brings the mapping between the design parameters of human data and products for the first time, which takes the interaction to the early design process, and finish the space design that driven from the dimension to3D human body model.
Through the research and exploration of the above-mentioned contents, the author hopes that the study results can provide a scientific basis for the industrial design, and lay a new foundation for the rational design in industrial design; meanwhile I hope to provide a new idea for the industrial designers for their further research.
工业设计过去在很大程度上依靠工业设计师的灵感和创意本能,所以在产品系统上缺少可以严谨分析的工具和标准,本文基于形态域和产品单元化特征,提出了包括网格画法、断面扫描及特征提取法、寻线法等产品设计新方法。力图从产品在创意之初到系列化产品设计上都能提出一种有效的理性化手段对设计过程进行控制,这也是本研究的重点着墨之处。
利用形态域与单元化特征的设计方法能够较为合理的分析产品表面变化关系,并对组成产品的线条进行研究,为设计师提供细节设计依据。通过网格法提出了一种将平面二维视图转化为三维轴侧视图的设计新方式,并应用断面扫描分析和产品表面寻线分析、得到反映产品形态趋势的质心线、划分产品的功能模块、建立产品的活性区域。为了在设计中完善产品特征模块与人体的交互关系,研究了人体运动关节尺寸分析了人体立体域与产品的特征变化关系。提出人体行为立体域设计法,该方法适合应用于产品外部轮廓形态、产品特征识别以及系列化产品群的设计和改进。基于形态域和单元化特征的设计研究方法对工业产品的设计和改进都有着较为重要的意义。
本文的主要研究内容包括以下几个方面：
(1)在工业产品设计中引入了形态域和单元化特征的概念,通过对产品设计中特征的识别、作用和遗传模式的分析,联系目前产品设计流程中存在的问题,提出产品设计中的两个重要研究基础——形态域和产品单元化特征,并论述了其概念和基本理论内容：以特征的点、线、面、体的设计为关键,运用新的设计方法探讨产品的构形分析与设计,并说明了此方法的优势所在。
(2)提出了“网格寻点画法”,以此进行产品改进平台的构建。此方法从产品理性表达层面出发,提出了产品二维和三维表达的互换关系以及转换方法——首先进行产品表面线条的分类,加深对产品结构的认识：然后通过“网格寻点画法”由产品的二维工程图较快速、较准确、较方便地转换为产品轴测图的辅助手绘。同时说明了此方法的具体实施步骤和所使用的工具,并以鼠标为例进行了方法展示。
(3)提出了寻线设计方法,引入了贝塞尔曲线的概念及特征,由此进行产品表面样条线的分类,提出了“寻线”的概念——此方法是一种提供对产品进行细化设计时的设计手段,通过产品表面线条反求壳线,对功能模块组内的线条进行分类定义,获得产品线条的特征,将线条组之间进行角度比和长度比分析,找到产品线条活性区域,从而优化产品线条关系。
(4)提出了断面扫描及特征提取法。作为一种产品设计的分析方法,断面扫描法从产品的视觉动态分析出发,通过运用三维扫描获得已有产品的各个角度的断面形态特征,借助设计分析软件、统计学分析、数值分析等多种手段对产品分层扫描面的边缘线特征进行分析研究,分析截面属性,并基于截面属性提出了质心线的概念,结合对方向盘进行质心线提取、分析水果刀中的质心线等案例,说明其在产品人机工程学中的意义。
(5)提出了形态域这种新的设计方式,其中包括人的行为域和产品造型边界的概念,为产品设计布局过程提供了先期平台。随后的相关信息模型,系列模型和动态过程的协作控制模型将使整个设计过程成为动态的交互过程设计。解决人与物、人与环境、物与环境之间不和谐的关系,并首次实现人体数据与产品设计参数之间的映射,将人机工程参与设计过程前期,完成从尺寸驱动到3D人体模型驱动的空间设计方式。
通过对上述内容的研究和探索,本文作者希望此研究的结果和内容可以为工业设计提供一些较为理性的设计方法和手段,为工业产品设计的进一步发展奠定理性分析设计基础,并希望为后续的工业设计工作者继续探索提供新的思路和方法。
Industrial design for form, the most basic characteristics of morphology and essential external image, is a complex process. The difficulty in the design process can be divided into the following three types:aesthetics, structure and ergonomics. The structure design. which is built to a relationship between the positions of parts, is the key for carry out the functions of products better. Therefore, it is certainly important to solve the relation between people and object. The research and development of product, which have gone through the form follows function and internationalization period, begins introduce new subjects for more research in the relationship between product and human, which makes ergonomics, humanization and emotional factors become the new hot spots in industrial design.
In the past, industrial design relied on industrial designer's inspiration and creativity, which lead to the lack of rigorous and comprehensive analysis tools and standard. In this paper, we put toward the concept "units of feature", including three new methods in product design:the grid drawing, profile scanning for features and line-hunting method. The focus of research is to find an effective and strict method to control the whole design.
The design method, which combines three-dimensional domain with element design, would provide a rational analysis in the form and contour of product for detail design. The grid drawing with point-searched is a method to change the product from three-dimension to two-dimension and get its orthographic view; then, the line-hunting method, a design method in analyzing the relationship of lines, would be used in the improvements to the form, the inner details and function modules. We would get the product's contours through profile scanning. By analyzing them, we would find the line of centroid, which show the trend of product's form, the functional modules and the active region. In order to improve the interaction between functional module and the human's hand, the paper makes research on the movement of joint. The design method, on basis of three-dimensional domain and element design shows more reasonable and quantitative improvement in the design, of industrial products, which has a quite important meaning.
The research encompasses several major topics:
(1)The concept of the action domain and units of feature is used in the industrial design, through the analysis on the concept, characteristics of the role of product design and genetic model of the product design process, contact problems in product design, put forward two important research methods:human behavior domain and other element method, and discusses its concept and the basic theory content:the point, line, surface, body based feature design ideas, using the new design method to investigate the shape and the function of products, and illustrates the advantages of this method.
(2) The paper puts the grid drawing with point-searched, which would build a product improvement platform. The method, with a rational product expression, show an conversion between two-dimensional and three-dimensional expression of the exchange relation:first, classify the line of product's surface to get a deep understanding of the product structure; then, use the grid drawing with point-searched to get an axonometric drawing from the orthographic view. The paper would explain the specific implementation steps of the method and the tools and take an example to show the method of mouse.
(3) The paper puts forward line-hunting method, which introduced the concept and characteristics of Bezier curve to classify product surface spline; line-hunting method provides for detailed design, through the lines of surface reversed shell line, the function module within the group of lines through the line classification definition, characteristics of product lines, the lines between groups of angle ratio and length ratio analysis, find the active area of line, and optimize the product line relationship.
(4) The paper puts forward profile scanning for features. As an analysis method of product design, it starts from the analysis of visual dynamic product section scanning, then cross section morphology for each angle of existing products through the use of3D scanning, and statistical analysis with analysis software, analyze the product line features by scanning the edge means of numerical analysis. the analysis of section properties industrial design, to provide a set of feature based ergonomics. Scanning for features is proposed based on the concept of mass line, combined the steering wheel center with line extraction, analysis of fruit knife centroid line case, and explains the significance of product ergonomics.
(5) The paper puts the action domain, which includes the concept of human behavior and product modeling boundary, and provides the initial platform for product design layout process. Relevant information model, serialization of product design model and dynamic process will make the whole design process dynamically. With solving the discordant relationship between people and objects, people and the environment, and the environment, it brings the mapping between the design parameters of human data and products for the first time, which takes the interaction to the early design process, and finish the space design that driven from the dimension to3D human body model.
Through the research and exploration of the above-mentioned contents, the author hopes that the study results can provide a scientific basis for the industrial design, and lay a new foundation for the rational design in industrial design; meanwhile I hope to provide a new idea for the industrial designers for their further research.
引文
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