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畜禽养殖户废弃物处理及其对养殖效果影响的实证研究
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摘要
自改革开放以来,我国畜禽养殖业迅速发展的同时也伴随着废弃物产生量的快速增加,尤其是畜禽粪便。畜禽废弃物是可被利用的宝贵资源,但目前尚未被有效处理,不仅造成了资源的严重浪费,还会影响环境和畜禽养殖。因此,本文选取了畜禽废弃物中产生量最大的粪便作为研究对象开展实证分析。就目前畜禽粪便处理来看,由于农作物生产中有机肥逐步被化肥替代以及畜禽养殖主体对畜禽粪便的利用价值认知度低等原因,造成了大量粪便得不到有效处理,从而致使粪便成为最大的农业污染源,不利于畜禽养殖业的可持续发展。基于以上背景,本研究从畜禽养殖户处理畜禽废弃物的行为入手,构建包含农业废弃物处理的农业生产理论,重点研究养殖主体畜禽废弃物处理行为对养殖效果的影响。这不仅是一个具有新意的研究课题,而且其研究成果有助于丰富和完善经济学理论体系以及为国家和各级政府制定相关政策提供科学决策依据,具有比较重要的理论和现实意义。
     本研究选取了规模化程度高、养殖集中度高、粪便处理难度高的蛋鸡为例,利用微观数据,深入研究现阶段蛋鸡规模养殖户粪便处理行为及其对蛋鸡养殖效果的影响,探索对我国畜禽废弃物处理有益的策略。具体研究思路如下:第一,从经济学理论和影响机理的角度分析农户产生农业废弃物处理行为的原因,以及废弃物处理对农业生产经营效果的影响,为后文分析奠定基础;第二,对蛋鸡规模养殖户蛋鸡粪便处理行为的关键因素进行分析,着重从动态角度分析影响蛋鸡粪便销售的因素;第三,从鸡蛋产量、养殖效率和养殖收益等三个角度分析规模养殖户蛋鸡粪便处理行为对蛋鸡养殖效果的影响;第四,从养殖户角度评估粪便处理行为对蛋鸡养殖所造成的影响;第五,分析规模养殖户蛋鸡粪便处理方式的改善意愿;第六,对研究结论进行讨论,并在此基础上提出有针对性的合理引导规模养殖户处理畜禽废弃物、减轻畜禽废弃物处理对畜禽养殖效果影响和促进畜禽养殖业可持续发展的政策措施。
     本研究得到的主要结论包括以下五个方而:
     第一,从畜禽废弃物产生量和处理难度的角度来看,畜禽粪便产生量和处理难度均高于其他废弃物。结合研究对象来看,蛋鸡废弃物中粪便产生量最大,且粪便在蛋鸡废弃物中最难处理,且从以往的研究来看,蛋鸡粪便容易造成环境污染,进而会对蛋鸡养殖效果产生影响。
     第二,从养殖户蛋鸡粪便处理行为来看,养殖户蛋鸡粪便处理行为包括清理行为和利用行为,其中,养殖户蛋鸡粪便清理行为的机械化程度和清理频率逐年提升,但养殖户机械化清粪的比例仍然不高,主要受到养殖规模、户主受教育程度、蛋鸡收入比例等因素的影响;养殖户蛋鸡粪便主要是以出售为主,且粪便出售比例呈增长趋势,主要受到养殖年限、外部发展环境(相关政策、经济作物发展水平、有机肥厂数量)等因素的影响。
     第三,从养殖户蛋鸡粪便处理对蛋鸡养殖效果的影响来看,得到三个结论:一是养殖户蛋鸡粪便的处理投入对鸡蛋产量具有保障作用,即蛋鸡粪便的处理投入可以有效减少鸡蛋产量的损失;二是养殖户蛋鸡粪便的处理行为与蛋鸡养殖效率呈显著的正相关关系,尤其是蛋鸡粪便清理行为;三是养殖户蛋鸡粪便的处理减少了鸡蛋产量损失,同时也就增加了蛋鸡养殖收益,而且蛋鸡粪便的利用也可以增加蛋鸡养殖收益,蛋鸡粪便的处理行为对蛋鸡养殖收益具有显著的正向影响。
     第四,从养殖户评估角度来看,蛋鸡规模养殖户对蛋鸡粪便处理行为所造成的蛋鸡养殖影响评估程度较低,有待于从进一步提高和加强。
     第五,未来蛋鸡粪便处理水平将会进一步提升,清粪将主要以刮粪板和传送带为主,利用主要以出售和加工为主。但蛋鸡规模养殖户受到自身因素以及资金、技术等指标的制约,延缓了蛋鸡粪便处理方式的改善进程。
     基于以上结论,本研究提出了重视畜禽废弃物处理对畜禽养殖的影响、提高畜禽规模养殖场畜禽废弃物处理水平、加强畜禽废弃物处理技术的研究与推广体系建设、提高畜禽规模养殖场主体对畜禽废弃物处理行为所造成的畜禽养殖影响的评估水平、改善外部发展环境以促进畜禽废弃物的资源化和无害化利用以及畜禽养殖与废弃物处理配套协调发展的政策建议,从而提升畜禽废弃物处理水平以实现畜禽产业的可持续发展。
Since the reform and opening up, the rapid development of livestock industry is accompanied by a significant increase in the amount of livestock waste, especially manure. Livestock waste is a valuable resource that can be exploited but has not been dealt effectively with yet, which not only causes a serious waste of resources, but affects the environment and livestock breeding. Therefore, livestock manure that is generated most in livestock waste is selected to be the research object and conducted related analyses. From the perspective of current treatment of livestock manure, since the organic manure in crops production is gradually replaced by chemical fertilizers and the awareness of livestock subjects on the utility value of manure is low, a large number of livestock manure cannot be handled effectively, thus causing manure becomes the largest agricultural pollution, which is not conducive to the sustainable development of livestock industry. Based on the above background, the present research starts from the livestock waste treatment behavior of large livestock farmers, builds an agricultural production theory including agricultural waste treatment, focuses on the impact of livestock waste treatment behavior conducted by livestock subjects on livestock breeding effect, and from a holistic perspective studies the yield amount, breeding efficiency and breeding economic benefits of livestock products. This is not merely a new research project; instead, its research results will be beneficial to enrich and improve the system of economic theory and provide scientific basis for relevant decision-making by the nation or by government at all level, which has more important theoretical and practical significance.
     In this study, layers with a higher degree of scale, high breeding concentration and most difficultly processed manure are selected as the example. By using field research data, manure treatment behavior of large layer farmers at the current stage and its impact on layer breeding effect are conducted in-depth studies, thereby exploring beneficial strategies for the treatment of China's livestock waste. The specific research ideas are as follows:First, the causes of farmers to produce agricultural waste processing behavior, and the treatment behavioral impacts on agricultural production and management are analyzed from the perspective of economic theory and impact mechanism,, providing the theoretical basis for the text analysis; second, the influencing factors of manure treatment behavior conducted by large layer farmers are analyzed, and the influencing factors of manure sales are analyzed mainly from a dynamic point; third, the impacts of manure treatment behavior conducted by large layer farmers on layer breeding effect are paid attention to analyze from three views, namely, the egg production, breeding efficiency and breeding gains; fourth, the impact of layer manure treatment behavior on layer breeding is assessed from the perspective of farmers, and the layer breeding environment is further evaluated; fifth, the improvement willingness of large layer farmers in terms of manure treatment method is analyzed; sixth, the conclusions of the study is discussed, and on such basis, targeted policy measures are proposed to reasonably guide the water treatment behaviors of large livestock farmers, reduce the impact of livestock waste treatment on livestock breeding effects and promote the sustainable development of the livestock industry.
     The following five aspects are the main conclusions of this study:
     First, from the points of livestock waste yield and the processing difficulty, both of them regarding livestock manure are higher than other livestock waste. Combined with the objects of this study, the yield of layer manure is the maximal among layer wastes and the layer manure is the hardest one to be dealt with. Meanwhile, seeing from previous studies on layer manure, layer manure is likely to cause pollution of the environment, and thus have a negative impact on the layer breeding effect.
     Second, the current manure treatment behavior of layer farmers includes the clean-up actions and use behaviors. Among them, the clean-up actions have higher degree of mechanization and increasing clean-up frequency year by year, but the proportion of mechanical manure cleaning is still not high, which is primarily affected by the scale of layer breeding, habits of manure cleaning, educational level of farmers, income ratio of layers and other factors; the manure utilization method of layer farmers is mainly based on the sales, and the sales ratio of layer manure shows a growing trend, which is mainly influenced by the breeding age of layers, external development environment (related policies, the development level of economic crops, the number of organic fertilizer plants) and other factors.
     Third, three key conclusions as follows are obtained with regard to the impact of farmers' layer manure treatment on the breeding effect:first, the investment of farmers' layer manure treatment plays an ensuring effect in egg production, namely, the investment of layer manure treatment can reduce the loss of egg production effectively; second, the farmers' layer manure treatment behavior has a significant positive correlation with the breeding efficiency of layers, especially with the clean-up actions of layer manure; third, farmers' layer manure treatment reduces the losses of egg production as well as increases the income of layer breeding. In addition, the use of layer manure can also increase the layer breeding revenue, and layer manure treatment behavior has a significant positive influence on the layer breeding gains.
     Fourth, with view to the assessment of farmers, the layer breeding impacts brought from the treatment behaviors of large layer farmers has low evaluation degree, and still need to be further improved and strengthened.
     Fifth, next layer manure treatment level will be further enhanced. Then the manure cleaning will be mainly based on the dropping board and conveyor, and the utilization will be focused on the sales and processing. But since large layer farmers are limited by their own factors as well as capital, technology and other indicators, the improvement progress of layer manure treatment approaches is delayed.
     Based on the above research findings, this study proposes the policy suggestions of paying attention to the impact of livestock waste treatment on livestock breeding, improving the waste treatment in large livestock farms, strengthening the researches on livestock waste treatment technology and the construction of its extension system, enhancing the evaluation level on the livestock breeding impact of large livestock farm subjects on livestock waste treatment behaviors, as well as the coordinative development of livestock breeding and waste treatment, so as to enhance the livestock waste treatment level and achieve the sustainable development level of livestock industries.
引文
1 根据《新中国六十年统计资料汇编》和2013年《中国统计年鉴》测算。
    2 根据《中国畜禽粪便资源结构分布及发展展望》一文中的计算标准和公式计算获得。
    3 资料来源:2013年2月25日《南方都市报》。
    4 资料来源:2013年2月25日《南方都市报》。
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