中国红色旅游生态化转型升级研究
摘要
红色旅游是目前我国独具特色的一种旅游形式之一。本文在从生态经济、生态伦理、生态文化等视角对红色旅游生态化基本理论问题进行探讨的基础上,集成文献检索、市场调研、数理分析等多种方法,剖析了我国红色旅游发展中瓶颈问题和深层次原因,并以韶山、延安为例对未来几年红色旅游需求态势和发展规模进行了具体分析与预测；对我国红色旅游生态化运筹的主要环节、影响因素进行了理论分析和实践论证；并从目标优化、模式运筹和措施集成等层面,构建和制定了“两型”红色旅游生态化体系及其优化策略。主要研究结果如下：
(1)生态学共生原理、充实生态位原理、边缘效应原理和生态经济、生态文化、生态伦理等相关理论的集成,对红色旅游生态化的方向定位、科学规划及其开发实践具有重要的指导作用。红色旅游开发要以文化传承和生态体验为核心,以红色旅游地资源可持续利用和产品可持续经营为目标,强调环境管理和社区受益,通过合理的旅游资源配置和旅游结构优化,维护红色旅游地人文生态与自然生态的可持续性,从而更好地发挥红色旅游的经济救济、政治教育以及文化传承的功能。
(2)中国红色旅游资源丰富,范围涵盖中国若干重要的省份和旅游城市；其主要红色旅游资源在中部及东部地区呈现集聚型分布状态。目前,大多数红色旅游景区已经实现了市场化发展的转变,接待能力、综合效益稳步提升,红色旅游的知名度、美誉度越来越高；但也存在核心景点压力过大、旅游资源保护不足、利用效率不高、旅游污染加剧等许多问题。随着旅游交通格局、旅游发展格局、旅游文化格局的不断优化,中国红色旅游有了更广阔的发展空间,同时也面临着来自其自身的最大挑战,红色旅游的产品结构、发展模式、景区容量等几方面问题成为影响红色旅游核心竞争力的重要因素。
(3)红色旅游游客来源逐渐转变为单位组织和游客自主出游并重,旅游需求也呈现出多元化色彩。不仅涉及旅游者以观光、度假为主要目标的休闲需求、以教育为主要目标的文化需求及以启发、激励为主要目标的政治需求,还涉及到旅游地居民经济致富、文化传承、宜居环境等多重需求。
(4)以logistic模型拟合、修正指数曲线法、灰色模型预测法和二次线性回归方法进行加权组合形成的最优组合模型,能较为准确地预测红色旅游地区游客数量的变化趋势。拟合结果表明：目前韶山和延安旅游发展正处于参与期和发展期之间,旅游人数迅速扩张,在有限的地域范围内必然呈现旅游流过度集聚特征。由于旅游发展迅速,客流量大,导致核心景区超载,会对生态环境构成巨大压力。因此,基于红色旅游本身所具有的生态敏感性和政治敏感性,都要求其在经营过程中更为关注大众化旅游可能产生的环境问题和不良影响,要更多关注居民的环境需求,强调环境管理和社区受益,使红色旅游不仅体现“经济优化”效应,还体现“环境优化”效应,实现生态化可持续发展。
(5)中国红色旅游生态化转型升级模型(ETU)作为一种结构复杂、动态循环的运筹模式,具有广泛联系性、层次多重性、需求多样性的特征。其最终目标是构建起“经济、社会、文化、环境和地域”和谐共生的良性循环系统,使红色旅游发挥出更大的社会公益价值。这一过程不仅涉及对自然生态的修复与维护,还涉及对文化生态的重建或优化。因此,在模型应用中,不仅要明确简单的产业内部构造、功能及其相互关系,还要关注影响红色旅游发展的内外要素组成及其作用方式,并从环境系统、运作系统和效益系统三个方面及时对其进行评估、反馈及调整,最终实现红色旅游优化升级。
(6)要实现红色旅游的生态化转型升级,需集成各方动力要素,使之协调配合,良性互动,构建起旅游提供者、旅游地社区、旅游消费者、旅游中介者、以及宏观决策者之间紧密的共生关系和生态联系,以和谐发展为价值导向对“红色”旅游资源进行“绿色”开发。包括推广循环经济、强化生态管理、建设生态文化、完善生态机制、加强生态教育等多条路径。
(7)以湖南“长株潭”地区为例,目前红色旅游生态化转型仍然处于联动发展的初级阶段,因此不仅要强调企业层面的资源低耗及节能创新措施,还要加强区域合作,进一步突破行政壁垒,加强生态合作,实现生态创新,逐步建立起完整的区域红色旅游生态化合作体系,充实红色旅游生态位,打造“资源节约、环境友好”的区域红色旅游一体化产业范式。
Red tourism is one of the most unique tourism forms in our country at present. In this paper, the author discusses the basic theoretical problems on the red tourism ecological transformation, refines the ecological economy, ecological ethics, ecological culture theory connotation, and analyzes the bottleneck problems of red tourism development based on the literature retrieval, market research and data analysis; taking Shaoshan, Yan'an as examples, analysis the demand situation and predict the development scale of red tourism in the next few years; analyzed the theory of red tourism ecological transformation,and demonstrate the influence factors of ecological transformation in practice, put forward the optimization goal, operation mode and implementation measures, study the "resource-saving and environment-friendly" mode of red tourism and optimization strategy.The main results are as following:
(1) The theory of symbiotic, the ecology niche theory, the edge effect theory and ecological economic, ecological culture, ecological ethics and other related theory, plays an important role in guiding the direction of red tourism, ecological planning and development practice. Taking the ecological experience and culture as the core, the sustainable use of resources and sustainable management as the goal, emphasis on environmental management and community benefit in the tourism planning, keeping red tourism culture ecology and natural ecology sustainable with reasonable distribution of tourism resources and tourism structure optimization, is better for the red tourism economic benefits, political education and cultural heritage features.
(2) Red tourism resources covering several important provinces and city in China, mainly present aggregated distribution state in the central and Eastern regions. At present, most of the red tourism scenic spots have finished the market transformation, the reception ability, and comprehensive benefits steadily, visibility and reputation of red tourism is more power; but the pressure of core attractions is too hearvy, the resources protection and utilization efficiency is not enough, tourism pollution problems also existed. With continuous optimization of the tourist traffic pattern, tourism development pattern, tourism culture pattern, China red tourism gets a broader space for development, but also faces the biggest challenge from its own. The problems of red tourism product structure, development mode, resource capacity and so on, have become the important factors which affect the core competitiveness of red tourism.
(3) Organization of tourism and independent travel gradually become the main source of the red tourist attractions, tourism demand are more diversified. Not only relates to the vacation, leisure, education demand, cultural needs, and political needs of tourists, but also to multiple demands such as tourism destination resident economic wealth, cultural heritage, and livable environments.
(4) Based on logistic model, modified exponential curve method, the grey model prediction method and two linear regression method for optimal combination model weighted combination, can accurately predict the tourists change tendency of red tourism. Simulation results showed that:Shaoshan and Yan'an tourism development is in the participation stage and development stage at present, the number of tourists expands rapidly, tourist flow agglomeration within a limited geographical area. The rapidly development of tourism, the large passenger flow, resulting in the core spots overload, will produce tremendous pressure on the ecological environment. Therefore, based on the ecological sensitivity and the political sensitivity of red tourism itself, we should pay more attention to the environmental problems of mass tourism may produce adverse effects; pay more attention to the residential needs of the environment in the red tourism business; to strengthen environmental management and security community benefit, make the development of red tourism not only reflect the "economic optimization" effect, but also reflect the "environmental optimization" effect, and realize the sustainable development of red tourism.
(5) China red tourism ecological transformation&upgrading (ETU) is a complex, dynamic operation mode, has the characteristics of wide range of contact, hierarchical multiple, demand diversity. The ultimate goal of ETU is to build "economic, social, cultural, environmental and regional" harmony of the benign circulation system, make red tourism play a greater social value. This process not only relates to the maintenance and repair of the natural ecology, but also relates to the reconstruction and optimization of culture ecology. Therefore, in the model, we not only need to clear a simple internal structure, function and the relationship between the industry, but also to research the internal and external factors which influence the development of red tourism and its mode of action. By evaluates the system from the three aspects such as environmental, operation and benefits, to make it be feedback and adjustment timely, and to realize the optimization and upgrading of red tourism finally.
(6) In order to realize the red tourism ecological transformation and upgrading, we need to integrate all elements, with the coordination of the parties, the benign interaction, establish the symbiotic relationship and ecological links between tourism providers, community tourism, tourist, tourism intermediaries and macro decision makers, to realize the green development on red tourism. Including multiple paths:Promotion of circular economy, strengthen ecological management, ecological culture construction, improve the ecological mechanism, strengthen ecological education etc.
(7)Taking Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan region(CZT) as examples, the red tourism ecological transformation is still in the primary stage of development. Therefore, it is not only need to reduce the resource consumption, strengthen innovation measures for energy saving in enterprise, but also need to break administrative barriers further, strengthen ecological cooperation, realize the ecological innovation, and enriches the regional red tourism niche, to creat a "resource-saving, environment-friendly" regional red tourism integration industry paradigm.
(1)生态学共生原理、充实生态位原理、边缘效应原理和生态经济、生态文化、生态伦理等相关理论的集成,对红色旅游生态化的方向定位、科学规划及其开发实践具有重要的指导作用。红色旅游开发要以文化传承和生态体验为核心,以红色旅游地资源可持续利用和产品可持续经营为目标,强调环境管理和社区受益,通过合理的旅游资源配置和旅游结构优化,维护红色旅游地人文生态与自然生态的可持续性,从而更好地发挥红色旅游的经济救济、政治教育以及文化传承的功能。
(2)中国红色旅游资源丰富,范围涵盖中国若干重要的省份和旅游城市；其主要红色旅游资源在中部及东部地区呈现集聚型分布状态。目前,大多数红色旅游景区已经实现了市场化发展的转变,接待能力、综合效益稳步提升,红色旅游的知名度、美誉度越来越高；但也存在核心景点压力过大、旅游资源保护不足、利用效率不高、旅游污染加剧等许多问题。随着旅游交通格局、旅游发展格局、旅游文化格局的不断优化,中国红色旅游有了更广阔的发展空间,同时也面临着来自其自身的最大挑战,红色旅游的产品结构、发展模式、景区容量等几方面问题成为影响红色旅游核心竞争力的重要因素。
(3)红色旅游游客来源逐渐转变为单位组织和游客自主出游并重,旅游需求也呈现出多元化色彩。不仅涉及旅游者以观光、度假为主要目标的休闲需求、以教育为主要目标的文化需求及以启发、激励为主要目标的政治需求,还涉及到旅游地居民经济致富、文化传承、宜居环境等多重需求。
(4)以logistic模型拟合、修正指数曲线法、灰色模型预测法和二次线性回归方法进行加权组合形成的最优组合模型,能较为准确地预测红色旅游地区游客数量的变化趋势。拟合结果表明：目前韶山和延安旅游发展正处于参与期和发展期之间,旅游人数迅速扩张,在有限的地域范围内必然呈现旅游流过度集聚特征。由于旅游发展迅速,客流量大,导致核心景区超载,会对生态环境构成巨大压力。因此,基于红色旅游本身所具有的生态敏感性和政治敏感性,都要求其在经营过程中更为关注大众化旅游可能产生的环境问题和不良影响,要更多关注居民的环境需求,强调环境管理和社区受益,使红色旅游不仅体现“经济优化”效应,还体现“环境优化”效应,实现生态化可持续发展。
(5)中国红色旅游生态化转型升级模型(ETU)作为一种结构复杂、动态循环的运筹模式,具有广泛联系性、层次多重性、需求多样性的特征。其最终目标是构建起“经济、社会、文化、环境和地域”和谐共生的良性循环系统,使红色旅游发挥出更大的社会公益价值。这一过程不仅涉及对自然生态的修复与维护,还涉及对文化生态的重建或优化。因此,在模型应用中,不仅要明确简单的产业内部构造、功能及其相互关系,还要关注影响红色旅游发展的内外要素组成及其作用方式,并从环境系统、运作系统和效益系统三个方面及时对其进行评估、反馈及调整,最终实现红色旅游优化升级。
(6)要实现红色旅游的生态化转型升级,需集成各方动力要素,使之协调配合,良性互动,构建起旅游提供者、旅游地社区、旅游消费者、旅游中介者、以及宏观决策者之间紧密的共生关系和生态联系,以和谐发展为价值导向对“红色”旅游资源进行“绿色”开发。包括推广循环经济、强化生态管理、建设生态文化、完善生态机制、加强生态教育等多条路径。
(7)以湖南“长株潭”地区为例,目前红色旅游生态化转型仍然处于联动发展的初级阶段,因此不仅要强调企业层面的资源低耗及节能创新措施,还要加强区域合作,进一步突破行政壁垒,加强生态合作,实现生态创新,逐步建立起完整的区域红色旅游生态化合作体系,充实红色旅游生态位,打造“资源节约、环境友好”的区域红色旅游一体化产业范式。
Red tourism is one of the most unique tourism forms in our country at present. In this paper, the author discusses the basic theoretical problems on the red tourism ecological transformation, refines the ecological economy, ecological ethics, ecological culture theory connotation, and analyzes the bottleneck problems of red tourism development based on the literature retrieval, market research and data analysis; taking Shaoshan, Yan'an as examples, analysis the demand situation and predict the development scale of red tourism in the next few years; analyzed the theory of red tourism ecological transformation,and demonstrate the influence factors of ecological transformation in practice, put forward the optimization goal, operation mode and implementation measures, study the "resource-saving and environment-friendly" mode of red tourism and optimization strategy.The main results are as following:
(1) The theory of symbiotic, the ecology niche theory, the edge effect theory and ecological economic, ecological culture, ecological ethics and other related theory, plays an important role in guiding the direction of red tourism, ecological planning and development practice. Taking the ecological experience and culture as the core, the sustainable use of resources and sustainable management as the goal, emphasis on environmental management and community benefit in the tourism planning, keeping red tourism culture ecology and natural ecology sustainable with reasonable distribution of tourism resources and tourism structure optimization, is better for the red tourism economic benefits, political education and cultural heritage features.
(2) Red tourism resources covering several important provinces and city in China, mainly present aggregated distribution state in the central and Eastern regions. At present, most of the red tourism scenic spots have finished the market transformation, the reception ability, and comprehensive benefits steadily, visibility and reputation of red tourism is more power; but the pressure of core attractions is too hearvy, the resources protection and utilization efficiency is not enough, tourism pollution problems also existed. With continuous optimization of the tourist traffic pattern, tourism development pattern, tourism culture pattern, China red tourism gets a broader space for development, but also faces the biggest challenge from its own. The problems of red tourism product structure, development mode, resource capacity and so on, have become the important factors which affect the core competitiveness of red tourism.
(3) Organization of tourism and independent travel gradually become the main source of the red tourist attractions, tourism demand are more diversified. Not only relates to the vacation, leisure, education demand, cultural needs, and political needs of tourists, but also to multiple demands such as tourism destination resident economic wealth, cultural heritage, and livable environments.
(4) Based on logistic model, modified exponential curve method, the grey model prediction method and two linear regression method for optimal combination model weighted combination, can accurately predict the tourists change tendency of red tourism. Simulation results showed that:Shaoshan and Yan'an tourism development is in the participation stage and development stage at present, the number of tourists expands rapidly, tourist flow agglomeration within a limited geographical area. The rapidly development of tourism, the large passenger flow, resulting in the core spots overload, will produce tremendous pressure on the ecological environment. Therefore, based on the ecological sensitivity and the political sensitivity of red tourism itself, we should pay more attention to the environmental problems of mass tourism may produce adverse effects; pay more attention to the residential needs of the environment in the red tourism business; to strengthen environmental management and security community benefit, make the development of red tourism not only reflect the "economic optimization" effect, but also reflect the "environmental optimization" effect, and realize the sustainable development of red tourism.
(5) China red tourism ecological transformation&upgrading (ETU) is a complex, dynamic operation mode, has the characteristics of wide range of contact, hierarchical multiple, demand diversity. The ultimate goal of ETU is to build "economic, social, cultural, environmental and regional" harmony of the benign circulation system, make red tourism play a greater social value. This process not only relates to the maintenance and repair of the natural ecology, but also relates to the reconstruction and optimization of culture ecology. Therefore, in the model, we not only need to clear a simple internal structure, function and the relationship between the industry, but also to research the internal and external factors which influence the development of red tourism and its mode of action. By evaluates the system from the three aspects such as environmental, operation and benefits, to make it be feedback and adjustment timely, and to realize the optimization and upgrading of red tourism finally.
(6) In order to realize the red tourism ecological transformation and upgrading, we need to integrate all elements, with the coordination of the parties, the benign interaction, establish the symbiotic relationship and ecological links between tourism providers, community tourism, tourist, tourism intermediaries and macro decision makers, to realize the green development on red tourism. Including multiple paths:Promotion of circular economy, strengthen ecological management, ecological culture construction, improve the ecological mechanism, strengthen ecological education etc.
(7)Taking Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan region(CZT) as examples, the red tourism ecological transformation is still in the primary stage of development. Therefore, it is not only need to reduce the resource consumption, strengthen innovation measures for energy saving in enterprise, but also need to break administrative barriers further, strengthen ecological cooperation, realize the ecological innovation, and enriches the regional red tourism niche, to creat a "resource-saving, environment-friendly" regional red tourism integration industry paradigm.
引文
[1]何光暐.大力发展红色旅游,推进三个文明建设[J]求是,2005(7)：53-56.
[2]熊云明,李松志.我国红色旅游研究综述[J].国土与自然资源研究2012(02)：81-82.
[3]中共中央办公厅,国务院办公厅.2004-2010年全红色旅游发展规划纲要[Z].2004.
[4]毛日清.老区建设与“红色旅游”事业的发展[J].求实.2002(12)：49-50.
[5]李宗尧.论“红色旅游”功能的多样性——兼谈蒙阴县野店镇旅游业的综合开发[J].山东省农业管理干部学院学报,2002,18(4)：66-67.
[6]谭冬发,吴小斌.“红色资源”与扶贫开发[J].老区建设.2002(07)：44-45.
[7]张彬彬.都市地区的“红色旅游”开发——以上海为例[J]桂林旅游高等专科学校学报2004(15)2：35-37.
[8]刘建平,伍先福,黄玲.红色旅游的三大功能[J].学习导报.2005(05)：19-20.
[9]梁峰.我国红色旅游资源分布特点及其开发策略研究[J].桂林旅游高等专科学校学报.2005(5).
[10]尹晓颖,朱竑,甘萌雨.红色旅游产品特点和发展模式研究[J].人文地理.2005(2)：34-37.
[11]张春丽等.中国红色旅游可持续发展研究[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,2006(131)：83-84.
[12]马进甫,宋振美.简析红色旅游资源的特征及其开发策略[J].国土与自然资源研究,2006(04):11-114.
[13]韩燕平,红色文化遗产及其保护研究[D].湘潭大学.2008.
[14]李向明.江西红色旅游资源及其创新开发的思考[J].江西财经大学学报,2005,38(2)：62-65.
[15]吴书锋,庐山红色旅游资源的深度开发[J].江西财经大学学报,2006(5)：99-101.
[16]高亚芳,何喜刚.甘肃省红色旅游资源开发规划研究[J].西北师范大学学报(自然科学版),2006,42(5)：85-90.
[17]李磊,徐春堂,赵静,孙明孝.枣庄的红色旅游资源及其整合开发[J].高师理科学刊,2006,26(3)：81-83.
[18]党红星.山东红色旅游资源开发研究[D].山东大学,2006.
[19]李晓阳,谭士元.对黑龙江省红色旅游资源开发的思考[J].商业研究,2006(06)：175-177.
[20]陈雄根.湖南长株潭地区红色旅游资源的开发与区域经济发展.[J].经济地理.2007.06
[21]阎友兵.湖南红色旅游发展的战略思考[J].经济地理.2007.05
[22]彭晓玲.湖南红三角旅游业可持续发展的思路与对策[J].经济地理.2010.06
[23]方世敏.免费开放背景下红色旅游景区发展的关键因素研究——基于湖南花明楼、韶山景区的实地调研报告[J].华东经济管理.2010.08
[24]杨洪,刘玉桥,袁开国,黄静,伟人故里“红三角”旅游产业优化研究[J].人文地理,2011(119)3：154-160.
[25]金志庚.韶山红色旅游与休闲旅游组合模式的景观规划与设计[D].湖南农业大学,2011.
[26]刘红梅.长株潭“两型社会”区域红色旅游一体化研究[J].湖南科技大学学报,2013(16)1：90-94.
[27]董文茂.发展红色旅游还需绿色环境环境.[J]环境.2005,05.
[28]陶表红,邹淑珍.保护生态环境与发展红色旅游.[J]江西社会科学.2005,09.
[29]袁书琪.论生态旅游资源对红色旅游产业发展的作用.[J]福建地理.2005,04.
[30]范方志.对我国发展“红色旅游”的一点思考.[J]宁波职业技术学院学报.2005,06.
[31]何丽芳.韶山红色旅游地倡导生态旅游的思考.[J]湖南林业科技.2006,05.
[32]张启.浅析红色旅游与生态旅游的协调发展[J]商场现代化.2006(19).
[33]万青.大别山贫困山区生态旅游资源开发及对策——以安徽霍山县为例.[J]安徽地质2006,01
[34]贾哲.森林生态旅游资源定量评价的研究——以狼牙山国家森林公园为例.[J]中国生态农业学报2008,03.
[35]刘建平,曹学文.基于景观设计学视角的红色文化遗产保护[J].生态经济,2007,(10)：419-430.
[36]王艳平.历史唯物观下看红色旅游发展走向[J]东北财经大学学报.2005.05.
[37]韩燕平.我国红色文化遗产申报世界文化遗产的探讨——以井冈山为例.[J]湖南财经高等专科学校学报2008.04.
[38]黄光文.红色旅游资源开发中的红色文化传承.[J]求实2008.06.
[39]王亚娟.红色旅游开发研究——兼论河北红色旅游开发[D].华侨大学.2006.
[40]毕剑.红色旅游开发模式研究[J].特区经济.2006(8)：229-231.
[41]易佳莉,徐飞雄.红色旅游混合开发模式初探——以湖南第一师范为例[J].湖南第一师范学报,2009(4)：124-126.
[42]周学军.红色旅游景区体验化开发模式[J].西南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2010(3)：20-22.
[43]刘辛田,盛正发.红色旅游体验导向型开发模式探讨[J].特区经济,2010(6)：140-141.
[44]高科,刘海洋.吉林省红色旅游共生发展模式研究.[J].资源开发与市场,2012(09)
[45]华西都市报.走新长征路老外和红军赛跑.[EB/OL].四川在线http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2003-08-09/0910533683s.shtml
[46]Aloe Luo, Tim Oaks. Marketing the Revolution.Tourism, Landscape and Ideology in China[G]. Unpublished paper,2004.
[47]美国之音电台网站.中国红色旅游方兴未艾.[EB/OL].人民网http://world.people.com.cn/GB/11954853.html
[48]美国之音电台网站.俄罗斯推出红色旅游吸引中国游客.[EB/OL].新华网http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2011-05/03/c_121372774.htm
[49]纳姆拉塔·哈斯嘉.丁襄译.中国的红色旅游带来的经济思想价值[EB/OL]腾讯新闻http://news.qq.com/a/20110629/000647.htm
[50]John Veverka.A Systems Approach to Heritage Interpretation Planning[J].Journal of Interpretation,1979,4.
[51]Wall,G.Ecotourism:Old Wine in NewBottle?[J].Trends,1994,31 (2):4-9.
1521 Jonathan Wager. Developing a strategy for the Angkor World Heritage Site[J].Tourism Management,1995,16(7), November:515-523.
[53]Florian Steinberg. Conservation and rehabilitation of urban heritage in developing countries[J].Habitat International,1996,20(3):463-475.
[54]Karen M.Ruggiero,DonaldM.Taylor and Wallacee.Lambert.Amodel ofheritage culture maintenance:the role ofdiscrimination[M].Int.J.Intercultral Rel.1996,20 (1):47-67.
[55]Greg Richards.Production and consumption of European cultural tourism[J].Annals of tourismresearch,1996,23 (2):261-283.
[56]Anne Drost. Developing sustainable tourism for world heritage sites[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,1996,23(2):479-484.
[57]Michael S.Simons.Aboriginal Heritage Art andMoral Rights[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2000,27 (2):412-431.
[58]Gordon Waitt.Consuming heritage perceived historical authenticity[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2000,27 (4):835-862.
[59]Cevat Tosum.Challenge of sustainable tourism development in the developing world:the case Of Turkey[J].Tourism Management,2001(22):289-303.
[60]Victor B. Teye Liberation wars and tourism develop-ment in Africa:The case of Zambia [J]. Annals of Tourism Research,1986,13(4):589-608.
[61]Peter Siegenthaler Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japanese guidebooks[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2002,29(4):1111-1137.
[62]A.V. Seaton. War and thanatourism:Waterloo 1815-1914[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1999,26(1):130-158.
[63]Valene L. Smith War and tourism:An Americanethnography [J].Annals of Tourism Research,1998,25(1):202-227.
[64]Caroline Winter Tourism, social memory and the greatwar [J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2009,36(4):P607-626.
[65]Adam Weaver Tourism and the military:Pleasure and the War Economy [J].Annals of Tourism Research,2011,38(2):672-689.
1661 Carson R. Silent spring[M]. Boston:Houfhron Middlin,1962.
[67]Kenneth E.Boulding. The economics of the coming spaceship earth. In:Kenneth E.Boulding, H. Jarrett, eds. Environment Quality in A Growing Economy. Baltimore:Johns Hopkins Press,1966.
[68]Eugene P.Odum. The strategy of ecosystem development [J]. Science,1969, Vol.164, No. 3877:262-270.
[69]Budowski G.1976.Tourism and Environmental Conservation:Conflict,Coexistence, or Symbiosis[J].Environmental Conser-vation,3(1),27-31.
[70]F. Lawson and Baud-Bovy. Tourism and Recreation Development.[M].London:The Architectural Press,1977.
[71]Smith S.L.J. Tourism analysis.2nded. [M].Longdon:1983.
[72]Lea J. Tourism and development in the third world. [M].Longdon:Routledge,1988.
[73]Ceballos LH. The future of ecotourism [J].Mexico Journal,1987(1):13-14.
[74]Durst PB, Ingram CD.1988. Nature2oriented tourism promotion by developing coumries [J].Tourism Management,9(1):39-43.
[75]McNeely-AM.1988. Economics and Biological Diversity, IUCN. Atlas of the Environ-ment:The most up2to2dale report on the state of the world [C]. by A Markham.1990. WWF.
[76]Buckley R.2001.Environmental Impacts, in Encyclopedia of Ecotourism [M].New York: CABI Publishing.
[77]Buckley R, Weaverd B,Pickerinc,ect.Nature-based Tourism,Environment and Land Management[M].Wallingford:CABI Publishing,2003.
[78]Rorger J Tarling, Twan Huybers.Environ-mental Management and the Competitive-nesso fature -Based Tourism Destinations [J]. Environmental and Resource Economics,2003,24:213-233.
[79]Dirk H.R. Spennemann. Extreme cultural tourism from Antarctica to the Moon [J].annals of tourism research,2007.34(4):898-918.
[80]Ramsey, John, Everitt. If you dig it, they will come! Archaeology heritage sites and tourism development in Belize [J].Central America Doug,2008,29:901-909.
[81]Nikolaichuk.v. Ecological problems in the Carpathian Mountains and possible ways to overcome them.[J] Acta Agronomica Hungarica 2008,56(2).
[82]H.K.Cakar. Analysis of Sustainability of the Railway Transport in the Trace Subregion under the Extent EcologicalTourism [J].Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology.2008,9(3).
[83]Thomas A.Schlacher, Rudolf de Jager, Tara Nielsen.Development and Conservation of Glacier Tourist Resources-A Case Study of Bogda Glacier Park[J]. Ecological indicators.2011, 11(2).
[84]吴必虎.旅游生态学与旅游目的地可持续发展[J].生态学杂志,1996,15(2)： 78-81.
[85]黄芳.优化旅游系统的生态学原理[J].生态经济,2001(11)：19-20.
[86]王湘.旅游资源学[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2001.
[87]苏伦·埃尔克曼.工业生态学[M].北京：经济日报出版社,1999.
[88]Tibbs HBC.Industrial Ecology:An Environmental Agenda for Industy[M].Arthur D Little,Inc,1991.
[89]DTI (Department of Trade and Industry). UK Energy White Paper:Our Energy Future-creating a Low Carbon Economy [R].London, TSO (The Stationery Office),2003:21-63.
[90]Davidsson.c.Ecotourism-integral part or contradiction of a multifunctional use of Germany's environment?[J] Forst und Holz.2007,62(8).
[91]K.Stepanova; Stepanova Ecotourism In Ukraine:Challenges And Opportunities (odessa Region Case Study)[J]. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology.2008,9(3).
[92]O.Rubel Introdyctuons of approaches of the payments for ecosystem services for ecological tourism [J] Journal of environmental protection and ecology,2009,10(2).
[93]Mabiwa, Joseph E, Stronza.Amanda.Changes in resident attitudes towards tourism development and conservation in the Okavango Delta, Botswana [J]. Mabiwa, Joseph E.2011, 92(8)
[94]R. Radolavy, A.M.Branea, B.Demetrescu.Resolving Ecological Problems through a holistic vision of regional urban planning [J] Journal of environmental protection and ecology2012,13(4).
[95]Radford.K.G, James.p. Changes in the value of ecosystem services along a rural-urban gradient:a case study of Greater Manchester, UK. (Special Issue:Urban ecosystem services.)[J].Landscape and Urban Planning.2013,109(1).
[96]徐辉,蔡溶.对旅游产业生态过程的研究[J].旅游学刊,2002(2)：73-80.
[97]王文瑞.我国自然保护区旅游产业生态模式[J].干早区资源与环境,2003,17(5)：109-112.
[98]高大帅,明庆忠,李庆雷.旅游产业生态化研究[J].资源开发与市场,2009,25(9)：848-850.
[99]明庆忠,陈英,李庆雷.低碳旅游：旅游产业生态化的战略选择[J].人文地理.2010,(5)：22-26.
[100]李庆雷.略论旅游产业的生态化转型[J].乐山师范学院学报,2011,26(5)： 31-35.
[101]李天元.旅游学概论.[M]天津：南开大学出版社.2003：6.
[102]Grinnell J. The Niche-relationshipps of the California Thrasher[J]. Auk,1917, 34:427-433.
[103]朱春全.生态位态势理论与扩充假说.生态学报[J].1997(5).
[104]陈德昌.生态经济学[M].上海：上海科技文献出版社,2003.218-242.
[105]郑其腾.生态经济理论的若干特点[J].探索与争鸣,1997(11).
[106]吴圣刚.文化的生态学阐释和保护[J].理论界.2005(5)
[107]高建明.论生态文化与文化生态[J].系统辩证学学报,2005(13)3：82-85.
[108]余谋吕.生态文化的理论阐释[M].东北林业大学出版社,1996,3.
[109]马波.现代旅游文化学[M].青岛：青岛出版社,1998.
[110]王世民等.深生态道德与生态道德辨析[J].江西社会科学.2010(9)：48-52.
[111]姜春云.人与自然关系六问[J].求是,2010,(6).
[112]世界旅游组织.张广瑞译.全球旅游伦理规范[J].旅游学刊.2000(3)：71.
[113]陈小春,王迪云.推进红色旅游后续发展的战略思考[J]经济地理,2009,37(5)：876-8801.
[114]国家标准总局.中华人民共和国国家标准—旅游资源分类、调查与评价[EB/OL].找法网http://china.findlaw.cn/fagui/p_1/195593.html.
[115]国家发改委、中宣部、国家旅游局.全国红色旅游经典景区分布图[EB/OL].搜狐旅游http://travel.sohu.com/20050316/n224717706.shtml
[116]国家发改委、中宣部、国家旅游局.全国红色旅游精品线和经典景区名录[EB/OL].新华网http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2005-03/23/content_2735567.htm
[117]阎友兵,陈非文,方世敏,刘建平.2009年全国红色旅游发展现状调查与思考[J].湘潭大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2009(33)6：84-88.
[118]毕军平.风景名胜地生态示范区建设规划研究[D].湖南农业大学,2004,25.
[119]刘云霞,尹寿.安徽红色旅游环境分析及生态保育对策[J].华东经济管理,2006(20)7：27-29.
[120]黄睿,唐英玲,黄乐定.红色旅游文化整合的战略思考[J].农业考古,2010(3)：260-262.
[121]蓝兰.2013年至2030年我国高速公路建设展望[J].交通世界(建养.机械)：2013(7).
[122]Poter.M.E. Clusters and New Economies of competitions [J].Harvard Business Review, 1998,(11):77-91.
[123]饶品样.共生理论视角下的旅游产业集群形成与演进研究[D].西北大学,2010：34-37.
[124]王彦红,西柏坡实现华彩巨变[EB/OL].西柏坡网http://www.xibaipo.gov.cn/xbpyj/xbphslyyj/201112/t20111231_2762627.html
[125]王晖.文化生态学视野中的红色文化传承与发展[J].求索,2011(3),104-106.
[126]刘琼艳.红色旅游资源可持续开发研究[D].湘潭大学,2007.
[127]龙良富,黄英,欧阳白果.旅游目的地居民的环境人权保护研究[J].生态经济,2010(11),151-155.
[128]李少游,程丹,刘利斌.基于混合多项式模型的韶山红色旅游需求人数预测[J].旅游论坛：2012(5)1：98-101.
[129]刘红梅,刘建平.基于灰色模型的韶山红色旅游景区客源预测[J].经济地理,2010(30)6：1047-1051.
[130]孙晓飞.”红色文化”的当代社会价值及其实现[D].山东大学,2008.
[131]Costanza R, Norton B G, Haskell B D.Ecosystem Health:New Goal for Environ-mental Management.Washington D C:Islandpress,1992.
[132]周彬.旅游循环经济框架体系的构建及其实现途径[J].统计与决策,2010(310)10：75-77.
[133]邹冬生,高志强.生态学概论[M].长沙：湖南科学技术出版社,2007,(1)：54-155.
[1341熊彤.红色生态旅游的和谐效应[J].商业文化(学术版),2007(11),150-151.
[135]梁文婷,李秀推,朱慈.循环经济视野下的旅游资源保护法律之缺失与完善[C]2005年中国环境资派法学研讨会论文集.江西.赣州：580-589.
[136]周振国,高海生.红色旅游基本理论研究.[M].北京：社会科学文献出社,2008.91-92.
[137]王晖.红色旅游生态化开发路径探究[J].江苏商论,2012(333)7：109-111.
[138]安永刚,张合平.长株潭核心区休闲产业布局研究[J].经济地理,2009(29)11：1876-1879.
[139]乡村旅游促进会2010年工作总结和2011年工作思路.[EB/OL]长沙旅游网http://www.csta.gov.cn.
[140]周志宏,贺德红.湖南休闲产业现状研究[J].商场现代化,2008,(561)12：235-237.
[141]刘洪波,王江浩.长株潭城市群生态涵养型农村建设路径研究[J].地方经济,2009(16)：12-13.
[142]杨洪,邹家红,朱湖英.湖南省红色旅游优化升级研究[J].经济地理,2010(30)12：2109-2115.
[143]王哗,邹冬生.基于循环经济的区域红色旅游联动发展模式探析[J].学术论坛,2012(35)12：130-133.
[144]刘肖梅.旅游资源可持续利用的经济学分析[D].山东农业大学.2007,89.
[145]石培华,吴普,冯凌.关于低碳旅游发展机制与旅游业节能减排工作体系的思考[N].中国旅游报,2010-03-15,(008).
[146]李云霞,杨萍.试论循环经济与循环型旅游业[J].经济问题探索,2006(4)：114-116.
[147]方世敏,周荃,苏斌.湖南“红三角”区域旅游协作的经济与政策分析[J].湖南社会科学.2007(5)：130-132.
[148]蔡克信.TBD-旅游过境城市的发展之路[N].中国旅游报,2009.9.(9).
[149]严立冬.经济可持续发展的生态创新[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2002：2-9.
[150]人民日报海外版.全国红色旅游6年接待游客13.5亿人次[EB/OL].民主与法制网.http://www.mzyfz.com/cms/guanzhuminsheng/xinwenzhongxin/toutiaoxinwen/html/1180/201 1-06-16/content-82495.html
[151]我国公路发展现状[EB/OL].百度网.http://zhidao.baidu.com/link.
[152]北京青年报.国庆首日11万人天安门广场看升旗留下5吨垃圾[EB/OL].东方网.http://news.eastday.com/chyauto/2013-10-02/818966.html
[2]熊云明,李松志.我国红色旅游研究综述[J].国土与自然资源研究2012(02)：81-82.
[3]中共中央办公厅,国务院办公厅.2004-2010年全红色旅游发展规划纲要[Z].2004.
[4]毛日清.老区建设与“红色旅游”事业的发展[J].求实.2002(12)：49-50.
[5]李宗尧.论“红色旅游”功能的多样性——兼谈蒙阴县野店镇旅游业的综合开发[J].山东省农业管理干部学院学报,2002,18(4)：66-67.
[6]谭冬发,吴小斌.“红色资源”与扶贫开发[J].老区建设.2002(07)：44-45.
[7]张彬彬.都市地区的“红色旅游”开发——以上海为例[J]桂林旅游高等专科学校学报2004(15)2：35-37.
[8]刘建平,伍先福,黄玲.红色旅游的三大功能[J].学习导报.2005(05)：19-20.
[9]梁峰.我国红色旅游资源分布特点及其开发策略研究[J].桂林旅游高等专科学校学报.2005(5).
[10]尹晓颖,朱竑,甘萌雨.红色旅游产品特点和发展模式研究[J].人文地理.2005(2)：34-37.
[11]张春丽等.中国红色旅游可持续发展研究[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,2006(131)：83-84.
[12]马进甫,宋振美.简析红色旅游资源的特征及其开发策略[J].国土与自然资源研究,2006(04):11-114.
[13]韩燕平,红色文化遗产及其保护研究[D].湘潭大学.2008.
[14]李向明.江西红色旅游资源及其创新开发的思考[J].江西财经大学学报,2005,38(2)：62-65.
[15]吴书锋,庐山红色旅游资源的深度开发[J].江西财经大学学报,2006(5)：99-101.
[16]高亚芳,何喜刚.甘肃省红色旅游资源开发规划研究[J].西北师范大学学报(自然科学版),2006,42(5)：85-90.
[17]李磊,徐春堂,赵静,孙明孝.枣庄的红色旅游资源及其整合开发[J].高师理科学刊,2006,26(3)：81-83.
[18]党红星.山东红色旅游资源开发研究[D].山东大学,2006.
[19]李晓阳,谭士元.对黑龙江省红色旅游资源开发的思考[J].商业研究,2006(06)：175-177.
[20]陈雄根.湖南长株潭地区红色旅游资源的开发与区域经济发展.[J].经济地理.2007.06
[21]阎友兵.湖南红色旅游发展的战略思考[J].经济地理.2007.05
[22]彭晓玲.湖南红三角旅游业可持续发展的思路与对策[J].经济地理.2010.06
[23]方世敏.免费开放背景下红色旅游景区发展的关键因素研究——基于湖南花明楼、韶山景区的实地调研报告[J].华东经济管理.2010.08
[24]杨洪,刘玉桥,袁开国,黄静,伟人故里“红三角”旅游产业优化研究[J].人文地理,2011(119)3：154-160.
[25]金志庚.韶山红色旅游与休闲旅游组合模式的景观规划与设计[D].湖南农业大学,2011.
[26]刘红梅.长株潭“两型社会”区域红色旅游一体化研究[J].湖南科技大学学报,2013(16)1：90-94.
[27]董文茂.发展红色旅游还需绿色环境环境.[J]环境.2005,05.
[28]陶表红,邹淑珍.保护生态环境与发展红色旅游.[J]江西社会科学.2005,09.
[29]袁书琪.论生态旅游资源对红色旅游产业发展的作用.[J]福建地理.2005,04.
[30]范方志.对我国发展“红色旅游”的一点思考.[J]宁波职业技术学院学报.2005,06.
[31]何丽芳.韶山红色旅游地倡导生态旅游的思考.[J]湖南林业科技.2006,05.
[32]张启.浅析红色旅游与生态旅游的协调发展[J]商场现代化.2006(19).
[33]万青.大别山贫困山区生态旅游资源开发及对策——以安徽霍山县为例.[J]安徽地质2006,01
[34]贾哲.森林生态旅游资源定量评价的研究——以狼牙山国家森林公园为例.[J]中国生态农业学报2008,03.
[35]刘建平,曹学文.基于景观设计学视角的红色文化遗产保护[J].生态经济,2007,(10)：419-430.
[36]王艳平.历史唯物观下看红色旅游发展走向[J]东北财经大学学报.2005.05.
[37]韩燕平.我国红色文化遗产申报世界文化遗产的探讨——以井冈山为例.[J]湖南财经高等专科学校学报2008.04.
[38]黄光文.红色旅游资源开发中的红色文化传承.[J]求实2008.06.
[39]王亚娟.红色旅游开发研究——兼论河北红色旅游开发[D].华侨大学.2006.
[40]毕剑.红色旅游开发模式研究[J].特区经济.2006(8)：229-231.
[41]易佳莉,徐飞雄.红色旅游混合开发模式初探——以湖南第一师范为例[J].湖南第一师范学报,2009(4)：124-126.
[42]周学军.红色旅游景区体验化开发模式[J].西南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2010(3)：20-22.
[43]刘辛田,盛正发.红色旅游体验导向型开发模式探讨[J].特区经济,2010(6)：140-141.
[44]高科,刘海洋.吉林省红色旅游共生发展模式研究.[J].资源开发与市场,2012(09)
[45]华西都市报.走新长征路老外和红军赛跑.[EB/OL].四川在线http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2003-08-09/0910533683s.shtml
[46]Aloe Luo, Tim Oaks. Marketing the Revolution.Tourism, Landscape and Ideology in China[G]. Unpublished paper,2004.
[47]美国之音电台网站.中国红色旅游方兴未艾.[EB/OL].人民网http://world.people.com.cn/GB/11954853.html
[48]美国之音电台网站.俄罗斯推出红色旅游吸引中国游客.[EB/OL].新华网http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2011-05/03/c_121372774.htm
[49]纳姆拉塔·哈斯嘉.丁襄译.中国的红色旅游带来的经济思想价值[EB/OL]腾讯新闻http://news.qq.com/a/20110629/000647.htm
[50]John Veverka.A Systems Approach to Heritage Interpretation Planning[J].Journal of Interpretation,1979,4.
[51]Wall,G.Ecotourism:Old Wine in NewBottle?[J].Trends,1994,31 (2):4-9.
1521 Jonathan Wager. Developing a strategy for the Angkor World Heritage Site[J].Tourism Management,1995,16(7), November:515-523.
[53]Florian Steinberg. Conservation and rehabilitation of urban heritage in developing countries[J].Habitat International,1996,20(3):463-475.
[54]Karen M.Ruggiero,DonaldM.Taylor and Wallacee.Lambert.Amodel ofheritage culture maintenance:the role ofdiscrimination[M].Int.J.Intercultral Rel.1996,20 (1):47-67.
[55]Greg Richards.Production and consumption of European cultural tourism[J].Annals of tourismresearch,1996,23 (2):261-283.
[56]Anne Drost. Developing sustainable tourism for world heritage sites[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,1996,23(2):479-484.
[57]Michael S.Simons.Aboriginal Heritage Art andMoral Rights[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2000,27 (2):412-431.
[58]Gordon Waitt.Consuming heritage perceived historical authenticity[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2000,27 (4):835-862.
[59]Cevat Tosum.Challenge of sustainable tourism development in the developing world:the case Of Turkey[J].Tourism Management,2001(22):289-303.
[60]Victor B. Teye Liberation wars and tourism develop-ment in Africa:The case of Zambia [J]. Annals of Tourism Research,1986,13(4):589-608.
[61]Peter Siegenthaler Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japanese guidebooks[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2002,29(4):1111-1137.
[62]A.V. Seaton. War and thanatourism:Waterloo 1815-1914[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1999,26(1):130-158.
[63]Valene L. Smith War and tourism:An Americanethnography [J].Annals of Tourism Research,1998,25(1):202-227.
[64]Caroline Winter Tourism, social memory and the greatwar [J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2009,36(4):P607-626.
[65]Adam Weaver Tourism and the military:Pleasure and the War Economy [J].Annals of Tourism Research,2011,38(2):672-689.
1661 Carson R. Silent spring[M]. Boston:Houfhron Middlin,1962.
[67]Kenneth E.Boulding. The economics of the coming spaceship earth. In:Kenneth E.Boulding, H. Jarrett, eds. Environment Quality in A Growing Economy. Baltimore:Johns Hopkins Press,1966.
[68]Eugene P.Odum. The strategy of ecosystem development [J]. Science,1969, Vol.164, No. 3877:262-270.
[69]Budowski G.1976.Tourism and Environmental Conservation:Conflict,Coexistence, or Symbiosis[J].Environmental Conser-vation,3(1),27-31.
[70]F. Lawson and Baud-Bovy. Tourism and Recreation Development.[M].London:The Architectural Press,1977.
[71]Smith S.L.J. Tourism analysis.2nded. [M].Longdon:1983.
[72]Lea J. Tourism and development in the third world. [M].Longdon:Routledge,1988.
[73]Ceballos LH. The future of ecotourism [J].Mexico Journal,1987(1):13-14.
[74]Durst PB, Ingram CD.1988. Nature2oriented tourism promotion by developing coumries [J].Tourism Management,9(1):39-43.
[75]McNeely-AM.1988. Economics and Biological Diversity, IUCN. Atlas of the Environ-ment:The most up2to2dale report on the state of the world [C]. by A Markham.1990. WWF.
[76]Buckley R.2001.Environmental Impacts, in Encyclopedia of Ecotourism [M].New York: CABI Publishing.
[77]Buckley R, Weaverd B,Pickerinc,ect.Nature-based Tourism,Environment and Land Management[M].Wallingford:CABI Publishing,2003.
[78]Rorger J Tarling, Twan Huybers.Environ-mental Management and the Competitive-nesso fature -Based Tourism Destinations [J]. Environmental and Resource Economics,2003,24:213-233.
[79]Dirk H.R. Spennemann. Extreme cultural tourism from Antarctica to the Moon [J].annals of tourism research,2007.34(4):898-918.
[80]Ramsey, John, Everitt. If you dig it, they will come! Archaeology heritage sites and tourism development in Belize [J].Central America Doug,2008,29:901-909.
[81]Nikolaichuk.v. Ecological problems in the Carpathian Mountains and possible ways to overcome them.[J] Acta Agronomica Hungarica 2008,56(2).
[82]H.K.Cakar. Analysis of Sustainability of the Railway Transport in the Trace Subregion under the Extent EcologicalTourism [J].Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology.2008,9(3).
[83]Thomas A.Schlacher, Rudolf de Jager, Tara Nielsen.Development and Conservation of Glacier Tourist Resources-A Case Study of Bogda Glacier Park[J]. Ecological indicators.2011, 11(2).
[84]吴必虎.旅游生态学与旅游目的地可持续发展[J].生态学杂志,1996,15(2)： 78-81.
[85]黄芳.优化旅游系统的生态学原理[J].生态经济,2001(11)：19-20.
[86]王湘.旅游资源学[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2001.
[87]苏伦·埃尔克曼.工业生态学[M].北京：经济日报出版社,1999.
[88]Tibbs HBC.Industrial Ecology:An Environmental Agenda for Industy[M].Arthur D Little,Inc,1991.
[89]DTI (Department of Trade and Industry). UK Energy White Paper:Our Energy Future-creating a Low Carbon Economy [R].London, TSO (The Stationery Office),2003:21-63.
[90]Davidsson.c.Ecotourism-integral part or contradiction of a multifunctional use of Germany's environment?[J] Forst und Holz.2007,62(8).
[91]K.Stepanova; Stepanova Ecotourism In Ukraine:Challenges And Opportunities (odessa Region Case Study)[J]. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology.2008,9(3).
[92]O.Rubel Introdyctuons of approaches of the payments for ecosystem services for ecological tourism [J] Journal of environmental protection and ecology,2009,10(2).
[93]Mabiwa, Joseph E, Stronza.Amanda.Changes in resident attitudes towards tourism development and conservation in the Okavango Delta, Botswana [J]. Mabiwa, Joseph E.2011, 92(8)
[94]R. Radolavy, A.M.Branea, B.Demetrescu.Resolving Ecological Problems through a holistic vision of regional urban planning [J] Journal of environmental protection and ecology2012,13(4).
[95]Radford.K.G, James.p. Changes in the value of ecosystem services along a rural-urban gradient:a case study of Greater Manchester, UK. (Special Issue:Urban ecosystem services.)[J].Landscape and Urban Planning.2013,109(1).
[96]徐辉,蔡溶.对旅游产业生态过程的研究[J].旅游学刊,2002(2)：73-80.
[97]王文瑞.我国自然保护区旅游产业生态模式[J].干早区资源与环境,2003,17(5)：109-112.
[98]高大帅,明庆忠,李庆雷.旅游产业生态化研究[J].资源开发与市场,2009,25(9)：848-850.
[99]明庆忠,陈英,李庆雷.低碳旅游：旅游产业生态化的战略选择[J].人文地理.2010,(5)：22-26.
[100]李庆雷.略论旅游产业的生态化转型[J].乐山师范学院学报,2011,26(5)： 31-35.
[101]李天元.旅游学概论.[M]天津：南开大学出版社.2003：6.
[102]Grinnell J. The Niche-relationshipps of the California Thrasher[J]. Auk,1917, 34:427-433.
[103]朱春全.生态位态势理论与扩充假说.生态学报[J].1997(5).
[104]陈德昌.生态经济学[M].上海：上海科技文献出版社,2003.218-242.
[105]郑其腾.生态经济理论的若干特点[J].探索与争鸣,1997(11).
[106]吴圣刚.文化的生态学阐释和保护[J].理论界.2005(5)
[107]高建明.论生态文化与文化生态[J].系统辩证学学报,2005(13)3：82-85.
[108]余谋吕.生态文化的理论阐释[M].东北林业大学出版社,1996,3.
[109]马波.现代旅游文化学[M].青岛：青岛出版社,1998.
[110]王世民等.深生态道德与生态道德辨析[J].江西社会科学.2010(9)：48-52.
[111]姜春云.人与自然关系六问[J].求是,2010,(6).
[112]世界旅游组织.张广瑞译.全球旅游伦理规范[J].旅游学刊.2000(3)：71.
[113]陈小春,王迪云.推进红色旅游后续发展的战略思考[J]经济地理,2009,37(5)：876-8801.
[114]国家标准总局.中华人民共和国国家标准—旅游资源分类、调查与评价[EB/OL].找法网http://china.findlaw.cn/fagui/p_1/195593.html.
[115]国家发改委、中宣部、国家旅游局.全国红色旅游经典景区分布图[EB/OL].搜狐旅游http://travel.sohu.com/20050316/n224717706.shtml
[116]国家发改委、中宣部、国家旅游局.全国红色旅游精品线和经典景区名录[EB/OL].新华网http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2005-03/23/content_2735567.htm
[117]阎友兵,陈非文,方世敏,刘建平.2009年全国红色旅游发展现状调查与思考[J].湘潭大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2009(33)6：84-88.
[118]毕军平.风景名胜地生态示范区建设规划研究[D].湖南农业大学,2004,25.
[119]刘云霞,尹寿.安徽红色旅游环境分析及生态保育对策[J].华东经济管理,2006(20)7：27-29.
[120]黄睿,唐英玲,黄乐定.红色旅游文化整合的战略思考[J].农业考古,2010(3)：260-262.
[121]蓝兰.2013年至2030年我国高速公路建设展望[J].交通世界(建养.机械)：2013(7).
[122]Poter.M.E. Clusters and New Economies of competitions [J].Harvard Business Review, 1998,(11):77-91.
[123]饶品样.共生理论视角下的旅游产业集群形成与演进研究[D].西北大学,2010：34-37.
[124]王彦红,西柏坡实现华彩巨变[EB/OL].西柏坡网http://www.xibaipo.gov.cn/xbpyj/xbphslyyj/201112/t20111231_2762627.html
[125]王晖.文化生态学视野中的红色文化传承与发展[J].求索,2011(3),104-106.
[126]刘琼艳.红色旅游资源可持续开发研究[D].湘潭大学,2007.
[127]龙良富,黄英,欧阳白果.旅游目的地居民的环境人权保护研究[J].生态经济,2010(11),151-155.
[128]李少游,程丹,刘利斌.基于混合多项式模型的韶山红色旅游需求人数预测[J].旅游论坛：2012(5)1：98-101.
[129]刘红梅,刘建平.基于灰色模型的韶山红色旅游景区客源预测[J].经济地理,2010(30)6：1047-1051.
[130]孙晓飞.”红色文化”的当代社会价值及其实现[D].山东大学,2008.
[131]Costanza R, Norton B G, Haskell B D.Ecosystem Health:New Goal for Environ-mental Management.Washington D C:Islandpress,1992.
[132]周彬.旅游循环经济框架体系的构建及其实现途径[J].统计与决策,2010(310)10：75-77.
[133]邹冬生,高志强.生态学概论[M].长沙：湖南科学技术出版社,2007,(1)：54-155.
[1341熊彤.红色生态旅游的和谐效应[J].商业文化(学术版),2007(11),150-151.
[135]梁文婷,李秀推,朱慈.循环经济视野下的旅游资源保护法律之缺失与完善[C]2005年中国环境资派法学研讨会论文集.江西.赣州：580-589.
[136]周振国,高海生.红色旅游基本理论研究.[M].北京：社会科学文献出社,2008.91-92.
[137]王晖.红色旅游生态化开发路径探究[J].江苏商论,2012(333)7：109-111.
[138]安永刚,张合平.长株潭核心区休闲产业布局研究[J].经济地理,2009(29)11：1876-1879.
[139]乡村旅游促进会2010年工作总结和2011年工作思路.[EB/OL]长沙旅游网http://www.csta.gov.cn.
[140]周志宏,贺德红.湖南休闲产业现状研究[J].商场现代化,2008,(561)12：235-237.
[141]刘洪波,王江浩.长株潭城市群生态涵养型农村建设路径研究[J].地方经济,2009(16)：12-13.
[142]杨洪,邹家红,朱湖英.湖南省红色旅游优化升级研究[J].经济地理,2010(30)12：2109-2115.
[143]王哗,邹冬生.基于循环经济的区域红色旅游联动发展模式探析[J].学术论坛,2012(35)12：130-133.
[144]刘肖梅.旅游资源可持续利用的经济学分析[D].山东农业大学.2007,89.
[145]石培华,吴普,冯凌.关于低碳旅游发展机制与旅游业节能减排工作体系的思考[N].中国旅游报,2010-03-15,(008).
[146]李云霞,杨萍.试论循环经济与循环型旅游业[J].经济问题探索,2006(4)：114-116.
[147]方世敏,周荃,苏斌.湖南“红三角”区域旅游协作的经济与政策分析[J].湖南社会科学.2007(5)：130-132.
[148]蔡克信.TBD-旅游过境城市的发展之路[N].中国旅游报,2009.9.(9).
[149]严立冬.经济可持续发展的生态创新[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2002：2-9.
[150]人民日报海外版.全国红色旅游6年接待游客13.5亿人次[EB/OL].民主与法制网.http://www.mzyfz.com/cms/guanzhuminsheng/xinwenzhongxin/toutiaoxinwen/html/1180/201 1-06-16/content-82495.html
[151]我国公路发展现状[EB/OL].百度网.http://zhidao.baidu.com/link.
[152]北京青年报.国庆首日11万人天安门广场看升旗留下5吨垃圾[EB/OL].东方网.http://news.eastday.com/chyauto/2013-10-02/818966.html
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |