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基于国际货币体系不对称的中国经济内外失衡研究
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摘要
改革开放以来,中国经济已深度融入全球经济金融一体化,中国已经成为国际货币金融体系等全球“游戏规则”的重要参与者,受这些“游戏规则”的影响与制约也越来越大。尤其在当今美元本位制下,中国不但面临巨大的国际收支失衡压力,而且内部经济严重扭曲。一方面中国对外长期巨额顺差,积累了全球最多的外汇储备,且随着美元不断贬值遭受了巨大的汇兑损失;另一方面国内消费长期低迷、储蓄“过剩”。与之极不对称的是,当今国际货币体系的中心国家美国,却长期国际收支巨额赤字,并依赖美元的国际货币地位向中国等外围国家不断举债以支撑其国内过度消费。美元本位制下这种脆弱的“游戏”模式,最终导致了美国次贷危机的爆发。危机发生后,部分政府和学者把中、美经济内外失衡以及这次金融危机,归咎于中国依赖于出口拉动的外向型经济增长方式以及中国居民的高储蓄、低消费行为;而另外一些学者则从当今国际货币体系的弊端,深入考察中、美以及全球经济失衡的根源,并寄希望于通过国际货币体系改革缓解失衡,呼吁提升人民币在国际货币体系中的地位。
     本文所关心的问题:第一,以主权信用货币作为储备货币的国际货币体系,是否是当今全球失衡的重要原因?该国际货币体系对全球失衡调整有何影响?第二,在美元本位制下,人民币的非国际货币地位是否是导致过去几十年中国经济内外失衡的原因?若是,则随着人民币国际化程度不断提高及人民币的国际地位的上升,又会对中国经济的内外失衡调整有何影响?第三,为了缓解中国经济内外失衡及全球失衡,国际货币体系应如何改革?中国的占优策略是什么?
     为此,本文首先基于金融史实,分析从1880年以来国际货币体系演变表现出的不对称特征以及与全球失衡之间的关系,并重点考察了现行国际货币体系的不对称总体特征,以及在现行国际货币体系下中国经济内外失衡的经验事实。
     基于上述经验事实,本文先建立了基于国际收支货币分析法的理论分析框架,探讨了一国主权信用货币作为国际货币、其它主权国家货币为外围货币(非国际货币)的不对称国际货币体系安排下,是否会导致全球经济失衡;以及在这种不对称的国际货币体系下,全球失衡调整能否通过汇率调整顺利进行。研究表明,在以一国主权货币作为国际货币的不对称国际货币体系安排下,全球经济失衡将无法避免;并且,汇率调整将不再有效,国际货币体系中心国家任何针对国际收支调整的政策选择都将导致全球经济的不稳定,甚至诱发金融危机。
     在进行上述一般规律探讨的基础上,本文基于考虑了现行国际货币体系不对称因素的开放经济条件下的动态随机一般均衡(DSGE)模型和新开放经济宏观经济学(NOEM)模型,着重研究了在不对称的国际货币体系下,人民币的非国际货币地位、以及人民币的国际地位上升(即人民币的不断国际化)对中国经济内外失衡与调整的影响。结论表明:人民币的非国际货币地位,是导致中国经济内外失衡——国内消费长期不足、储蓄过高,国际收支长期顺差、外汇储备过度增长的重要原因;而人民币国际地位不断提升——人民币国际化程度不断提高,其它国家对人民币的需求不断增加,将有助于增加中国居民消费、减少过度储蓄、平衡国际收支,改善中国经济内外失衡状况。
     基于上述分析,本文又对国际货币体系改革方向、当前中国可行的最优政策选择进行了研究,并得到了如下主要政策建议:建立美元、人民币、欧元等为主要国际货币的多元国际货币体系,将是解决中国和世界经济内外失衡相对可行的最优方案;而对于中国而言,稳健推进人民币适度国际化、以及进行必要的制度建设,对于解决我国经济内外失衡具有重要意义。
Since its reform and opening up, China has to a large degree joint the integrationof global economy and finance. As an important player obeying the global “gamerules” such as international monetary system, China has been increasingly influencedand restricted by these “rules”. Under the dollar standard, China faces not only hugepressure from the external imbalance, but also a seriously distorted internal economy.On the one hand, China has accumulated the largest foreign-exchange reserves in theworld as a result of its long-term trade surplus, and therefore has suffered substantiallosses due to the constant depreciation of US dollar; one the other hand, it remains alow domestic consumption. In contrast, the US, the centre of the current internationalmonetary system, with a large current account deficit, managed to support itsexcessive consumption by ceaselessly issuing bonds to other countries like China,relying on the international monetary status of US dollar. In such a fragile “game"mode, the dollar standard eventually caused the US subprime mortgage crisis. Whenthe crisis occurred, the US government and some scholars owed China’s andAmerica’s internal and external imbalances and the financial crisis to China’sexport-oriented economic growth mode driven by export and its high savings and lowconsumption. However, some other scholars made a comprehensive survey of the rootof the global imbalances from aspects of abuses of the current international monetarysystem and the existing asymmetries in particular. They have pinned their hope on thereform of the international monetary system to eradicate imbalances and advocated abigger role of RMB in the international monetary system.
     This paper concerns the following issues. Whether the dollar standard thatsovereign credit currency serves as the international reserve currency caused thecurrent global imbalances or not? How will this international monetary systeminfluence the adjustments of global imbalances? Under the dollar standard, is thenon-international currency status of RMB the reason for China's internal and externalimbalances in the past few decades? If so, what influence would the increasingly internationalized RMB with its rising status exert upon the adjustment of Chineseeconomy’s internal and external imbalances? How to reform the internationalmonetary system in order to radically solve the problem of Chinese economy’sinternal and external imbalances and global imbalances? And for China, what are thedominant strategies?
     In order to answer these questions, this paper, based on history, reviews theasymmetric evolution of international monetary system since1880and itsrelationship with global imbalances. Then this paper focuses on the generalcharacteristics of the asymmetries of the current international monetary system, andthe fact that Chinese economy has suffered from internal and external imbalances
     With the empirical facts above, this paper, based on the monetary approach tothe balance of payments, analyzes whether the asymmetric international monetaryarrangements, under which one sovereignty country’s currency works as theinternational currency while other sovereignty countries’ currencies as peripherycurrencies (non-international currency), would lead to global imbalances and whetherthe global imbalances adjustments could go smoothly through exchange rateadjustments or not. The specific conclusion is that under the asymmetric internationalmonetary arrangements, international disequilibrium is unavoidable; exchange rateadjustments would not be efficient any more, and any policy made by internationalcurrency countries to adjust balance of payment could not avoid risks of causing anunstable international economy and even a financial crisis.
     After analyzing the common rule of the global economy, this paper basing on theDSGE model and NOEM model that has considered the asymmetric elements in theexisting international monetary system, focuses on the influence of RMB as a risingnon-international currency (i.e. increasing internationalization of RMB) upon internaland external imbalances in Chinese economy and its adjustments. The conclusionsshow that the non-international reserve status of RMB is an important reason forinternal and external imbalances in Chinese economythe long term low domesticconsumption and high savings, the long term surplus in balance of payments and theexcessive foreign exchange reserves; the huge foreign exchange reserves havebrought about substantial cost and “excessive losses”; the rising status of RMB—an increasing internationalization of RMB would contribute to boosting domesticconsumption and relieving the internal and external imbalances of China.
     Based on the analysis above, this paper also studies the direction of internationalmonetary system reform and the options of optimal, feasible policy for China in orderto eradicate the influence of the existing international monetary system upon globaleconomy and the internal and external imbalances in Chinese economy. Theenlightenment on policy is as follows: the comparatively optimal method to solvingthe internal and external imbalances in Chinese and even global economy is toestablish a multiple international monetary system with currencies like US dollar,RMB, and Euro being the main international currencies; for China, the promotion ofthe internationalization of RMB in a proper and steady way is of crucial importanceto solve the problem of internal and external imbalances of China’s economy.
引文
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