厦门地区非饱和残积土土水特征及强度性状研究
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摘要
残积土层约占厦门岛土地面积的三分之二,是工程建设岩土层的重要组成部分。在自然或人为地改变环境条件下,残积土常经受脱湿、增湿及干湿交替作用。此时,残积土会呈现出与其在饱和状态迥异的体积、强度、渗透和固结等性状。非饱和土的强度在土坡稳定、地基承载力及侧向土压力等分析计算中起着重要作用。而土水特征曲线(简称SWCC)是基质吸力与含水量或饱和度的关系曲线,它可帮助我们了解含水量对非饱和土强度的影响。因此,研究非饱和残积土的土水特征曲线及抗剪强度具有重要的工程意义和应用前景。本文针对厦门地区常见的残积砂质粘性土和残积粘土,进行了不同干密度、含水量、竖向应力和干湿循环作用下SWCC测定、无侧限抗压强度和直接剪切的试验研究,建立了SWCC模型、无侧限抗压强度及剪切强度模型。主要研究内容如下：
1.采用滤纸法测定基质吸力,分析了干密度、含水量、竖向应力及干湿循环作用等因素对残积砂质粘性土和残积粘土的脱湿曲线、吸湿曲线及滞回环的影响。试验结果表明,砂质粘性土的SWCC与粘土的SWCC相比,前者的脱湿速率较大,进气值较低,持水能力较弱。砂质粘性土的SWCC对干密度和竖向应力的变化较敏感,而粘土SWCC对含水量的变化较敏感；3次干湿循环中,第1次干湿循环对两类残积土SWCC的影响较大。
2.选择了6个SWCC模型,剔除残余饱和度参数,建立修正SWCC模型。设置了考虑参数个数的模型权值,根据已测残积土的SWCC试验数据,综合考虑拟合精度及模型参数个数,评估各修正SWCC模型的优劣。计算结果表明修正Gardner模型是最适合于厦门地区的残积砂质粘性土和粘土的SWCC模型。推导了修正的SWCC模型特征值计算公式,它们可取代作图法,从而较准确地计算出空气进气值、曲线拐点的斜率、残余基质吸力及残余饱和度等参数。
3.设计了残积砂质粘性土和粘土的无侧限抗压强度试验,得到了考虑初始干密度和含水量下砂质粘性土的无侧限抗压强度经验模型和不同初始含水量下粘土的无侧限抗压强度经验模型。另外,测定了不同干湿幅度、路径及次数下两类残积土的无侧限抗压强度,得到了干湿幅度、次数和路径对两类残积土的无侧限抗压强度的影响规律。
4.采用普通的直剪仪进行非饱和残积土的剪切强度试验,并用滤纸法测定各不同含水量状态下的基质吸力,研究剪切强度及强度指标随初始含水量的变化规律,建立不同初始含水量下残积砂质粘性土和粘土的剪切强度模型,能够较好地预测残积土的抗剪强度及强度指标。同时,开展了干湿循环作用对残积土的试验研究,得到了不同干湿循环幅度、路径及次数下两类残积土的剪切强度和强度指标的变化规律,为今后干湿循环作用下残积土强度模型的研究奠定基础。
Residual soils cover nearly two-thirds of the land area in Xiamen and construction of earth structures involves the use of them. Under natural or imposed changes in environmental conditions, drying processes (evaporation or drainage), wetting processes (infiltration or capillary), and alternate wetting and drying processes caused by seasonal variation or groundwater level fluctuation are normally occurs for residual soil. The residual soil deposits might undergo severe change in volume, strength, seepage and consolidation behaviors in response to these processes. Among them, the shear strength of an unsaturated soil plays an important role in many geotechnical problems such as soil slope stability, bearing capacity and lateral earth pressures. Furthermore, the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) is a relationship between suction and water content or degree saturation and it can assist in the understanding of the influence of water content on the unsaturated soil strength. Therefore, matric suction, unconfined compression strength(UCS) and direct shear strength tests under different initial dry density, water content, vertical stress and drying and wetting cycles have been done. Based on the tests results, SWCC model, UCS model and shear strength model of two residual soils (i.e. sandy clayey and clay) are established. The main research work on SWCCs and strength of unsaturated residual soil are presented as follows:
(1) Matric suction was conducted by filter paper method and the influences of initial dry density and initial water content, soil structure, the stress and drying and wetting, upon the desorption and adsorption soil-water characteristics of sandy clayey and clay residual soil in Xiamen are examined and discussed. The SWCC of the sandy clayey specimens are different from that of the clay specimens. The sandy clayey specimens have low air-entry value and high rate of desorption and the opposite of the clay specimens.
(2) Removing a parameter of the residual degree of saturation, six modified SWCC models are gained based on the published SWCC models which were selected for evaluation and model scores are calculated according to the fitting precision of experimental data. The weights of SWCC models are put forward by considering the number of model fitting parameters. Then, the recalculated model scores, taking the model weight into account, show that the modified Gardner model gets the highest score for residual soil in Xiamen among all of the modified SWCC models. Furthermore, the equations for determining of parameters of SWCC such as air-entry value, slope at the inflection point, residual suction and residual degree of saturation are deduced. These equations can be used for computational analyses to replace the conventional graphical method in providing consistent results.
(3) Experimental programs of considering the influence of the initial dry density and initial water content on the UCS of the sandy clayey and clay were designed and two UCS models are proposed respectively which can be used to predict the UCS of residual soil in Xiamen. At the same time, the effects of the level, path and times of drying and wetting cycle processes on the UCS of two kinds of residual soil are investigated.
(4) A scries of unsaturated direct shear tests were conducted on the residual sandy clayey and clay soil, the matric suction of specimens with different water content were also measured. The experimental results show cohesion, friction angle and shear strength of two kinds of residual soil change behavior due to changes of water content and soil suction. Two different total shear strength equations are established by the test results, Then, the comparison shear strength tests were done to examine the validity of the proposed equations. The errors between the tested shear strength and the predicted shear strength are small and the proposed equations are shown to provide the good predictions on shear strength. The shear strength tests under different level, path and times of drying and wetting cycles on two kinds of residual soil were also conducted and the strength behavior is concluded on the changes of the level, path and times of drying and wetting cycles
1.采用滤纸法测定基质吸力,分析了干密度、含水量、竖向应力及干湿循环作用等因素对残积砂质粘性土和残积粘土的脱湿曲线、吸湿曲线及滞回环的影响。试验结果表明,砂质粘性土的SWCC与粘土的SWCC相比,前者的脱湿速率较大,进气值较低,持水能力较弱。砂质粘性土的SWCC对干密度和竖向应力的变化较敏感,而粘土SWCC对含水量的变化较敏感；3次干湿循环中,第1次干湿循环对两类残积土SWCC的影响较大。
2.选择了6个SWCC模型,剔除残余饱和度参数,建立修正SWCC模型。设置了考虑参数个数的模型权值,根据已测残积土的SWCC试验数据,综合考虑拟合精度及模型参数个数,评估各修正SWCC模型的优劣。计算结果表明修正Gardner模型是最适合于厦门地区的残积砂质粘性土和粘土的SWCC模型。推导了修正的SWCC模型特征值计算公式,它们可取代作图法,从而较准确地计算出空气进气值、曲线拐点的斜率、残余基质吸力及残余饱和度等参数。
3.设计了残积砂质粘性土和粘土的无侧限抗压强度试验,得到了考虑初始干密度和含水量下砂质粘性土的无侧限抗压强度经验模型和不同初始含水量下粘土的无侧限抗压强度经验模型。另外,测定了不同干湿幅度、路径及次数下两类残积土的无侧限抗压强度,得到了干湿幅度、次数和路径对两类残积土的无侧限抗压强度的影响规律。
4.采用普通的直剪仪进行非饱和残积土的剪切强度试验,并用滤纸法测定各不同含水量状态下的基质吸力,研究剪切强度及强度指标随初始含水量的变化规律,建立不同初始含水量下残积砂质粘性土和粘土的剪切强度模型,能够较好地预测残积土的抗剪强度及强度指标。同时,开展了干湿循环作用对残积土的试验研究,得到了不同干湿循环幅度、路径及次数下两类残积土的剪切强度和强度指标的变化规律,为今后干湿循环作用下残积土强度模型的研究奠定基础。
Residual soils cover nearly two-thirds of the land area in Xiamen and construction of earth structures involves the use of them. Under natural or imposed changes in environmental conditions, drying processes (evaporation or drainage), wetting processes (infiltration or capillary), and alternate wetting and drying processes caused by seasonal variation or groundwater level fluctuation are normally occurs for residual soil. The residual soil deposits might undergo severe change in volume, strength, seepage and consolidation behaviors in response to these processes. Among them, the shear strength of an unsaturated soil plays an important role in many geotechnical problems such as soil slope stability, bearing capacity and lateral earth pressures. Furthermore, the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) is a relationship between suction and water content or degree saturation and it can assist in the understanding of the influence of water content on the unsaturated soil strength. Therefore, matric suction, unconfined compression strength(UCS) and direct shear strength tests under different initial dry density, water content, vertical stress and drying and wetting cycles have been done. Based on the tests results, SWCC model, UCS model and shear strength model of two residual soils (i.e. sandy clayey and clay) are established. The main research work on SWCCs and strength of unsaturated residual soil are presented as follows:
(1) Matric suction was conducted by filter paper method and the influences of initial dry density and initial water content, soil structure, the stress and drying and wetting, upon the desorption and adsorption soil-water characteristics of sandy clayey and clay residual soil in Xiamen are examined and discussed. The SWCC of the sandy clayey specimens are different from that of the clay specimens. The sandy clayey specimens have low air-entry value and high rate of desorption and the opposite of the clay specimens.
(2) Removing a parameter of the residual degree of saturation, six modified SWCC models are gained based on the published SWCC models which were selected for evaluation and model scores are calculated according to the fitting precision of experimental data. The weights of SWCC models are put forward by considering the number of model fitting parameters. Then, the recalculated model scores, taking the model weight into account, show that the modified Gardner model gets the highest score for residual soil in Xiamen among all of the modified SWCC models. Furthermore, the equations for determining of parameters of SWCC such as air-entry value, slope at the inflection point, residual suction and residual degree of saturation are deduced. These equations can be used for computational analyses to replace the conventional graphical method in providing consistent results.
(3) Experimental programs of considering the influence of the initial dry density and initial water content on the UCS of the sandy clayey and clay were designed and two UCS models are proposed respectively which can be used to predict the UCS of residual soil in Xiamen. At the same time, the effects of the level, path and times of drying and wetting cycle processes on the UCS of two kinds of residual soil are investigated.
(4) A scries of unsaturated direct shear tests were conducted on the residual sandy clayey and clay soil, the matric suction of specimens with different water content were also measured. The experimental results show cohesion, friction angle and shear strength of two kinds of residual soil change behavior due to changes of water content and soil suction. Two different total shear strength equations are established by the test results, Then, the comparison shear strength tests were done to examine the validity of the proposed equations. The errors between the tested shear strength and the predicted shear strength are small and the proposed equations are shown to provide the good predictions on shear strength. The shear strength tests under different level, path and times of drying and wetting cycles on two kinds of residual soil were also conducted and the strength behavior is concluded on the changes of the level, path and times of drying and wetting cycles
引文
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