基于超声导波的无缝线路钢轨应力在线监测技术应用基础研究
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摘要
我国高速铁路及主要干线均大量采用全区间、跨区间超长无缝线路这种新型轨道结构,当钢轨温度变化幅度较大时,无缝线路长钢轨内部承受着巨大的温度应力,直接影响轨道交通的运行安全。实时在线监测高速铁路无缝线路的内部应力状态,在应力超限时及时预警,对于保障高速铁路安全运营和提高我国无缝线路基础设施检测水平具有重要的理论和现实意义。
无缝线路内部温度应力检测是一项世界性难题,针对现有不同检测方法的各种问题,本文提出了基于超声导波的无缝线路温度应力的检测方法。超声导波可以在波导介质中传播很长的距离,并能够覆盖整个被检测物体的横截面,检测效率更高。超声导波检测无缝线路钢轨内部温度应力是基于声弹性原理,原理简单,但由于超声导波的传播特性很复杂,如频散特性、多模态等,这种方法应用于无缝线路应力检测,仍有许多问题需要深入研究。首先要求解得到我国无缝线路钢轨内部超声导波的频散曲线,这是深入研究各模态振动规律的前提；其次,要在众多的导波模态中选取适于应力检测的导波模态；最后,要研究导波模态的激励方法,激励出选取的导波模态。
针对以上问题,论文以我国无缝线路中的CHN60钢轨为研究对象,对钢轨内不同模态的超声导波进行了深入的理论分析和仿真实验研究,主要创新工作包括：
1.自主开发实现了半解析有限元算法,求解得到了CHN60钢轨中超声导波的频散曲线
通过传统的有限元模态分析方法,无法求解得到钢轨中超声导波完整的频散曲线。半解析有限元方法是国际上普遍采用的求解任意横截面波导介质中超声导波频散曲线的一种有效方法,国内还只能通过购买国外的半解析有限元软件来进行相关的科研工作。通过查阅大量国际文献,运用Matlab软件工具,论文自主开发实现了半解析有限元算法。
通过半解析有限元方法,论文求解得到了我国CHN60钢轨中超声导波的频散曲线,结合振型分析、激励响应分析和应力敏感度分析等多种方法,对超声导波的各个模态进行了特性分析,掌握了我国无缝线路中超声导波各模态的振动特性和传播规律,为运用超声导波技术实现我国无缝线路断轨和应力的相关基础设施服役状态检测提供了理论参考依据。
2.提出了选取最优导波模态的指标模型
基于频率、应力敏感度、振型、激励位置偏离度和模态辨识度这五个因子,论文首次提出了选取最优导波模态的指标模型。通过该模型,可快速选取最适于我国高速铁路无缝线路应力检测的超声导波模态,实现了理论分析到工程应用的技术转化。
3.设计了最优激励位置定位算法
根据各个超声导波模态的振型特点,结合激励响应分析结果,论文设计了最优激励位置定位算法。通过绘制导波模态的三自由度位移变化曲线,基于统计规律滤除了较小的极值点,得到了各个导波模态的激励位置特征点。通过该算法可快速定位特定导波模态的激励点和激励方向,大大节省了反复试验的环节,提高了工程化应用的效率。
针对论文最终选取的超声导波模态和确定的激励位置,在西宝铁路客运专线进行了实际线路测试,试验结果表明,任意导波模态激励位置定位算法,可以快速准确定位激励位置和方向；根据指标模型所选取的模态,激励方式简单,易于控制,便于现场安装使用,其对应力敏感,传播距离远,适用于无缝线路温度应力在线监测系统。
A large number of continuous welded rails (CWR) this new type of track structure are used on high-speed railway and the main line in China. Stress in CWR is tremendous when the rail temperature variation is very large, this will directly affect the safety of rail traffic. On-line monitoring stress of high-speed CWR in real time and warning when stress exceeds the limit are of great theoretical and practical significance for the safe of high-speed rail and enhancing the infrastructure detecting level of existing line.
Monitoring internal temperature stress in CWR is a worldwide hard problem. For existing problems, a new method based on ultrasonic guided waves is proposed. Compared to ultrasonic bulk waves, guided waves provide larger monitoring ranges and the complete coverage of the waveguide cross-section. The principle of detection welded rails' internal temperature stress is based on acousto-elasticity. It is very simple. But there are still a lot of problems need to study because of the complexities of guided wave. These complexities include the existence of multiple modes and the frequency dependent velocities. First and foremost, guided wave dispersion curves in our country's CWR are needed to be acquired, it is the premise to study guided waves' vibration characteristics. Second, we need to select the optimal mode used to detect stress in CWR. Finally, we need to find the method to excite the optimal mode in CWR.
To solve above problems, the characteristics of different modes of ultrasonic guided waves in CHN60CWR are studied in-depth through theoretical analysis and simulation.
The main innovations include:
1. A semi-analytical finite element method is developed and the ultrasonic guided wave dispersion curves in CHN60rail are acquired
By traditional finite element modal analysis method, complete dispersion curves of ultrasonic guided wave can't be obtained. Semi-analytical finite element method is an effective method which is used internationally, to solve frequency dispersion curves of any cross section of the waveguide medium. However, Chinese related research can only be conducted through the purchase of semi-analytical finite element software abroad. After reading a lot of related papers, the semi-analytical finite element method has been designed by Matlab software in this paper.
This dissertation first obtains the dispersion curves of CHN60continuous welded rail by semi-analytical finite element method. Combined with mode analysis, exciting and response analysis, stress sensitivity analysis and other methods, the vibration and propagation characteristics of each guided wave mode in CWR have been obtained, which provides a theoretical reference basis for the detection service of Chinese CWR broken rail infrastructure and rail stress.
2. An indicator model to select the optimal guided wave mode is proposed
Based on frequency, stress sensitivity, mode of vibration, exciting position and the mode identification those five factors, the dissertation first proposed the indicator model to select the optimal guided-wave mode. With this model, the most suitable ultrasonic guided-wave mode can be quickly selected for CWR stress testing system, which achieves a transfer from theoretical analysis to engineering application.
3. A location algorithm of the optimal exciting position is designed
According to vibration characteristics of each ultrasonic guided-wave mode, combined with the analysis results of stimulation and response, the dissertation designs the location algorithm of the optimal exciting position. Through drawing three degrees of displacement curve of guided wave mode, filtering out smaller extreme point based on statistical regularities, the algorithm gets the exciting position of the feature points of each guided wave mode. It does not require repeating experiments and promotes the efficiency in engineering application.
The field experiment has been performed in Xi'an-Baoji high-speed railway, using selected ultrasonic guided wave mode and exciting position in the dissertation. Experimental results show that the location algorithm can give the exciting position and direction fast and correctly. The selected mode by indicator model is easy to excite and used in field line. This mode is sensitive to stress and has long propagation distance, it is very suitable for stress monitoring in continuous welded rails.
无缝线路内部温度应力检测是一项世界性难题,针对现有不同检测方法的各种问题,本文提出了基于超声导波的无缝线路温度应力的检测方法。超声导波可以在波导介质中传播很长的距离,并能够覆盖整个被检测物体的横截面,检测效率更高。超声导波检测无缝线路钢轨内部温度应力是基于声弹性原理,原理简单,但由于超声导波的传播特性很复杂,如频散特性、多模态等,这种方法应用于无缝线路应力检测,仍有许多问题需要深入研究。首先要求解得到我国无缝线路钢轨内部超声导波的频散曲线,这是深入研究各模态振动规律的前提；其次,要在众多的导波模态中选取适于应力检测的导波模态；最后,要研究导波模态的激励方法,激励出选取的导波模态。
针对以上问题,论文以我国无缝线路中的CHN60钢轨为研究对象,对钢轨内不同模态的超声导波进行了深入的理论分析和仿真实验研究,主要创新工作包括：
1.自主开发实现了半解析有限元算法,求解得到了CHN60钢轨中超声导波的频散曲线
通过传统的有限元模态分析方法,无法求解得到钢轨中超声导波完整的频散曲线。半解析有限元方法是国际上普遍采用的求解任意横截面波导介质中超声导波频散曲线的一种有效方法,国内还只能通过购买国外的半解析有限元软件来进行相关的科研工作。通过查阅大量国际文献,运用Matlab软件工具,论文自主开发实现了半解析有限元算法。
通过半解析有限元方法,论文求解得到了我国CHN60钢轨中超声导波的频散曲线,结合振型分析、激励响应分析和应力敏感度分析等多种方法,对超声导波的各个模态进行了特性分析,掌握了我国无缝线路中超声导波各模态的振动特性和传播规律,为运用超声导波技术实现我国无缝线路断轨和应力的相关基础设施服役状态检测提供了理论参考依据。
2.提出了选取最优导波模态的指标模型
基于频率、应力敏感度、振型、激励位置偏离度和模态辨识度这五个因子,论文首次提出了选取最优导波模态的指标模型。通过该模型,可快速选取最适于我国高速铁路无缝线路应力检测的超声导波模态,实现了理论分析到工程应用的技术转化。
3.设计了最优激励位置定位算法
根据各个超声导波模态的振型特点,结合激励响应分析结果,论文设计了最优激励位置定位算法。通过绘制导波模态的三自由度位移变化曲线,基于统计规律滤除了较小的极值点,得到了各个导波模态的激励位置特征点。通过该算法可快速定位特定导波模态的激励点和激励方向,大大节省了反复试验的环节,提高了工程化应用的效率。
针对论文最终选取的超声导波模态和确定的激励位置,在西宝铁路客运专线进行了实际线路测试,试验结果表明,任意导波模态激励位置定位算法,可以快速准确定位激励位置和方向；根据指标模型所选取的模态,激励方式简单,易于控制,便于现场安装使用,其对应力敏感,传播距离远,适用于无缝线路温度应力在线监测系统。
A large number of continuous welded rails (CWR) this new type of track structure are used on high-speed railway and the main line in China. Stress in CWR is tremendous when the rail temperature variation is very large, this will directly affect the safety of rail traffic. On-line monitoring stress of high-speed CWR in real time and warning when stress exceeds the limit are of great theoretical and practical significance for the safe of high-speed rail and enhancing the infrastructure detecting level of existing line.
Monitoring internal temperature stress in CWR is a worldwide hard problem. For existing problems, a new method based on ultrasonic guided waves is proposed. Compared to ultrasonic bulk waves, guided waves provide larger monitoring ranges and the complete coverage of the waveguide cross-section. The principle of detection welded rails' internal temperature stress is based on acousto-elasticity. It is very simple. But there are still a lot of problems need to study because of the complexities of guided wave. These complexities include the existence of multiple modes and the frequency dependent velocities. First and foremost, guided wave dispersion curves in our country's CWR are needed to be acquired, it is the premise to study guided waves' vibration characteristics. Second, we need to select the optimal mode used to detect stress in CWR. Finally, we need to find the method to excite the optimal mode in CWR.
To solve above problems, the characteristics of different modes of ultrasonic guided waves in CHN60CWR are studied in-depth through theoretical analysis and simulation.
The main innovations include:
1. A semi-analytical finite element method is developed and the ultrasonic guided wave dispersion curves in CHN60rail are acquired
By traditional finite element modal analysis method, complete dispersion curves of ultrasonic guided wave can't be obtained. Semi-analytical finite element method is an effective method which is used internationally, to solve frequency dispersion curves of any cross section of the waveguide medium. However, Chinese related research can only be conducted through the purchase of semi-analytical finite element software abroad. After reading a lot of related papers, the semi-analytical finite element method has been designed by Matlab software in this paper.
This dissertation first obtains the dispersion curves of CHN60continuous welded rail by semi-analytical finite element method. Combined with mode analysis, exciting and response analysis, stress sensitivity analysis and other methods, the vibration and propagation characteristics of each guided wave mode in CWR have been obtained, which provides a theoretical reference basis for the detection service of Chinese CWR broken rail infrastructure and rail stress.
2. An indicator model to select the optimal guided wave mode is proposed
Based on frequency, stress sensitivity, mode of vibration, exciting position and the mode identification those five factors, the dissertation first proposed the indicator model to select the optimal guided-wave mode. With this model, the most suitable ultrasonic guided-wave mode can be quickly selected for CWR stress testing system, which achieves a transfer from theoretical analysis to engineering application.
3. A location algorithm of the optimal exciting position is designed
According to vibration characteristics of each ultrasonic guided-wave mode, combined with the analysis results of stimulation and response, the dissertation designs the location algorithm of the optimal exciting position. Through drawing three degrees of displacement curve of guided wave mode, filtering out smaller extreme point based on statistical regularities, the algorithm gets the exciting position of the feature points of each guided wave mode. It does not require repeating experiments and promotes the efficiency in engineering application.
The field experiment has been performed in Xi'an-Baoji high-speed railway, using selected ultrasonic guided wave mode and exciting position in the dissertation. Experimental results show that the location algorithm can give the exciting position and direction fast and correctly. The selected mode by indicator model is easy to excite and used in field line. This mode is sensitive to stress and has long propagation distance, it is very suitable for stress monitoring in continuous welded rails.
引文
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