超临界压力流体在圆管内对流换热及热裂解研究
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摘要
液体火箭发动机推力室和高超声速飞行器超燃冲压发动机的主动冷却技术中，超临界压力流体流经冷却通道，通过对流换热或热裂解吸收热量，冷却高温壁面。本文针对超临界压力流体在液体火箭发动机层板发汗冷却和超燃发动机再生冷却技术中的应用，通过实验研究、理论分析及数值模拟方法对超临界压力流体在竖直管内对流换热和热裂解进行了研究。
从液体火箭发动机层板发汗冷却技术应用出发，对din=99.2μm的微圆管内超临界压力CO_2对流换热开展了实验和数值模拟研究，结果表明，流体流动加速由流体热膨胀和压降共同引起，低雷诺数（Rein≤2600）时，流动加速会抑制管内湍动能生成，使换热发生恶化；基于实验数据，提出了考虑流动加速的对流换热经验关联式；数值模拟结果表明，低Re数湍流模型能定性地模拟出流动加速引起的换热恶化，但是过高估计了流动加速的恶化作用。
从超燃冲压发动机再生冷却技术的应用出发，研究了超临界压力下正癸烷在竖直圆管内的对流换热和热裂解。对流换热结果显示，圆管内径为0.95mm时，对流换热主要受热物性的影响，浮升力和流动加速对换热的影响均很微弱；圆管内径为2mm时，进口雷诺数Rein≤4000时，浮升力对换热影响显著，向上流动时浮升力引起换热恶化，向上流动时则增强了换热；根据实验数据，分布提出了变物性和浮升力影响的换热经验关联式；数值模拟结果显示，浮升力抑制了壁面附近流体湍动能生成，使向上流动时的换热发生恶化。超临界压力正癸烷在竖直圆管内的热裂解实验结果表明，正癸烷的热裂解主要受温度和停留时间影响，温度升高或停留时间增加，正癸烷转化率提高，而压力增大，正癸烷在反应管内的停留时间延长，热裂解率亦提高；温度越高，正癸烷化学热沉越大，延长停留时间，有利于提高化学热沉；低热裂解率（小于15%）时，热裂解产物成比例分布；根据实验数据，采用产物成比例化学反应机理，提出了超临界压力正癸烷热裂解一步总体反应模型，并利用实验数据修正该模型，使模型裂解率的适用范围扩展至25%。
建立了超临界压力正癸烷对流换热和热裂解耦合作用的数值计算模型，并利用热裂解实验数据验证了模型可靠性。模拟结果显示，流量减小或反应压力增大，都延长了流体在反应管内的平均停留时间，从而提高裂解转化率。
The supercritical pressure fluids are used as coolant to protect the high temperaturewall by oonvective heat transfer or thermal cracking in transpiration cooling technologyfor liquid rocked truster and regenerative cooling technology for scramjet engine ofhypersonic vehicle. The purpose of this dissertation is to study convection heat transferand thermal cracking of supercritical pressure fluids in vertical small tubes byexperimental mesurements, theoretical analyses and numerical simulations.
For the convection heat transfer of supercritical pressure CO_2in a vertical microtube with inner diameter of99.2μm, the experimental results show that flowacceleration due to pressure drop are comparable to that induced by heating. The heattransfer is impaired when the flow acceleration is strong for the low inlet Renoldsnumber (Rein≤2600) and high heat fluxes. An empirical heat transfer correlation isdeveloped based on the measured results. Numerical simulations of convection heattransfer using various Reynolds number models show that the low Renolds numbersAKN and LB models can predict the heat impairment due to flow acceleration butover-respond to the effect of flow acceleraton.
The experimental results for convection heat transfer of supercritical pressuren-decane in a vertical small tube with inner diameter of0.95mm show that convectionheat transfer mainly is influenced due to the thermal properties variations and the effectsof buoyancy and flow acceleration are insignificant. The experimental results for the2mm inner diameter tube show that for low inlet Reynolds numbers (Rein≤4000) and highheat fluxes, the heat transfer is impaired for upward flow and improved for downwardflow due to buoyancy effect. An empirical correlation is developed to predict heattransfer of supercritical pressure n-decane based on the measured data. The numericalresults show that heat transfer is impaired because of the turbulence productionreduction due to the strong influences of buoyance. The experimental results for thermalcracking of supercritical pressure n-decane in a small tube show that the reaction ismainly affected by the reaction temperature and the residence time. The conversion ofn-decane is increased with the increase of the reaction temperature and the residencetime. For higher reaction pressure, the conversions are increased due to the increase of the residence time. A global chemical kinetics model for mildly thermal cracking(conversion of n-decane is less than15%) of supercritical pressure n-decane isdeveloped based on the experimental data. An improved reaction model is developed topredict thermal cracking of n-decane with higher conversion (conversion of n-decane isless than25%).
The numerical model incorporating convective heat transfer and thermal crackingfor supercritical pressure n-decane is developed and validated by the experimental data.
从液体火箭发动机层板发汗冷却技术应用出发，对din=99.2μm的微圆管内超临界压力CO_2对流换热开展了实验和数值模拟研究，结果表明，流体流动加速由流体热膨胀和压降共同引起，低雷诺数（Rein≤2600）时，流动加速会抑制管内湍动能生成，使换热发生恶化；基于实验数据，提出了考虑流动加速的对流换热经验关联式；数值模拟结果表明，低Re数湍流模型能定性地模拟出流动加速引起的换热恶化，但是过高估计了流动加速的恶化作用。
从超燃冲压发动机再生冷却技术的应用出发，研究了超临界压力下正癸烷在竖直圆管内的对流换热和热裂解。对流换热结果显示，圆管内径为0.95mm时，对流换热主要受热物性的影响，浮升力和流动加速对换热的影响均很微弱；圆管内径为2mm时，进口雷诺数Rein≤4000时，浮升力对换热影响显著，向上流动时浮升力引起换热恶化，向上流动时则增强了换热；根据实验数据，分布提出了变物性和浮升力影响的换热经验关联式；数值模拟结果显示，浮升力抑制了壁面附近流体湍动能生成，使向上流动时的换热发生恶化。超临界压力正癸烷在竖直圆管内的热裂解实验结果表明，正癸烷的热裂解主要受温度和停留时间影响，温度升高或停留时间增加，正癸烷转化率提高，而压力增大，正癸烷在反应管内的停留时间延长，热裂解率亦提高；温度越高，正癸烷化学热沉越大，延长停留时间，有利于提高化学热沉；低热裂解率（小于15%）时，热裂解产物成比例分布；根据实验数据，采用产物成比例化学反应机理，提出了超临界压力正癸烷热裂解一步总体反应模型，并利用实验数据修正该模型，使模型裂解率的适用范围扩展至25%。
建立了超临界压力正癸烷对流换热和热裂解耦合作用的数值计算模型，并利用热裂解实验数据验证了模型可靠性。模拟结果显示，流量减小或反应压力增大，都延长了流体在反应管内的平均停留时间，从而提高裂解转化率。
The supercritical pressure fluids are used as coolant to protect the high temperaturewall by oonvective heat transfer or thermal cracking in transpiration cooling technologyfor liquid rocked truster and regenerative cooling technology for scramjet engine ofhypersonic vehicle. The purpose of this dissertation is to study convection heat transferand thermal cracking of supercritical pressure fluids in vertical small tubes byexperimental mesurements, theoretical analyses and numerical simulations.
For the convection heat transfer of supercritical pressure CO_2in a vertical microtube with inner diameter of99.2μm, the experimental results show that flowacceleration due to pressure drop are comparable to that induced by heating. The heattransfer is impaired when the flow acceleration is strong for the low inlet Renoldsnumber (Rein≤2600) and high heat fluxes. An empirical heat transfer correlation isdeveloped based on the measured results. Numerical simulations of convection heattransfer using various Reynolds number models show that the low Renolds numbersAKN and LB models can predict the heat impairment due to flow acceleration butover-respond to the effect of flow acceleraton.
The experimental results for convection heat transfer of supercritical pressuren-decane in a vertical small tube with inner diameter of0.95mm show that convectionheat transfer mainly is influenced due to the thermal properties variations and the effectsof buoyancy and flow acceleration are insignificant. The experimental results for the2mm inner diameter tube show that for low inlet Reynolds numbers (Rein≤4000) and highheat fluxes, the heat transfer is impaired for upward flow and improved for downwardflow due to buoyancy effect. An empirical correlation is developed to predict heattransfer of supercritical pressure n-decane based on the measured data. The numericalresults show that heat transfer is impaired because of the turbulence productionreduction due to the strong influences of buoyance. The experimental results for thermalcracking of supercritical pressure n-decane in a small tube show that the reaction ismainly affected by the reaction temperature and the residence time. The conversion ofn-decane is increased with the increase of the reaction temperature and the residencetime. For higher reaction pressure, the conversions are increased due to the increase of the residence time. A global chemical kinetics model for mildly thermal cracking(conversion of n-decane is less than15%) of supercritical pressure n-decane isdeveloped based on the experimental data. An improved reaction model is developed topredict thermal cracking of n-decane with higher conversion (conversion of n-decane isless than25%).
The numerical model incorporating convective heat transfer and thermal crackingfor supercritical pressure n-decane is developed and validated by the experimental data.
引文
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