组合型生态浮床对富营养化水体的净化效果及其机理研究
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摘要
本研究通过在富营养化水体中构建组合型生态浮床,以试验场内养猪场粪便沼气发酵池后的氧化塘富营养化水体为受试水体,研究组合型生态浮床对富营养化水体的净化效果及其作用机理,为该技术进一步的改进和推广提供实验和科学依据。本文比较研究了组合型生态浮床对富营养化水体上覆水和底泥表层沉积物多项污染物的净化效果,分析了不同污染物间的相关关系,探讨了组合型生态浮床对富营养化水体的净化机理；同时,对组合型生态浮床作用下富营养化水体上覆水中和浮床植物根际细菌、真菌和放线菌种群数量动态变化以及对沉积物碱性磷酸酶活性(APA)影响作了研究；研究了组合型生态浮床对浮床植物生长特性、植物体内氮磷累积分布,以及植物氮磷吸收速率等方面的影响。主要研究内容和取得的研究结论如下：
(1)试验期间,在组合型生态浮床作用下模拟池上覆水中COD、TN、NH4+-N、 NO3--N、TP的去除效果明显,SD上升幅度大,Chla浓度下降趋势显著,DO和Eh都处于较高水平,pH基本维持在7.63～8.23之间。营养状态从重度富营养化转变为轻度富营养化,水质得到明显改善,组合型生态浮床对富营养化水体的生态净化效果显著。
(2)底泥表层沉积物中,有机态氮是沉积物氮的主要形式,NH4+-N是沉积物无机氮的主要组成成分,N03+-N在沉积物中含量不均匀,NH4+-N和TN在沉积物中含量相对均匀。在磷的各种赋存形态中,自生钙结合磷(Ca-P)和有机磷(OP)含量远高于其它各形态,为TP的主要组分,Detr-P、Fe-P和Ads-P含量较为接近,分别占TP的12.41%、10.51%和9.37%；无机磷(IP)是TP的主要组成成分,平均占TP的70.27%,有机磷(OP)只占较小的比例；IP中各形态磷的含量差异明显,以自生钙结合磷所占的比重最大(Ca-P),含量顺序依次为：Ca-P>Detr-P>Fe-P>Ads-P。
(3)在组合型生态浮床净化富营养化水体期间,模拟池沉积物中TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N含量下降趋势明显,且呈现先慢后快的变化特征。在组合型生态浮床作用下模拟池表层沉积物中Ca-P在TP和IP中占的比重最大且含量稳定,是TP的重要组成部分,也是IP的主要组成部分；Fe-P的含量呈现出小幅上升趋势,在IP和OP中的比重都有所上升；可交换态磷含量呈现较大幅度的下降趋势,在TP和IP中的比重都有所下降：有机磷的含量有较大幅度提高,在总磷中比重也有所上升；Ads-P含量有小幅下降；Detr-P含量较为稳定,基本上没有变化。
(4)在组合型生态浮床作用下,模拟池沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性(APA)在试验开始时最高,随着试验时间变化呈现下降趋势,到试验结束,APA达到最低点,从季节上来看,春季>夏季>秋季；在各种氮形态中,沉积物中TN和NO3--N与APA最具相关性(p<0.01)其次是NH4+-N (p<0.05);在各种磷形态中,APA与Ads-P最具相关性(p<0.01), APA与TP和Fe-P的相关性也较高,为显著负相关(p<0.01), APA与Ca-P和Detr-P则是显著不相关。
(5)试验期间,模拟池上覆水中以及5种浮床植物根际微生物数量均以细菌所占比例最大,其次是放线菌,真菌数量最少。浮床植物根际微生物数量在7月份最高,5月和9月数量相对较少,5种浮床植物根际细菌、真菌和放线菌数量都呈现：水稻>千屈菜>菖蒲>美人蕉>再力花。
(6)组合型生态浮床改变了上覆水中的理化性质,不断降解、吸收上覆水中的氮；同时加剧上覆水-沉积物界面的不同形态氮的迁移和转化。上覆水中TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N和沉积物中TN在α=0.01时互为显著正相关：上覆水中TN和NH4+-N与沉积物中NH4+-N在α=0.01时互为显著正相关；沉积物中TN和NH4+-N在α=0.05时互为显著正相关；上覆水中的NH4+-N和沉积物中的NO3--N在α=0.05时互为显著正相关。组合型生态浮床作用下模拟池中上覆水和沉积物中不同形态磷含量和环境因子之间有不同的相关性。上覆水中TP与沉积物中TP、OP和Fe-P在α=0.01时为显著负相关,与Ads-P在α=0.01时为显著正相关；沉积物中TP、OP和Fe-P在α=0.01时互为显著正相关：沉积物中TP和Ads-P在α=0.01时为显著负相关：沉积物中OP和IP在α=0.05时为显著负相关；沉积物中OP和Ads-P在α=0.01时为显著负相关；沉积物中OP和Fe-P在α=0.01时为显著正相关；沉积物中IP和Ca-P在a=0.01时为显著正相关；沉积物中Ads-P和Fe-P在α=0.01时为显著负相关。
(7)5种植物中美人蕉和再力花的分蘖繁殖能力均高于千屈菜、菖蒲和水稻；在5种植物不同部位单位干物质量所含氮量分布中,美人蕉和再力花均是茎叶>根系,其茎叶、根系所含氮量比分别为1.20和1.92,而千屈菜、菖蒲和水稻则是根系>茎叶,茎叶、根系所含氮量比分布为0.86、0.94和0.84：在5种植物不同部位单位干物质量所含磷量分布中,美人蕉、再力花和水稻均是茎叶>根系,茎叶、根系所含氮量比分别为1.21、1.13和1.18,而千屈菜和菖蒲则是根系>茎叶,茎叶、根系所含氮量比分别为0.48和0.95。
(8)5种植物的氮磷累积量差异显著。再力花和美人蕉对氮磷的吸收速率显著高于千屈菜、菖蒲和水稻,两者对氮磷的吸收量均是茎叶>根系,非常适合作为组合型生态浮床系统建设的浮床植物,可以通过浮床系统植物水上部分的收割去除水体中的氮磷。
A combined ecological floating bed (CEFD) was built in this research to study its purifying effect on the eutrophic water body after methane fermentation in pig farm and the mechanism, which provided experimental and scientific basis for further improvement and promotion of this technology. In this research, various indexes of the sediment and the overlying water and the corrections of different indexes were studied to explore the purifying effect of CEFD on eutrophic water body. Besides, the population changes of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in the water and the roots of plant and the changes of alkaline phosphatase activity in sediment were studied during the CEFD operation. The effect of the CEFD on the growth and the phosphorus and nitrogen accumulation and absorption of plant were also analyzed in this research. The main research contents and research conclusions were as follows:
(1) In the experiment, COD, TN, NH4+-N, NO3--N and TP were removed significantly, SD increased and the cotent of Chla decreased significantly in overlying water after the purification of the CEFD. The Eh was in the high level and the pH kept in7.63～8.23. The eutrophic state changed from high eutrophication to light one and the water quality was improved obviously. Thus, the CEFD had the significant purifying effect on the eutrophic water.
(2) Organic nitrogen was the main form in the surfaced sediment and the NH4+-N was the main composition in the inorganic nitrogen in the sediment. NO3--N was uneven while the NH4+-N and TN was relatively even in sediment. Ca-P and OP as the main composition was higher than other phosphorus forms. Detr-P. Fe-P and Ads-P was12.41%.10.51%and9.37%of TP respectively. IP as the main composition of TP was the70.27%of TP when OP took up less proportion. The contents of various phosphorus forms in IP were different and the order was Ca-P>Detr-P>Fe-P>Ads-P.
(3) The contents of TN, NH4+-N and NO3--N in sediment decreased obviously and showed the trend of slow and then fast change during the CEFD operation. Ca-P in the sediment took up the highest and stable content in TP and IP. The content of Fe-P showed the trend of minor decrease in both of IP and OP; The content of exchangeable phosphorus showed decreasing trend in both of IP and TP; The content of organic phosphorus showed increasing trend in TP; Ads-P decreased when Detr-P was stable.
(4) The highest APA in the sediment in the start stage of the test was decreased during the test and was the lowest in the end of the test. And the order was spring>summer>fall. In various nitrogen forms, the TN and NO3--N had the strongest correlation with APA (p<0.01) and then NH4+-N(p<0.05); In various phosphorus forms, the Ads-P had the strongest correlation with APA (p<0.01) and then TP and Fe-P (p<0.01) when Ca-P and Detr-P had no correlation with APA.
(5) Bacteria in the overlaying water and the roots of five kinds of plant showed the highest proportion in microorganism and then actinomycetes and fungi. Microorganism in the roots of plant showed the highest in July and relatively low in May and September. The numbers of bacterial, fungi and actinomycets in the plant showed the order:O. Saliva L.> Lythrum salicaria Lin> Acorus calamus Linn> Canna indica indica> Thalia dealbata.
(6) The CEFD changed the physicochemical property of the overlying water and improved the exchange and transform of different nitrogen forms in the interface of overlying water and sediment. TN, NH4+-N and NO3--N in the water had the significant correction with TN in the sediment at α=0.01; TN and NH4+-N in the water had the significant correction with NH4+-N in the sediment at α=0.01; TN had the correction with NH4+-N in the sediment at α=0.05; NH4+-N in the water had the correction with NO3--N in the sediment at α=0.05. TP in the water had the significant correction with TP, OP and Fe-P in the sediment at α=0.01; TP had the significant correction with Ads-P in the sediment α=0.01; OP had the significant correction with Fe-P in the sediment α=0.01; IP had the significant correction with Ca-P in the sediment α=0.01; Ads-P had the significant correction with Fe-P in the sediment α=0.01.
(7) In the five kinds of plants, the reproduce ability of Canna indica and Thalia dealbata was higher than that of O. Sativa L., Lythrum salicaria Lin and Acorus calamus Linn. The nitrogen content in the stem and leaves of Canna indica and Thalia dealbata was higher than that in their roots. The ratio of nitrogen in the stem and leaves and the roots in Canna indica and Thalia dealbata was1.20and1.92respectively. While the nitrogen content in the roots of O. Saliva L., Lythrum salicaria Lin and Acorus calamus Linn was higher than that in their stem and leaves. The ratio of nitrogen in the stem and leaves and the roots in O. Sativa L., Lythrum salicaria Lin and Acorus calamus Linn was0.86,0.94and0.84respectively. The phosphorus content in the stem and leaves of Canna indica, Thalia dealbata and O. Sativa L. was higher than that in their roots. The ratio of phosphorus in the stem and leaves and the roots in Canna indica, Thalia dealbata and O. Sativa L. was1.21.1.13and1.18respectively. While the phosphorus content in the roots of Lythrum salicaria Lin and Acorus calamus Linn was higher than that in their stem and leaves. The ratio of phosphorus in the stem and leaves and the roots in Lythrum salicaria Lin and Acorus calamus Linn was0.48and0.95respectively.
(8) Nitrogen and phosphorus accumulations in five plants were significantly different. The absorption rate of Canna indica and Thalia dealbata was higher than that of Lythrum salicaria Lin, Acorus calamus Linn and O. Sativa L.. The absorption quantity of nitrogen and phosphorus in the stem and leaves of Canna indica and Thalia dealbata was higher that that in their roots. Thus, they were adapted to be used in the CEFD and remove the nitrogen and phosphorus in water with harvest of plants.
(1)试验期间,在组合型生态浮床作用下模拟池上覆水中COD、TN、NH4+-N、 NO3--N、TP的去除效果明显,SD上升幅度大,Chla浓度下降趋势显著,DO和Eh都处于较高水平,pH基本维持在7.63～8.23之间。营养状态从重度富营养化转变为轻度富营养化,水质得到明显改善,组合型生态浮床对富营养化水体的生态净化效果显著。
(2)底泥表层沉积物中,有机态氮是沉积物氮的主要形式,NH4+-N是沉积物无机氮的主要组成成分,N03+-N在沉积物中含量不均匀,NH4+-N和TN在沉积物中含量相对均匀。在磷的各种赋存形态中,自生钙结合磷(Ca-P)和有机磷(OP)含量远高于其它各形态,为TP的主要组分,Detr-P、Fe-P和Ads-P含量较为接近,分别占TP的12.41%、10.51%和9.37%；无机磷(IP)是TP的主要组成成分,平均占TP的70.27%,有机磷(OP)只占较小的比例；IP中各形态磷的含量差异明显,以自生钙结合磷所占的比重最大(Ca-P),含量顺序依次为：Ca-P>Detr-P>Fe-P>Ads-P。
(3)在组合型生态浮床净化富营养化水体期间,模拟池沉积物中TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N含量下降趋势明显,且呈现先慢后快的变化特征。在组合型生态浮床作用下模拟池表层沉积物中Ca-P在TP和IP中占的比重最大且含量稳定,是TP的重要组成部分,也是IP的主要组成部分；Fe-P的含量呈现出小幅上升趋势,在IP和OP中的比重都有所上升；可交换态磷含量呈现较大幅度的下降趋势,在TP和IP中的比重都有所下降：有机磷的含量有较大幅度提高,在总磷中比重也有所上升；Ads-P含量有小幅下降；Detr-P含量较为稳定,基本上没有变化。
(4)在组合型生态浮床作用下,模拟池沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性(APA)在试验开始时最高,随着试验时间变化呈现下降趋势,到试验结束,APA达到最低点,从季节上来看,春季>夏季>秋季；在各种氮形态中,沉积物中TN和NO3--N与APA最具相关性(p<0.01)其次是NH4+-N (p<0.05);在各种磷形态中,APA与Ads-P最具相关性(p<0.01), APA与TP和Fe-P的相关性也较高,为显著负相关(p<0.01), APA与Ca-P和Detr-P则是显著不相关。
(5)试验期间,模拟池上覆水中以及5种浮床植物根际微生物数量均以细菌所占比例最大,其次是放线菌,真菌数量最少。浮床植物根际微生物数量在7月份最高,5月和9月数量相对较少,5种浮床植物根际细菌、真菌和放线菌数量都呈现：水稻>千屈菜>菖蒲>美人蕉>再力花。
(6)组合型生态浮床改变了上覆水中的理化性质,不断降解、吸收上覆水中的氮；同时加剧上覆水-沉积物界面的不同形态氮的迁移和转化。上覆水中TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N和沉积物中TN在α=0.01时互为显著正相关：上覆水中TN和NH4+-N与沉积物中NH4+-N在α=0.01时互为显著正相关；沉积物中TN和NH4+-N在α=0.05时互为显著正相关；上覆水中的NH4+-N和沉积物中的NO3--N在α=0.05时互为显著正相关。组合型生态浮床作用下模拟池中上覆水和沉积物中不同形态磷含量和环境因子之间有不同的相关性。上覆水中TP与沉积物中TP、OP和Fe-P在α=0.01时为显著负相关,与Ads-P在α=0.01时为显著正相关；沉积物中TP、OP和Fe-P在α=0.01时互为显著正相关：沉积物中TP和Ads-P在α=0.01时为显著负相关：沉积物中OP和IP在α=0.05时为显著负相关；沉积物中OP和Ads-P在α=0.01时为显著负相关；沉积物中OP和Fe-P在α=0.01时为显著正相关；沉积物中IP和Ca-P在a=0.01时为显著正相关；沉积物中Ads-P和Fe-P在α=0.01时为显著负相关。
(7)5种植物中美人蕉和再力花的分蘖繁殖能力均高于千屈菜、菖蒲和水稻；在5种植物不同部位单位干物质量所含氮量分布中,美人蕉和再力花均是茎叶>根系,其茎叶、根系所含氮量比分别为1.20和1.92,而千屈菜、菖蒲和水稻则是根系>茎叶,茎叶、根系所含氮量比分布为0.86、0.94和0.84：在5种植物不同部位单位干物质量所含磷量分布中,美人蕉、再力花和水稻均是茎叶>根系,茎叶、根系所含氮量比分别为1.21、1.13和1.18,而千屈菜和菖蒲则是根系>茎叶,茎叶、根系所含氮量比分别为0.48和0.95。
(8)5种植物的氮磷累积量差异显著。再力花和美人蕉对氮磷的吸收速率显著高于千屈菜、菖蒲和水稻,两者对氮磷的吸收量均是茎叶>根系,非常适合作为组合型生态浮床系统建设的浮床植物,可以通过浮床系统植物水上部分的收割去除水体中的氮磷。
A combined ecological floating bed (CEFD) was built in this research to study its purifying effect on the eutrophic water body after methane fermentation in pig farm and the mechanism, which provided experimental and scientific basis for further improvement and promotion of this technology. In this research, various indexes of the sediment and the overlying water and the corrections of different indexes were studied to explore the purifying effect of CEFD on eutrophic water body. Besides, the population changes of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in the water and the roots of plant and the changes of alkaline phosphatase activity in sediment were studied during the CEFD operation. The effect of the CEFD on the growth and the phosphorus and nitrogen accumulation and absorption of plant were also analyzed in this research. The main research contents and research conclusions were as follows:
(1) In the experiment, COD, TN, NH4+-N, NO3--N and TP were removed significantly, SD increased and the cotent of Chla decreased significantly in overlying water after the purification of the CEFD. The Eh was in the high level and the pH kept in7.63～8.23. The eutrophic state changed from high eutrophication to light one and the water quality was improved obviously. Thus, the CEFD had the significant purifying effect on the eutrophic water.
(2) Organic nitrogen was the main form in the surfaced sediment and the NH4+-N was the main composition in the inorganic nitrogen in the sediment. NO3--N was uneven while the NH4+-N and TN was relatively even in sediment. Ca-P and OP as the main composition was higher than other phosphorus forms. Detr-P. Fe-P and Ads-P was12.41%.10.51%and9.37%of TP respectively. IP as the main composition of TP was the70.27%of TP when OP took up less proportion. The contents of various phosphorus forms in IP were different and the order was Ca-P>Detr-P>Fe-P>Ads-P.
(3) The contents of TN, NH4+-N and NO3--N in sediment decreased obviously and showed the trend of slow and then fast change during the CEFD operation. Ca-P in the sediment took up the highest and stable content in TP and IP. The content of Fe-P showed the trend of minor decrease in both of IP and OP; The content of exchangeable phosphorus showed decreasing trend in both of IP and TP; The content of organic phosphorus showed increasing trend in TP; Ads-P decreased when Detr-P was stable.
(4) The highest APA in the sediment in the start stage of the test was decreased during the test and was the lowest in the end of the test. And the order was spring>summer>fall. In various nitrogen forms, the TN and NO3--N had the strongest correlation with APA (p<0.01) and then NH4+-N(p<0.05); In various phosphorus forms, the Ads-P had the strongest correlation with APA (p<0.01) and then TP and Fe-P (p<0.01) when Ca-P and Detr-P had no correlation with APA.
(5) Bacteria in the overlaying water and the roots of five kinds of plant showed the highest proportion in microorganism and then actinomycetes and fungi. Microorganism in the roots of plant showed the highest in July and relatively low in May and September. The numbers of bacterial, fungi and actinomycets in the plant showed the order:O. Saliva L.> Lythrum salicaria Lin> Acorus calamus Linn> Canna indica indica> Thalia dealbata.
(6) The CEFD changed the physicochemical property of the overlying water and improved the exchange and transform of different nitrogen forms in the interface of overlying water and sediment. TN, NH4+-N and NO3--N in the water had the significant correction with TN in the sediment at α=0.01; TN and NH4+-N in the water had the significant correction with NH4+-N in the sediment at α=0.01; TN had the correction with NH4+-N in the sediment at α=0.05; NH4+-N in the water had the correction with NO3--N in the sediment at α=0.05. TP in the water had the significant correction with TP, OP and Fe-P in the sediment at α=0.01; TP had the significant correction with Ads-P in the sediment α=0.01; OP had the significant correction with Fe-P in the sediment α=0.01; IP had the significant correction with Ca-P in the sediment α=0.01; Ads-P had the significant correction with Fe-P in the sediment α=0.01.
(7) In the five kinds of plants, the reproduce ability of Canna indica and Thalia dealbata was higher than that of O. Sativa L., Lythrum salicaria Lin and Acorus calamus Linn. The nitrogen content in the stem and leaves of Canna indica and Thalia dealbata was higher than that in their roots. The ratio of nitrogen in the stem and leaves and the roots in Canna indica and Thalia dealbata was1.20and1.92respectively. While the nitrogen content in the roots of O. Saliva L., Lythrum salicaria Lin and Acorus calamus Linn was higher than that in their stem and leaves. The ratio of nitrogen in the stem and leaves and the roots in O. Sativa L., Lythrum salicaria Lin and Acorus calamus Linn was0.86,0.94and0.84respectively. The phosphorus content in the stem and leaves of Canna indica, Thalia dealbata and O. Sativa L. was higher than that in their roots. The ratio of phosphorus in the stem and leaves and the roots in Canna indica, Thalia dealbata and O. Sativa L. was1.21.1.13and1.18respectively. While the phosphorus content in the roots of Lythrum salicaria Lin and Acorus calamus Linn was higher than that in their stem and leaves. The ratio of phosphorus in the stem and leaves and the roots in Lythrum salicaria Lin and Acorus calamus Linn was0.48and0.95respectively.
(8) Nitrogen and phosphorus accumulations in five plants were significantly different. The absorption rate of Canna indica and Thalia dealbata was higher than that of Lythrum salicaria Lin, Acorus calamus Linn and O. Sativa L.. The absorption quantity of nitrogen and phosphorus in the stem and leaves of Canna indica and Thalia dealbata was higher that that in their roots. Thus, they were adapted to be used in the CEFD and remove the nitrogen and phosphorus in water with harvest of plants.
引文
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