区际间环境不公平问题研究
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摘要
经济飞速发展带来的环境问题,受到学者们的广泛关注,但已有的研究更多是进行生态环境问题的全局分析,即整个人类、整个国家、整个地区遭受了怎样的环境污染,较少地分析不同经济发展水平的国家、地区承受环境负担的不公平及承担环境责任的不公平。环境不公平的研究始于国外,国外关于环境不公平的研究更多关注在有突出种族、民族矛盾的国家及地区,不同群体所遭受的环境风险不同,而且在中国并不存在类似的种族、民族矛盾,与此相比,伴随着中国经济的飞速增长,中国经济发达的东部地区与经济落后的西部地区之间的环境不公平以及包括中国在内的发达国家与发展中国家之间的环境不公平问题更值得关注。因而笔者将本论文的选题最终确定为区际间环境不公平问题的相关研究,论文的研究包括区际间环境不公平现象的分析、区际间环境不公平成因的分析及应对区际间环境不公平的对策分析三部分内容。
本文的研究内容共分为八章。第一章是绪论。重点论述论文的选题背景、选题意义、文章采用的方法以及研究难点、可能的创新点和不足。第二章是文献综述。本章首先对公平和环境公平的一般认识进行总结梳理,作为后文分析环境不公平的一个基础和参照物,然后归纳总结了国内外关于环境不公平的表现形式、形成原因及相关研究方法的研究,最后对既有研究做了一个归纳述评并提出了笔者对研究环境不公平问题的框架思考。第三章是中国区际间发展差距与环境负担不公平的现状。本章首先对中国区际间发展差距与环境负担不公平的现状做了直观描述,然后采用泰尔指数,对中国废水负担不公平程度进行刻画,并分解东、中、西部地区区域内和区域间的环境负担不公平状况及三大区域的环境负担不公平对整体环境负担不公平的贡献,最后运用环境不公平指数及绿色贡献系数这两个指标更为具体地分析了中国环境负担不公平。第四章是区际间环境不公平的理论分析及原因解析。这一章包括以下两方面内容：其一,区际间环境不公平的理论分析,包括以下三个层面：不同发展水平的国家、地区对环境恶化造成的影响不同；不同发展水平的国家、地区承受环境恶化的影响不同；获得生态利益的富裕国家、富裕地区没有承担应有的环境保护责任。其二,中国区际间环境不公平的原因解析,一方面基于利益视角对区际间环境不公平的原因做了分析,另一方面基于回归方程的分解方法,实证检验得出结论：发展差距是省际间环境负担不公平的主要原因。第五章是环境规制与区际间环境不公平。这一章主要包括三方面内容：其一,以中国省际面板数据为样本展开的环境规制与环境不平的实证分析,得出结论：提高环境规制水平促进区际间环境不公平；其二,环境规制政策会产生包括环境不公平在内的新的社会不公平,落后国家、地区在治理本地污染时更应该注意这一点：其三,环境治污技术的选择会产生不同的就业效应,末端治理技术促进就业,清洁生产技术削弱就业,虽然清洁生产的治污效果好于末端治理,但落后国家、地区在治理本地污染时不能只关注环境效果,还应该考虑该项技术的就业效应,否则会产生新的不公平。第六章是区际间环境责任分担。本章构建了一个旨在说明环境规制与就业关系的非线性面板门限模型,证明发达地区治理本地环境污染的努力可以促进就业,这样就会减弱发达地区向外污染转移的动机,发达地区越多从事本地污染治理工作,越有利于地区间环境责任的公平分担。第七章是对前面六章的内容进行的归纳总结,列出了本章主要的研究结论,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。
本文可能的创新是：
第一,对中国区际间环境负担及环境治理投资不公平现状进行了刻画。选用有代表性的工业污染物,来对比中国各个地区污染负担及污染治理投资的差异程度。
第二,采用回归方程的分解方法实证分析了中国省际间环境负担不公平状况的成因。实证分析得出结论：地区间环境负担的不公平,主要是由居民人均收入和废水治理投资这两个指标所衡量的发展差距引致。
第三,为发达地区加大治理本地污染从而减少污染转移提供依据。以中国各个省份面板数据为例,采用面板门限回归模型,得出结论：发达地区应该增加本地区环境污染治理的努力,不仅有利于促进本地区的就业,而且有利于实现环境保护及治理责任的地区间公平分担。
第四,环境治污技术的选择应考虑就业效应。以中国各省份面板数据为例,通过计量检验得出结论：末端治理对就业产生正向拉动作用,清洁生产对就业有负向挤出作用,发展中国家及发展中国家的落后地区如果急于减少本地环境污染,只关注治污技术的环境效果而不考虑就业效应,短时间内可以实现环境负担差距在国家层面和地区层面缩小,但由此会引发新的社会不公平。
Environmental problems resulting from rapid economic growth received wide attention of scholars, but the existing research pay more attention to analyze global ecological environment problem, namely, the whole people, the whole country, the whole area suffered what kind of environmental pollution, pay less attention to different environmental problems and environmental protection responsibility between different regions and different groups.The study of environmental equity begin abroad, foreign research on environmental equity pay more attention to different groups suffering from different environmental risk in countries and regions that have outstanding ethnic and racial conflicts, while, in China there is no similar racial, ethnic tensions, by contrast, along with rapid economic growth in China, we should pay more attention to the problem of environmental inequity between developed eastern areas and backward western region,and environmental inequity between developed countries and developing countries including China.Thus the author of this paper selected the related research of interregional environmental inequity issues for final topic, the content include three parts, phenomenon analysis of interregional environmental inequity, the root cause of the interregional environmental inequity and countermeasures of interregional environmental inequity.
The research content of this paper is divided into eight chapters. The first chapter is introduction, mainly discusses the background and significance of the selected topic, and analyze research methods, difficulty, innovations and shortcomings of the article.The second chapter is literature review of the environmental inequity. This chapter first summarizes general understanding of equity and environmental inequity, as the basis and reference for later analysis of environmental inequity, and then summarizes manifestation, reasons, research methods of environmental inequity, finally make a summarized review for existing research and put forward the framework for research of environmental inequity.The third chapter is present situation of China's interregional development gap of economy and environmental burden inequity. First, make a intuitive description of interregional development gap of economy and environmental burden inequity, then use the theil index, depicts the current situation of environmental burden inequity, and use the Theil index making decomposition of environmental burden inequity among eastern, central and western areas and within three regions, and the contribution of inequity among and within three regions to the whole environmental burden inequity, finally use environmental inequity index and green contribution coefficient analyze the environmental burden inequity in China more concretely.The fourth chapter is theoretical analysis and cause analysis of interregional environmental inequity. First, theoretical analysis of interregional environmental inequity, including following three aspects, countries and regions with different development level have different impact on environmental degradation, countries and regions with different development level suffer different influence of environmental degradation, rich countries get the ecological interests do not shoulder proper environmental protection responsibility. Second, cause analysis of interregional environmental inequity, on the one hand I analyze the cause of interregional environmental inequity based on the angle of interests, on the other hand I analyze the cause of interregional environmental burden inequity in China using the regression based approach empirically, and conclude that interregional development gap lead to environmental burden inequity.The fifth chapter is the relationship between environmental regulation and interregional environmental inequity, including following three aspects:Firstly, make a empirical analysis of the relationship of environmental regulation and interregional environmental inequity using Chinese provincial panel data, and make a conclusion that improve the level of environmental regulation promoting interregional environmental equity. Secondly, Environmental regulation policy will produce new social inequality, including environmental inequality, backward countries and regions should pay more attention to this point in the governance of local pollution. Thirdly, the choice of environment pollution treatment technology may produce different employment effect, terminal management technology promote employment, and the clean production technology weaken employment, although the anti-pollution effect of clean production is good, but the backward countries and regions can not only see the environment effect, they should also consider employment effect in the governance of local pollution, otherwise it will cause a new inequity. The sixth chapter is the interregional environmental responsibility sharing.This chapter build a nonlinear panel threshold model showing the relationship between environmental regulation and employment, verifies the efforts of environmental protection of developed regions are not only conducive to the sharing of environmental liability, but also lead to the job security of developed regions. Chapter seven is conclusion. This chapter summarizes the content of previous six chapters, lists the main research conclusion, and proposes future research direction.
The innovation of this article may conclude four points described as follows.
Firstly, this paper depicts the situation of interregional development gap of economy and environmental burden inequity in China.Choose typical industrial pollutants, make a comparison among different regions about environmental burden and pollution treatment investment.
Secondly, this paper studies the cause of interregional environmental inequity using a regression based approach.The result indicates that interregional environmental burden inequity mainly caused by the development gap between provinces which measured by residents'per capital income and wastewater disposal investment this two index.
Thirdly, this paper provides the basis for strengthening pollution governance to reduce local pollution and pollution transfer of developed areas. Uses the panel threshold regression model, take provinces panel data in China for example, concluded that the developed areas should strengthen region environment pollution control efforts, which is not only beneficial to promote the employment in the region, but also to achieve environmental protection and governance responsibility fairly shared between regions.
Fourthly, I make a conclusion that the choice of environment pollution treatment technology should consider the effect of employment. Through the empirical test using Chinese provincial panel data conclude that terminal management technology has positive effect on jobs, clean production technology has negative effect on jobs, if developing countries and underdeveloped regions eager to reduce local environment pollution, just focus on the pollution environment effect of technology, and do not pay attention to employment effect, reduce the environmental burden gap at the national level and regional level can be achieved in a short period of time but it will cause new social inequity.
本文的研究内容共分为八章。第一章是绪论。重点论述论文的选题背景、选题意义、文章采用的方法以及研究难点、可能的创新点和不足。第二章是文献综述。本章首先对公平和环境公平的一般认识进行总结梳理,作为后文分析环境不公平的一个基础和参照物,然后归纳总结了国内外关于环境不公平的表现形式、形成原因及相关研究方法的研究,最后对既有研究做了一个归纳述评并提出了笔者对研究环境不公平问题的框架思考。第三章是中国区际间发展差距与环境负担不公平的现状。本章首先对中国区际间发展差距与环境负担不公平的现状做了直观描述,然后采用泰尔指数,对中国废水负担不公平程度进行刻画,并分解东、中、西部地区区域内和区域间的环境负担不公平状况及三大区域的环境负担不公平对整体环境负担不公平的贡献,最后运用环境不公平指数及绿色贡献系数这两个指标更为具体地分析了中国环境负担不公平。第四章是区际间环境不公平的理论分析及原因解析。这一章包括以下两方面内容：其一,区际间环境不公平的理论分析,包括以下三个层面：不同发展水平的国家、地区对环境恶化造成的影响不同；不同发展水平的国家、地区承受环境恶化的影响不同；获得生态利益的富裕国家、富裕地区没有承担应有的环境保护责任。其二,中国区际间环境不公平的原因解析,一方面基于利益视角对区际间环境不公平的原因做了分析,另一方面基于回归方程的分解方法,实证检验得出结论：发展差距是省际间环境负担不公平的主要原因。第五章是环境规制与区际间环境不公平。这一章主要包括三方面内容：其一,以中国省际面板数据为样本展开的环境规制与环境不平的实证分析,得出结论：提高环境规制水平促进区际间环境不公平；其二,环境规制政策会产生包括环境不公平在内的新的社会不公平,落后国家、地区在治理本地污染时更应该注意这一点：其三,环境治污技术的选择会产生不同的就业效应,末端治理技术促进就业,清洁生产技术削弱就业,虽然清洁生产的治污效果好于末端治理,但落后国家、地区在治理本地污染时不能只关注环境效果,还应该考虑该项技术的就业效应,否则会产生新的不公平。第六章是区际间环境责任分担。本章构建了一个旨在说明环境规制与就业关系的非线性面板门限模型,证明发达地区治理本地环境污染的努力可以促进就业,这样就会减弱发达地区向外污染转移的动机,发达地区越多从事本地污染治理工作,越有利于地区间环境责任的公平分担。第七章是对前面六章的内容进行的归纳总结,列出了本章主要的研究结论,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。
本文可能的创新是：
第一,对中国区际间环境负担及环境治理投资不公平现状进行了刻画。选用有代表性的工业污染物,来对比中国各个地区污染负担及污染治理投资的差异程度。
第二,采用回归方程的分解方法实证分析了中国省际间环境负担不公平状况的成因。实证分析得出结论：地区间环境负担的不公平,主要是由居民人均收入和废水治理投资这两个指标所衡量的发展差距引致。
第三,为发达地区加大治理本地污染从而减少污染转移提供依据。以中国各个省份面板数据为例,采用面板门限回归模型,得出结论：发达地区应该增加本地区环境污染治理的努力,不仅有利于促进本地区的就业,而且有利于实现环境保护及治理责任的地区间公平分担。
第四,环境治污技术的选择应考虑就业效应。以中国各省份面板数据为例,通过计量检验得出结论：末端治理对就业产生正向拉动作用,清洁生产对就业有负向挤出作用,发展中国家及发展中国家的落后地区如果急于减少本地环境污染,只关注治污技术的环境效果而不考虑就业效应,短时间内可以实现环境负担差距在国家层面和地区层面缩小,但由此会引发新的社会不公平。
Environmental problems resulting from rapid economic growth received wide attention of scholars, but the existing research pay more attention to analyze global ecological environment problem, namely, the whole people, the whole country, the whole area suffered what kind of environmental pollution, pay less attention to different environmental problems and environmental protection responsibility between different regions and different groups.The study of environmental equity begin abroad, foreign research on environmental equity pay more attention to different groups suffering from different environmental risk in countries and regions that have outstanding ethnic and racial conflicts, while, in China there is no similar racial, ethnic tensions, by contrast, along with rapid economic growth in China, we should pay more attention to the problem of environmental inequity between developed eastern areas and backward western region,and environmental inequity between developed countries and developing countries including China.Thus the author of this paper selected the related research of interregional environmental inequity issues for final topic, the content include three parts, phenomenon analysis of interregional environmental inequity, the root cause of the interregional environmental inequity and countermeasures of interregional environmental inequity.
The research content of this paper is divided into eight chapters. The first chapter is introduction, mainly discusses the background and significance of the selected topic, and analyze research methods, difficulty, innovations and shortcomings of the article.The second chapter is literature review of the environmental inequity. This chapter first summarizes general understanding of equity and environmental inequity, as the basis and reference for later analysis of environmental inequity, and then summarizes manifestation, reasons, research methods of environmental inequity, finally make a summarized review for existing research and put forward the framework for research of environmental inequity.The third chapter is present situation of China's interregional development gap of economy and environmental burden inequity. First, make a intuitive description of interregional development gap of economy and environmental burden inequity, then use the theil index, depicts the current situation of environmental burden inequity, and use the Theil index making decomposition of environmental burden inequity among eastern, central and western areas and within three regions, and the contribution of inequity among and within three regions to the whole environmental burden inequity, finally use environmental inequity index and green contribution coefficient analyze the environmental burden inequity in China more concretely.The fourth chapter is theoretical analysis and cause analysis of interregional environmental inequity. First, theoretical analysis of interregional environmental inequity, including following three aspects, countries and regions with different development level have different impact on environmental degradation, countries and regions with different development level suffer different influence of environmental degradation, rich countries get the ecological interests do not shoulder proper environmental protection responsibility. Second, cause analysis of interregional environmental inequity, on the one hand I analyze the cause of interregional environmental inequity based on the angle of interests, on the other hand I analyze the cause of interregional environmental burden inequity in China using the regression based approach empirically, and conclude that interregional development gap lead to environmental burden inequity.The fifth chapter is the relationship between environmental regulation and interregional environmental inequity, including following three aspects:Firstly, make a empirical analysis of the relationship of environmental regulation and interregional environmental inequity using Chinese provincial panel data, and make a conclusion that improve the level of environmental regulation promoting interregional environmental equity. Secondly, Environmental regulation policy will produce new social inequality, including environmental inequality, backward countries and regions should pay more attention to this point in the governance of local pollution. Thirdly, the choice of environment pollution treatment technology may produce different employment effect, terminal management technology promote employment, and the clean production technology weaken employment, although the anti-pollution effect of clean production is good, but the backward countries and regions can not only see the environment effect, they should also consider employment effect in the governance of local pollution, otherwise it will cause a new inequity. The sixth chapter is the interregional environmental responsibility sharing.This chapter build a nonlinear panel threshold model showing the relationship between environmental regulation and employment, verifies the efforts of environmental protection of developed regions are not only conducive to the sharing of environmental liability, but also lead to the job security of developed regions. Chapter seven is conclusion. This chapter summarizes the content of previous six chapters, lists the main research conclusion, and proposes future research direction.
The innovation of this article may conclude four points described as follows.
Firstly, this paper depicts the situation of interregional development gap of economy and environmental burden inequity in China.Choose typical industrial pollutants, make a comparison among different regions about environmental burden and pollution treatment investment.
Secondly, this paper studies the cause of interregional environmental inequity using a regression based approach.The result indicates that interregional environmental burden inequity mainly caused by the development gap between provinces which measured by residents'per capital income and wastewater disposal investment this two index.
Thirdly, this paper provides the basis for strengthening pollution governance to reduce local pollution and pollution transfer of developed areas. Uses the panel threshold regression model, take provinces panel data in China for example, concluded that the developed areas should strengthen region environment pollution control efforts, which is not only beneficial to promote the employment in the region, but also to achieve environmental protection and governance responsibility fairly shared between regions.
Fourthly, I make a conclusion that the choice of environment pollution treatment technology should consider the effect of employment. Through the empirical test using Chinese provincial panel data conclude that terminal management technology has positive effect on jobs, clean production technology has negative effect on jobs, if developing countries and underdeveloped regions eager to reduce local environment pollution, just focus on the pollution environment effect of technology, and do not pay attention to employment effect, reduce the environmental burden gap at the national level and regional level can be achieved in a short period of time but it will cause new social inequity.
引文
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1 本部分内容己发表,见闫文娟,郭树龙.中国二氧化硫排放权交易会减弱污染排放强度吗?,上海经济研究,2012,(6)：76-83.
1 本小节内容主要参见黄之栋,黄瑞琪,光说正义是不够的：环境正义的政治经济学分析—环境正义面面观之三.鄱阳湖学刊,2010,(6)：17-32.
1 保罗.R.伯特尼,罗伯特.N.史蒂文斯主编.穆贤清,方志伟译.环境保护的公共政策(第2版).上海人民出版社,2004.
1 乔秋华,环境不公正现象的形成原因及其对策,大连理工大学硕士论文,2006,17-18页。
2 凤凰网http://house.ifeng.com/rollnews/detail_2011_08/15/8403762_0.shtml
1 新浪财经http://finance.sina.com.cn/china/dfjj/20110604/03279946838.shtml
2 新华网http://www.tj.xinhuanet.com/2006-10/24/content_8328222_2.htm
1 新浪网http://fj.sina.com.cn/news/s/2010-08-05/093857856.html
1 本小节内容已发表,见闫文娟,郭树龙,史亚东.环境规制、产业结构升级与就业效应：线性还是非线性?经济科学,2012,(6)：23-32.
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1 闫文娟,钟茂初.中国式分权会增加环境污染吗?财经论丛,2012,(3)：32-37.
1 本节内容已被收录在钟茂初,闫文娟,赵志勇所著《可持续发展的公平经济学》一书中,(经济科学出版社,2013年1月出版)。
2 具体含义见2.1.3若GCC<1,则表明该地区污排放的贡献率大于GDP的贡献率,则该地区可能将环境
1 李永友,沈坤荣.我国污染控制政策的减排效果—基于省际工业污染数据的实证分析.管理世界,2008,(7)：7-17.
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1 本部分内容己发表,见闫文娟,郭树龙.中国二氧化硫排放权交易会减弱污染排放强度吗?,上海经济研究,2012,(6)：76-83.
1 本小节内容主要参见黄之栋,黄瑞琪,光说正义是不够的：环境正义的政治经济学分析—环境正义面面观之三.鄱阳湖学刊,2010,(6)：17-32.
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1 新浪财经http://finance.sina.com.cn/china/dfjj/20110604/03279946838.shtml
2 新华网http://www.tj.xinhuanet.com/2006-10/24/content_8328222_2.htm
1 新浪网http://fj.sina.com.cn/news/s/2010-08-05/093857856.html
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