矿震监测的理论与应用研究
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摘要
矿震是采矿诱发的矿井地震，是矿井自然灾害之一。如何降低和减少矿震所导致的事故和灾难，是目前研究的重要课题，而解决这一问题的主要途径之一，是对矿震进行实时连续监测。本文针对这一问题，对矿震监测的理论与应用进行研究。
（1）探讨矿震的发生机理，建立了矿震波在均匀与非均匀介质中的传播模型。
根据矿震的物理特征、矿震的能量特征、参与矿震的岩体类别、矿震力源和矿震发生失稳机理等对矿震进行分类；详细论述与总结了断层错动型矿震、煤体压缩型矿震、顶板断裂型矿震的发生机理。建立了均匀介质中矿震波的三维显式波动方程，以及分层介质中的三维显示波动方程。通过在矿震监测系统的应用表明，所建模型有效提高了震级计算和定位计算的精度。
（2）建立矿震波初至自动识别方法。
通过分析矿震信号的特征及其干扰因素，对各种震相自动识别方法进行了总结，评价了各种识别方法的优缺点，并基于分形理论对矿震震相初至的自动识别进行了的研究，采用Hausdorff分形维数方法中使用超立方体对振动波形进行覆盖的计算方法，克服了其他同类方法对矿山地震进行平面简化问题，到时读取的精度有了一定提高。通过对实际矿山地震进行定位，垂直误差均值为4.5m，水平方向误差为0.4m，满足煤矿安全生产要求。
（3）建立了矿震定位方法，并对SW-GBM定位方法进行修正。
在地震定位问题的解决方法的基础上，研究了适合于矿震特点的定位方法。采用用走时和震源距离之间的关系式推导出了矿震发震时刻的计算公式；研究了基于发震时刻计算公式单台站定位方法，并在木城涧矿震监测定位系统中的应用，定位结果小于系统规定的误差上限；研究了适合于两台站和三台站定位的直线方程法；对SW-GBM法的各种情况进行了讨论，给出了矿震定位质量的评估方法。并结合矿震波传播规律对SW-GBM定位方法进行了修正，计算结果表明，能够有效的提高矿震定位精度。
（4）建立震级计算公式，并通过现场实测数据建立了矿震预测公式。
根据矿震不同于地震的特点，采用李学政的近场起算函数，计算近震震级；利用加速度测定矩震级；采用曲线拟合的方式拟合木城涧矿区的持续时间震级公式；并对近震震级和持续时间震级的结果进行对比分析。运用最大熵理论建立信息熵预测矿震的统一预测模型，现场实例验证该模型预测精度较高，是一种可行的矿震预测方法。
（5）建立矿震监测台站的空间分布准则。
台站的空间分布在煤矿监测中具有重要的地位，在给定速度模型后，台站的几何分布将直接影响监测精度。运用维数优化原理建立矿震监测台站优化方法，实践表明优化的监测台站空间布置能够大大减小震中定位误差，为其他煤矿微震台站选址和布置具有一定的借鉴意义。此外讨论了台网数量对矿震预测的影响，增加台网密度，提高监测频率是今后矿震监测的主要方向之一。
（6）修正并完善原有矿震监测系统，开发矿震监测管理和预警系统。
基于上述研究成果，对原有矿震监测系统进行完善。开发了矿震监测管理和预警系统，确定应力异常区矿山微震敏感指标，并从现场矿山微震规律中，抽取相关特征参量，确定了煤矿高应力异常区域矿山微震确定方法和危险性动态趋势预测方法，给出了相关指标的预警临界值。
Mine earthequake is induced by mining, is one of the natural disasters in coal mine.How to reduce the accidents and disasters caused by mine earthquake is an importantresearch subject, and one of the main solutions of this problem is, mine earthquakereal-time continuous monitoring. Aiming at the question of mine earthquake, the papercarried on a system research on the theory and application of mine earthquakemonitoring.
Explore the occurrence mechanism of Mine earthequake, establish propagationmodel of a mine shock wave in homogeneous and heterogeneous medium.
According to physics characteristics, shock energy characteristics of mineearthquake, rock types that participate in the mine earthquake, force source of mineearthquake, instability mechanism when mine earthquake happened, classify the mineearthquakes; Detailed summarizes the occurring mechanism of mine earthquake of faultmovement type, of coal body compression type, of roof fracture type. Establish3dexplicit wave equation of shock wave in the homogeneous medium, and3d explicit waveequation in layered medium. Through the application in the rock-burst monitoringsystem, it shows that the model effectively improve the precision of magnitudecalculation and positioning calculation.
Establish automatic identification method of ore seismic first break.
Through the research of characteristics and interference factors of rock-burst signal,summarized seismic phase automatic identification methods of earthquake, andevaluated the advantages and disadvantages of various of identification methods, andresearch on automatic identification method of the beginning of seismic phase of mineearthquake based on the fractal theory, uses the Hausdorff fractal dimension method,depend on the calculation method which use hypercube to cover vibration waveform,overcome the problem of simplify mine earthquake by plane that other methodsencounter, the accuracy of come time is increased. Based on the actual miningearthquake location, the average location error on the vertical direction is4.5m, theaverage location error on the horizontal direction is0.5m, comply with the requirementsof safety production in coal mine.
Established location methods of the mine earthquake, and correct SW-GBMpositioning methods.
In the foundation of the solutions of seismic location problems, has studied thesolving method suitable for the characteristics of mine earthquake location problem.Deduce the calculation formula of mine earthquake seismogenic moment with theequation between travel time and focal distance. Research single station positioningmethod based on the seismogenic moment calculation formula, and applied in rock-burstmonitoring and orientation system in Muchengjian Mine, the error in positioning resultsis less than system prescribed error upper limit; Research equation of the straight linemethod which is suitable for two stations and three station positioning; A variety ofconditions in SW-GBM method are discussed, Gives the evaluation methods for mineearthquake location quality. Correct SW-GBM positioning methods with shock wavepropagation law, the results show that: it can improve the mine earthquake locationaccuracy effectively.
Establish magnitude formula, and built mine earthquake prediction formula throughthe field measured data.
The characteristics of mine earthquake is different from that of earthquake, use thenear field counting function of Li Xuezheng to calculate near earthquake magnitude;measure the moment magnitude with acceleration; Fit the duration magnitude formula ofMuchengjian Mine with the way of curve fitting; And analyze the results of the nearearthquake magnitude and duration magnitude. The unity of mine earthquake predictionmodel which predict by deducing information entropy through the maximum entropytheory, the example verify that it has high accuracy, lots of advantages, is a kind offeasible analysis method for mine earthquake prediction.
Establish space distribution rule of mine earthquake monitoring stations.
The spatial distribution of stations in coal mine monitoring plays an important role,when given speed model, the geometric distribution of stations will directly affect themonitoring accuracy; Establish optimization method of space distribution of mineearthquake monitoring stations with dimension optimization principle method, practiceshows that the optimization of space layout of the microseismic monitoring station cangreatly reduce the epicenter location error, it has reference significance for the location and layout of other mine microseismic station. Network number has an importantinfluence on mine earthquake prediction, increasing the network density and improvingthe monitoring frequency is one of the main directions of rock-burst monitoring researchin the future.
Correct and improve exists mine earthquake monitoring systems, developmanagement and early warning system of rock-burst monitoring.
Based on the research results, improve the original mine earthquake monitoringsystems, develop management and early warning system of rock-burst monitoring.Determines sensitive index of mine microseismic in the stress anomaly area, andextracting relevant characteristic parameters from the rule of field mine microseismic,and determined the mine microseismic determine method in high stress anomaly area ofthe coal mine and forecast method of dynamic trend of risk, and gives the relevantindexes of early warning threshold.
（1）探讨矿震的发生机理，建立了矿震波在均匀与非均匀介质中的传播模型。
根据矿震的物理特征、矿震的能量特征、参与矿震的岩体类别、矿震力源和矿震发生失稳机理等对矿震进行分类；详细论述与总结了断层错动型矿震、煤体压缩型矿震、顶板断裂型矿震的发生机理。建立了均匀介质中矿震波的三维显式波动方程，以及分层介质中的三维显示波动方程。通过在矿震监测系统的应用表明，所建模型有效提高了震级计算和定位计算的精度。
（2）建立矿震波初至自动识别方法。
通过分析矿震信号的特征及其干扰因素，对各种震相自动识别方法进行了总结，评价了各种识别方法的优缺点，并基于分形理论对矿震震相初至的自动识别进行了的研究，采用Hausdorff分形维数方法中使用超立方体对振动波形进行覆盖的计算方法，克服了其他同类方法对矿山地震进行平面简化问题，到时读取的精度有了一定提高。通过对实际矿山地震进行定位，垂直误差均值为4.5m，水平方向误差为0.4m，满足煤矿安全生产要求。
（3）建立了矿震定位方法，并对SW-GBM定位方法进行修正。
在地震定位问题的解决方法的基础上，研究了适合于矿震特点的定位方法。采用用走时和震源距离之间的关系式推导出了矿震发震时刻的计算公式；研究了基于发震时刻计算公式单台站定位方法，并在木城涧矿震监测定位系统中的应用，定位结果小于系统规定的误差上限；研究了适合于两台站和三台站定位的直线方程法；对SW-GBM法的各种情况进行了讨论，给出了矿震定位质量的评估方法。并结合矿震波传播规律对SW-GBM定位方法进行了修正，计算结果表明，能够有效的提高矿震定位精度。
（4）建立震级计算公式，并通过现场实测数据建立了矿震预测公式。
根据矿震不同于地震的特点，采用李学政的近场起算函数，计算近震震级；利用加速度测定矩震级；采用曲线拟合的方式拟合木城涧矿区的持续时间震级公式；并对近震震级和持续时间震级的结果进行对比分析。运用最大熵理论建立信息熵预测矿震的统一预测模型，现场实例验证该模型预测精度较高，是一种可行的矿震预测方法。
（5）建立矿震监测台站的空间分布准则。
台站的空间分布在煤矿监测中具有重要的地位，在给定速度模型后，台站的几何分布将直接影响监测精度。运用维数优化原理建立矿震监测台站优化方法，实践表明优化的监测台站空间布置能够大大减小震中定位误差，为其他煤矿微震台站选址和布置具有一定的借鉴意义。此外讨论了台网数量对矿震预测的影响，增加台网密度，提高监测频率是今后矿震监测的主要方向之一。
（6）修正并完善原有矿震监测系统，开发矿震监测管理和预警系统。
基于上述研究成果，对原有矿震监测系统进行完善。开发了矿震监测管理和预警系统，确定应力异常区矿山微震敏感指标，并从现场矿山微震规律中，抽取相关特征参量，确定了煤矿高应力异常区域矿山微震确定方法和危险性动态趋势预测方法，给出了相关指标的预警临界值。
Mine earthequake is induced by mining, is one of the natural disasters in coal mine.How to reduce the accidents and disasters caused by mine earthquake is an importantresearch subject, and one of the main solutions of this problem is, mine earthquakereal-time continuous monitoring. Aiming at the question of mine earthquake, the papercarried on a system research on the theory and application of mine earthquakemonitoring.
Explore the occurrence mechanism of Mine earthequake, establish propagationmodel of a mine shock wave in homogeneous and heterogeneous medium.
According to physics characteristics, shock energy characteristics of mineearthquake, rock types that participate in the mine earthquake, force source of mineearthquake, instability mechanism when mine earthquake happened, classify the mineearthquakes; Detailed summarizes the occurring mechanism of mine earthquake of faultmovement type, of coal body compression type, of roof fracture type. Establish3dexplicit wave equation of shock wave in the homogeneous medium, and3d explicit waveequation in layered medium. Through the application in the rock-burst monitoringsystem, it shows that the model effectively improve the precision of magnitudecalculation and positioning calculation.
Establish automatic identification method of ore seismic first break.
Through the research of characteristics and interference factors of rock-burst signal,summarized seismic phase automatic identification methods of earthquake, andevaluated the advantages and disadvantages of various of identification methods, andresearch on automatic identification method of the beginning of seismic phase of mineearthquake based on the fractal theory, uses the Hausdorff fractal dimension method,depend on the calculation method which use hypercube to cover vibration waveform,overcome the problem of simplify mine earthquake by plane that other methodsencounter, the accuracy of come time is increased. Based on the actual miningearthquake location, the average location error on the vertical direction is4.5m, theaverage location error on the horizontal direction is0.5m, comply with the requirementsof safety production in coal mine.
Established location methods of the mine earthquake, and correct SW-GBMpositioning methods.
In the foundation of the solutions of seismic location problems, has studied thesolving method suitable for the characteristics of mine earthquake location problem.Deduce the calculation formula of mine earthquake seismogenic moment with theequation between travel time and focal distance. Research single station positioningmethod based on the seismogenic moment calculation formula, and applied in rock-burstmonitoring and orientation system in Muchengjian Mine, the error in positioning resultsis less than system prescribed error upper limit; Research equation of the straight linemethod which is suitable for two stations and three station positioning; A variety ofconditions in SW-GBM method are discussed, Gives the evaluation methods for mineearthquake location quality. Correct SW-GBM positioning methods with shock wavepropagation law, the results show that: it can improve the mine earthquake locationaccuracy effectively.
Establish magnitude formula, and built mine earthquake prediction formula throughthe field measured data.
The characteristics of mine earthquake is different from that of earthquake, use thenear field counting function of Li Xuezheng to calculate near earthquake magnitude;measure the moment magnitude with acceleration; Fit the duration magnitude formula ofMuchengjian Mine with the way of curve fitting; And analyze the results of the nearearthquake magnitude and duration magnitude. The unity of mine earthquake predictionmodel which predict by deducing information entropy through the maximum entropytheory, the example verify that it has high accuracy, lots of advantages, is a kind offeasible analysis method for mine earthquake prediction.
Establish space distribution rule of mine earthquake monitoring stations.
The spatial distribution of stations in coal mine monitoring plays an important role,when given speed model, the geometric distribution of stations will directly affect themonitoring accuracy; Establish optimization method of space distribution of mineearthquake monitoring stations with dimension optimization principle method, practiceshows that the optimization of space layout of the microseismic monitoring station cangreatly reduce the epicenter location error, it has reference significance for the location and layout of other mine microseismic station. Network number has an importantinfluence on mine earthquake prediction, increasing the network density and improvingthe monitoring frequency is one of the main directions of rock-burst monitoring researchin the future.
Correct and improve exists mine earthquake monitoring systems, developmanagement and early warning system of rock-burst monitoring.
Based on the research results, improve the original mine earthquake monitoringsystems, develop management and early warning system of rock-burst monitoring.Determines sensitive index of mine microseismic in the stress anomaly area, andextracting relevant characteristic parameters from the rule of field mine microseismic,and determined the mine microseismic determine method in high stress anomaly area ofthe coal mine and forecast method of dynamic trend of risk, and gives the relevantindexes of early warning threshold.
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