油田废弃物全过程管理技术与管理体系研究
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摘要
油田勘探开发过程中产生包括钻井废弃物、生产废水等大量的废弃物,如若处理、处置不当,废弃物中的石油类、重金属、盐类等污染物进入环境,会对土壤、地下水、海洋等产生危害。末端治理的模式已经无助于减少油田勘探开发过程中的资源浪费问题,因此,油田废弃物的全过程管理成为解决油田废弃物污染问题的必要手段。
本文首先对美国、加拿大等国家油田废弃物管理从国家法律体系建设、行业和企业的管理技术与实践方面的管理经验进行了总结,与我国的油田废弃物管理相关方面进行比较,指出了我国在油田废弃物管理上的改进空间：可以考虑设立专门的法律；可将排放标准进一步细化；加强处理处置技术体系建设,出台最佳管理做法的指导性文件；加强行业协会在油田废弃物管理中的参与。
油田废弃物产生阶段,分析了油田废弃物的来源,废弃钻井液和钻屑以及生产废水的特性和产量估算,将废弃物分为一般油田废弃物和危险油田废弃物,修正了化学品评分排序模式(SCRAM),总分计算中增加了环境效应因子。将修正后的SCRAM方法应用于废弃物中主要污染物的识别,识别出54种主要污染物,包括17种无机物、10种烷烃、7种氯代烃、3种苯系物、1种硝基苯、1种酚类、1种酯类、14种多环芳烃。最后分析了油田废弃物中的主要污染物进入环境后的对环境的潜在影响。
油田废弃物的处理处置阶段,对钻井废弃物和生产废水的处理处置技术进行了分析,为处理处置技术选择提供了基础信息。建立了油田废弃物处理处置技术的生命周期评价(LCA)和生命周期成本(LCC)模型,提出了二者的集成框架,使用生态效率的理念将二者集成后构建了生命周期视角下的油田废弃物处理处置技术决策模型,并将其应用于埕海油田的钻屑管理方案选择中。分析了两种动力类型(柴油或电)下埕海油田三种钻屑管理情景的生命周期环境影响和生命周期成本,并对集成结果进行了分析。除此之外,还研究了生命周期环境影响评价中使用不同加权方法对分析结果的影响。最终研究结果表明：(1)环境影响评价权重以及使用的动力类型,均未对最终的决策结果产生影响；(2)最优的钻屑处理处置方案为情景3,即钻屑在固液分离预处理后,装载、运输到处理中心,固化后回用进行铺路。
油田废弃物污染场地管理修复阶段,界定了土壤通用基准值的概念,英国CLEA模型的用地类型参数、受体参数、建筑物类型参数、土壤参数使用我国的数据进行了修正,添加28种油田废弃物中主要污染物的毒理和物化特性数据入数据库,获取了我国五种典型土壤类型(红壤、黄壤、黑土、紫色土和水稻土)、三种用地类型(住宅用地、农业用地和工商业用地)下的以人体健康为目标的油田废弃物中36种主要污染物污染场地土壤通用基准值(GAC),为油田废弃物污染场地风险评估提供了一个初步判定场地是否需要修复的限定值。建立了油田废弃物污染场地修复技术体系,从技术性能、目标污染物、成本、适用条件,可能的环境影响等方面对13种修复技术进行了描述与对比分析,为特定场地油田废弃物污染场地修复技术筛选提供了基本信息。最后,提出了油田废弃物污染场地修复技术筛选的流程与筛选的指标体系。
最终,构建了包含5个一级要素和19个二级要素,8方面管理内容和8个运行机制的油田废弃物全过程管理体系,并提出了包含4个一级指标,10个二级指标,23个三级指标的体系有效性评价指标体系。5个一级要素分别是：方针和目标、规划、实施和运行、审查和计划更新、管理评审。19个二级要素分别是：方针、目标和指标、法律法规要求、废弃物识别和分类、基础设施要求、废弃物管理方案制定、风险识别与评价、风险控制措施制定、组织机构和职责、培训、意识和能力、体系文件、文件控制、运行控制、应急准备和响应、监测、不一致时的纠正措施、体系审核和记录。8方面管理内容包括法律法规及其他要求,油田废弃物的识别,分类与存储,油田废弃物的转运与跟踪,油田废弃物的处理与处置,油田废弃物污染场地风险评估与修复,油田废弃物管理方案的制定,利益相关方的参与和社会责任。8个运行机制包括明确方针目标、组织问责制机构、监测、建立严格的数据报送和检验制度、制定合理的油田废弃物管理方案和实施程序、建立文件控制和编制系统、建立培训系统和交流制度、建立审核制度。
Oil exploration and production processes generate a large amount of waste, including drilling fluid, drill cuttings, produced water, etc. If they are not handled properly, contaminants in the waste, like hydrocarbons, heavy meatals, and salts, will enter the environment and cause adverse effects on soil, surface water, underground water and marine environment."End-of-pipe" is no longer competent for dealing with environmental problems in oil E&P industry. Thus, oilfield waste integrated management is a necessary and powful tool to eliminate oilfield waste pollutions.
In the first place, oilfield waste management experiences in the United States and Canada were discussed in four aspects, including legislations and regulations, discharge limitations, management technologies, and practices. These management exprerices were compared with oil waste management aspects in our country. It was found that several improvements could be made:promulgating a specific legislation or regulation, refining the discharge standards, introducing best management practices and strengthen the participation of industry associations.
In the stage of oilfield waste generation, the source of oilfield waste, characteristics and the methods for volume estimation of drilling fluids, drill cuttings and produced water were analysed and proposed. Oilfield waste were classified into two categories, i.e. hazardous oilfield waste (HOW) and non-hazardous oilfield waste (NHOW). The Chemical Scoring and Ranking Assessment Model (SCRAM) was modified by adding an environemtal effect factor. Subsequently, the modified SCRAM was applied in screening main contaminates in oilfield waste. As a result,54contaminates were identified as main contaminats, including17inorganics,10alkane,8hydrochloric ether,3benzene series,1nitrobenzenes,1phenols,1esters, and14PAH. In the end, potential environmental impacts of the main contaminates in the oilfield waste were elaborated.
In the oilfield waste treatment and disposal stage, management technologies of drilling waste and produced water were introduced and compared. They provided basic information for selecting proper oilfied waste management options. The methodologies of life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis for oilfield waste treatment and disposal options were developed. Framework of combined LCA and LCC were established. Thereafter, LCA were jointed with LCC under the concept of "Ecological Efficiency". The conbined model called "Life Cycle Perspective Oilfied Waste Management Option Decision Model" was applied in evaluating drill cutting management options in Chenghai Oilfield. Conbined life cycle environmental and economic impact of three Chenghai Oilfield drill cutting management scenarios, which were driven by disel or electricity, was analysed by applying Life Cycle Perspective Oilfied Waste Management Option Decision Model. In addition, the impacts of various weighting methods in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) on final results were discussed. The results indicated that:power types and LCIA weighting method did not affect the final decision; the best drill cutting management option is Scenario3, i.e. after solid liquid separation pretreatment, drill cutting were loaded and transported to treatment plant to be solidified, and then reused in road paving.
In the oilfield waste contaminated land remediation phase, the concept of soil general assessment criteria (GAC) is defined. Parameters of land use scenarios, receptors, buildings, and soil characterizations in CLEA model were replaced by data in China. Physical and chemical properties and toxicity data of28main contaminates in oilfied waste were added in CLEA chemical database as well. GAC of36concerned oilfield waste contaminates in five typical Chinese soil types (i.e. red soil, yellow soil, black soil, purple soil and paddy soil) and three land use scenarios (i.e. residential, agriculture, industry and commercial) were get. Those GACs provided decision makers with a prileminary value to judge whether the site need to be remediated. Technical performance, target contaminants, cost, application conditions, and environmental impact of13oilfield waste contaminated land remediation technologies were discussed. It provided decision makers with basic information for selecting a proper remediation technology. In the end, processse and indicators for screening remediation technologies were developed.
Ultimately, an Integrated Oil field Waste Management System (IOWMS) were established. IOWMS were consist of5level one elements and19level two elements,8management aspects, and8operating machanisms. In addition, the effectiveness evaluation index system for IOWMS was porposed. The index system contains4level one indicators,10level two indicators and23level three indicators.5level one elements of IOWMS were policies and objectives, planning, implementation and operation, audit and update, management review.19level two elements of IOWMS included objective and targets, legal requirements, waste identification and classification, facility requirements, waste management plan, risk identification and assessment, risk control practices, orgnisation and responsibilities, training, awareness and capability, system files, files control, operation control, emergency preparedness and response, monitoring, corrective actions, system audit, and documentation. Legal and other requirements, oilfield waste identification, classification and storage, oilfield waste transport and trancking, oilfield waste treatment and disposal, oilfield waste contaminated land risk aseessment and remediation, development of oilfield waste management plan, stakeholders and social responsibility consisted of8aspects of IOWMS. Opration machnisms of IOWMS were comprised of defining policies and targets, organizing accountability agencies, monitoring, developing strict data reporting and examination system, making reasonable oilfiled waste management plan and implementation pordedures, developing file control and documentation system, establish training and conmmunication system, and developing reviewing system.
本文首先对美国、加拿大等国家油田废弃物管理从国家法律体系建设、行业和企业的管理技术与实践方面的管理经验进行了总结,与我国的油田废弃物管理相关方面进行比较,指出了我国在油田废弃物管理上的改进空间：可以考虑设立专门的法律；可将排放标准进一步细化；加强处理处置技术体系建设,出台最佳管理做法的指导性文件；加强行业协会在油田废弃物管理中的参与。
油田废弃物产生阶段,分析了油田废弃物的来源,废弃钻井液和钻屑以及生产废水的特性和产量估算,将废弃物分为一般油田废弃物和危险油田废弃物,修正了化学品评分排序模式(SCRAM),总分计算中增加了环境效应因子。将修正后的SCRAM方法应用于废弃物中主要污染物的识别,识别出54种主要污染物,包括17种无机物、10种烷烃、7种氯代烃、3种苯系物、1种硝基苯、1种酚类、1种酯类、14种多环芳烃。最后分析了油田废弃物中的主要污染物进入环境后的对环境的潜在影响。
油田废弃物的处理处置阶段,对钻井废弃物和生产废水的处理处置技术进行了分析,为处理处置技术选择提供了基础信息。建立了油田废弃物处理处置技术的生命周期评价(LCA)和生命周期成本(LCC)模型,提出了二者的集成框架,使用生态效率的理念将二者集成后构建了生命周期视角下的油田废弃物处理处置技术决策模型,并将其应用于埕海油田的钻屑管理方案选择中。分析了两种动力类型(柴油或电)下埕海油田三种钻屑管理情景的生命周期环境影响和生命周期成本,并对集成结果进行了分析。除此之外,还研究了生命周期环境影响评价中使用不同加权方法对分析结果的影响。最终研究结果表明：(1)环境影响评价权重以及使用的动力类型,均未对最终的决策结果产生影响；(2)最优的钻屑处理处置方案为情景3,即钻屑在固液分离预处理后,装载、运输到处理中心,固化后回用进行铺路。
油田废弃物污染场地管理修复阶段,界定了土壤通用基准值的概念,英国CLEA模型的用地类型参数、受体参数、建筑物类型参数、土壤参数使用我国的数据进行了修正,添加28种油田废弃物中主要污染物的毒理和物化特性数据入数据库,获取了我国五种典型土壤类型(红壤、黄壤、黑土、紫色土和水稻土)、三种用地类型(住宅用地、农业用地和工商业用地)下的以人体健康为目标的油田废弃物中36种主要污染物污染场地土壤通用基准值(GAC),为油田废弃物污染场地风险评估提供了一个初步判定场地是否需要修复的限定值。建立了油田废弃物污染场地修复技术体系,从技术性能、目标污染物、成本、适用条件,可能的环境影响等方面对13种修复技术进行了描述与对比分析,为特定场地油田废弃物污染场地修复技术筛选提供了基本信息。最后,提出了油田废弃物污染场地修复技术筛选的流程与筛选的指标体系。
最终,构建了包含5个一级要素和19个二级要素,8方面管理内容和8个运行机制的油田废弃物全过程管理体系,并提出了包含4个一级指标,10个二级指标,23个三级指标的体系有效性评价指标体系。5个一级要素分别是：方针和目标、规划、实施和运行、审查和计划更新、管理评审。19个二级要素分别是：方针、目标和指标、法律法规要求、废弃物识别和分类、基础设施要求、废弃物管理方案制定、风险识别与评价、风险控制措施制定、组织机构和职责、培训、意识和能力、体系文件、文件控制、运行控制、应急准备和响应、监测、不一致时的纠正措施、体系审核和记录。8方面管理内容包括法律法规及其他要求,油田废弃物的识别,分类与存储,油田废弃物的转运与跟踪,油田废弃物的处理与处置,油田废弃物污染场地风险评估与修复,油田废弃物管理方案的制定,利益相关方的参与和社会责任。8个运行机制包括明确方针目标、组织问责制机构、监测、建立严格的数据报送和检验制度、制定合理的油田废弃物管理方案和实施程序、建立文件控制和编制系统、建立培训系统和交流制度、建立审核制度。
Oil exploration and production processes generate a large amount of waste, including drilling fluid, drill cuttings, produced water, etc. If they are not handled properly, contaminants in the waste, like hydrocarbons, heavy meatals, and salts, will enter the environment and cause adverse effects on soil, surface water, underground water and marine environment."End-of-pipe" is no longer competent for dealing with environmental problems in oil E&P industry. Thus, oilfield waste integrated management is a necessary and powful tool to eliminate oilfield waste pollutions.
In the first place, oilfield waste management experiences in the United States and Canada were discussed in four aspects, including legislations and regulations, discharge limitations, management technologies, and practices. These management exprerices were compared with oil waste management aspects in our country. It was found that several improvements could be made:promulgating a specific legislation or regulation, refining the discharge standards, introducing best management practices and strengthen the participation of industry associations.
In the stage of oilfield waste generation, the source of oilfield waste, characteristics and the methods for volume estimation of drilling fluids, drill cuttings and produced water were analysed and proposed. Oilfield waste were classified into two categories, i.e. hazardous oilfield waste (HOW) and non-hazardous oilfield waste (NHOW). The Chemical Scoring and Ranking Assessment Model (SCRAM) was modified by adding an environemtal effect factor. Subsequently, the modified SCRAM was applied in screening main contaminates in oilfield waste. As a result,54contaminates were identified as main contaminats, including17inorganics,10alkane,8hydrochloric ether,3benzene series,1nitrobenzenes,1phenols,1esters, and14PAH. In the end, potential environmental impacts of the main contaminates in the oilfield waste were elaborated.
In the oilfield waste treatment and disposal stage, management technologies of drilling waste and produced water were introduced and compared. They provided basic information for selecting proper oilfied waste management options. The methodologies of life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis for oilfield waste treatment and disposal options were developed. Framework of combined LCA and LCC were established. Thereafter, LCA were jointed with LCC under the concept of "Ecological Efficiency". The conbined model called "Life Cycle Perspective Oilfied Waste Management Option Decision Model" was applied in evaluating drill cutting management options in Chenghai Oilfield. Conbined life cycle environmental and economic impact of three Chenghai Oilfield drill cutting management scenarios, which were driven by disel or electricity, was analysed by applying Life Cycle Perspective Oilfied Waste Management Option Decision Model. In addition, the impacts of various weighting methods in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) on final results were discussed. The results indicated that:power types and LCIA weighting method did not affect the final decision; the best drill cutting management option is Scenario3, i.e. after solid liquid separation pretreatment, drill cutting were loaded and transported to treatment plant to be solidified, and then reused in road paving.
In the oilfield waste contaminated land remediation phase, the concept of soil general assessment criteria (GAC) is defined. Parameters of land use scenarios, receptors, buildings, and soil characterizations in CLEA model were replaced by data in China. Physical and chemical properties and toxicity data of28main contaminates in oilfied waste were added in CLEA chemical database as well. GAC of36concerned oilfield waste contaminates in five typical Chinese soil types (i.e. red soil, yellow soil, black soil, purple soil and paddy soil) and three land use scenarios (i.e. residential, agriculture, industry and commercial) were get. Those GACs provided decision makers with a prileminary value to judge whether the site need to be remediated. Technical performance, target contaminants, cost, application conditions, and environmental impact of13oilfield waste contaminated land remediation technologies were discussed. It provided decision makers with basic information for selecting a proper remediation technology. In the end, processse and indicators for screening remediation technologies were developed.
Ultimately, an Integrated Oil field Waste Management System (IOWMS) were established. IOWMS were consist of5level one elements and19level two elements,8management aspects, and8operating machanisms. In addition, the effectiveness evaluation index system for IOWMS was porposed. The index system contains4level one indicators,10level two indicators and23level three indicators.5level one elements of IOWMS were policies and objectives, planning, implementation and operation, audit and update, management review.19level two elements of IOWMS included objective and targets, legal requirements, waste identification and classification, facility requirements, waste management plan, risk identification and assessment, risk control practices, orgnisation and responsibilities, training, awareness and capability, system files, files control, operation control, emergency preparedness and response, monitoring, corrective actions, system audit, and documentation. Legal and other requirements, oilfield waste identification, classification and storage, oilfield waste transport and trancking, oilfield waste treatment and disposal, oilfield waste contaminated land risk aseessment and remediation, development of oilfield waste management plan, stakeholders and social responsibility consisted of8aspects of IOWMS. Opration machnisms of IOWMS were comprised of defining policies and targets, organizing accountability agencies, monitoring, developing strict data reporting and examination system, making reasonable oilfiled waste management plan and implementation pordedures, developing file control and documentation system, establish training and conmmunication system, and developing reviewing system.
引文
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