高校中外合作办学项目学生跨文化适应研究
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摘要
经过30多年的探索与发展,高校中外合作办学工作在国家的扶持下已逐渐走上规范化和法治化的发展道路,在培养我国社会主义现代化建设急需的高素质国际化人才,推动我国教育国际化和传播中华民族优秀文化等方面发挥了显著作用。但就目前而言,高校中外合作办学项目在引进优质高等教育资源上还比较薄弱,对学生跨文化适应状况的了解与跨文化能力培养的重视程度还不够,尚缺乏系统、有效的跨文化培训方案与具体措施,在促进和保证学生的个人发展与健康成长方面还存在很大的改善空间。本研究便是基于这样一种现实之需,对高校中外合作办学项目学生在海外留学期间的跨文化适应状况、现存问题及其影响因素进行的一项探索性实证研究。
本论文在对现有跨文化适应相关理论及实证研究文献资料进行回顾与分析的基础上,运用问卷、访谈与观察等研究方法对目前高校中外合作办学项目学生留学期间的跨文化适应状况、问题及其影响因素进行了深入调查与分析,并在此基础上对如何进一步完善高校跨文化教育培训体系,提高学生跨文化适应能力提出了具体的对策建议。
本论文的研究结果表明,贝瑞等人构建的文化适应理论框架因主要以长期移民和难民为主要研究群体,其对国际留学生群体,尤其是通过国际教育合作项目出国的学生群体的针对性不够,对该群体的跨文化适应问题及其影响因素的解释和适用程度存在一定的局限性。本论文基于实证调查与深入分析,建构出专门针对中外合作办学项目学生跨文化适应的理论框架。该框架将留学动机与目标、国内阶段准备、社会支持、跨文化适应态度与策略及各种人口统计学因素列为影响项目学生跨文化适应的重要因素,并将适应结果分为心理、学业及其他社会文化适应等三个维度。此外,相较于现存的贝瑞等人的跨文化适应理论框架,本文提出的理论框架进一步强调了个体跨文化适应态度与实际策略之间可能存在的差异及其形成原因,指出对个体跨文化适应问题的考察不仅应关注其理想的跨文化适应态度,还应同时纳入对个体实际跨文化适应策略以及文化认同等方面的测量和分析。同时,该理论框架将个体跨文化适应过程视为个体对留学所在国社会文化与中国传统社会文化进行认知、比较与评估的动态过程,以及对自我概念与文化身份进行重构的动态过程。可以说,该理论框架不仅是国内首次专门针对高校中外合作办学项目学生提出的一个理论框架,同时也是对现存跨文化适应理论框架的有效补充和进一步发展,其对解释其他类型的国际留学生的跨文化适应问题也具有一定的参考价值和理论意义。
本研究在理论和实践上的创新与贡献主要包括以下几个方面：
(一)本研究通过量化与质性研究相结合的方法对现有涵化理论模型对项目留学生跨文化适应的适用程度进行了检验和补充,并在此基础上提出了高校中外合作办学项目学生跨文化适应的综合理论框架。这不仅填补了目前国内学术界对该类项目学生海外跨文化适应研究领域的缺失,同时也是对国际留学生跨文化适应理论模型建构的一次探索性实证研究。
(二)本研究对高校中外合作办学项目学生的跨文化能力培养提出了切实可行的培训方法与对策建议,初步构建了一个针对高校中外合作办学项目学生设计的跨文化培训模型。该模型对双方合作院校开展阶段性跨文化培训具有较强的实践意义,尤其能够为中方合作院校制定相关政策、完善课程设置与跨文化培训以及提供学术支持与咨询服务等方面提供数据参考和理论支持。
(三)本研究对涵化测量量表的设计与实施提出了改进建议。建议在对涵化测量量表的设计上(如本研究中用的涵化态度量表)应增加测量实际涵化行为与文化身份认同方面的题项,以便更加准确的了解个体跨文化适应状况与涵化策略(包括态度、行为与身份认同)之间的关系,为完善涵化研究方法的理论研究做出了一定的贡献。
(四)本研究尝试使用了多种有效的网络通讯工具(如e-mail、QQ、MSN、 Skype、微信等)进行数据搜集并取得了不错的效果,这些新型的数据搜集方法应在未来的相关研究中得到更多的关注和应用。
After thirty years of exploration and development, the Chinese-foreign higher education cooperation programs has marched on the legalized and standardized way by the encouragement and support of national policies. These programs are playing a significant role of cultivating high-quality, internationalized and versatile talents for China's socialist modernization construction. However, the attention has not been paid enough by academic researchers and practitioners so far to the cross-cultural adaptation issue and the cultivation of intercultural competence of students under the cooperation programs which is essential for achieving and guaranteeing the sustainable development of the whole Chinese-foreign higher education cooperation programs. Therefore this dissertation mainly aims at making a meaningful contribution in this regard.
This dissertation is an exploratory empirical study on the cross-cultural adaptation issues of Chinese international students participated in the Chinese-foreign higher education cooperation programs (hereafter C-F CP students) through questionnaire, interview and observation methods. It also provides practical strategies and suggestions on how to better improve C-F CP students'intercultural competence.
The key findings include that the existing cross-cultural adaptation theoretical framework and models made by John Berry, Colleen Ward and their colleagues which are mainly based on research work on immigrants and refugees population have certain limitations on explaining the cross-cultural adaptation issues and its impacting factors of the international students'population. This paper, based on the empirical research and in-depth analysis, proposes a theoretical framework for C-F CP students' cross-cultural adaptation. This framework identifies motivations and goals of studying abroad, preparation before leaving home countries, acquired social support, cross-cultural adaptation attitudes and strategies as well as a variety of demographic factors as critical influencing factors for C-F CP students'cross-cultural adaptation process, and divided the adaptation results into three dimensions including psychological adaptation, academic adaptation and other social cultural adaptation. Compared to the existing theoretical framework made by Berry and other cross-cultural psychologists mentioned above, this framework further amplifies the possible differences between cross-cultural adaptation attitudes and actual strategies and its causes.
The framework also suggests that the cross-cultural adaptation process of C-F CP students is a dynamic process of cultural and social cognition and assessment for both home countries and host countries, as well as a dynamic process for self-construal and cultural identity's reconstruction. Therefore, we could say that this framework is not only the first cross-cultural adaptation theoretical frameworks specially designed for the C-F CP students, but also a kind of effective supplement and further development for the current cross-cultural adaptation theoretical frameworks and models. It also provides valuable resources for studying other types of international students' cross-cultural adaptation issues.
The theoretical and practical contribution of this study mainly includes the following aspects:
1. This study empirically examines the applicability of the existing cross-cultural adaptation frameworks and models in C-F CP students'population and proposes a cross-cultural adaptation framworks for C-F CP students, which can also be considered as an exploratory empirical study for constructing the comprehensive theoretical framework for international students'population.
2. This study provides a practical exploration for the development of cross-cultural communication training model for C-F CP students based on the research findings which can serve as a meaningful supplement and extention of the cross-cultural training theory and practices aiming at the international students'population.
3. This study contributes to the theoretical research of acculturation research methods and measurements improvement by suggesting that not only the acculturation attitudes but also the acculturation behavior and cultural identity dimensions should be included in the acculturation measurement scale design.
4. From the methodological sense, various data collection methods based on network communication tools are utilized to conduct field investigation, which are proved to be quite effective and should be utilized more in the future research in this field.
本论文在对现有跨文化适应相关理论及实证研究文献资料进行回顾与分析的基础上,运用问卷、访谈与观察等研究方法对目前高校中外合作办学项目学生留学期间的跨文化适应状况、问题及其影响因素进行了深入调查与分析,并在此基础上对如何进一步完善高校跨文化教育培训体系,提高学生跨文化适应能力提出了具体的对策建议。
本论文的研究结果表明,贝瑞等人构建的文化适应理论框架因主要以长期移民和难民为主要研究群体,其对国际留学生群体,尤其是通过国际教育合作项目出国的学生群体的针对性不够,对该群体的跨文化适应问题及其影响因素的解释和适用程度存在一定的局限性。本论文基于实证调查与深入分析,建构出专门针对中外合作办学项目学生跨文化适应的理论框架。该框架将留学动机与目标、国内阶段准备、社会支持、跨文化适应态度与策略及各种人口统计学因素列为影响项目学生跨文化适应的重要因素,并将适应结果分为心理、学业及其他社会文化适应等三个维度。此外,相较于现存的贝瑞等人的跨文化适应理论框架,本文提出的理论框架进一步强调了个体跨文化适应态度与实际策略之间可能存在的差异及其形成原因,指出对个体跨文化适应问题的考察不仅应关注其理想的跨文化适应态度,还应同时纳入对个体实际跨文化适应策略以及文化认同等方面的测量和分析。同时,该理论框架将个体跨文化适应过程视为个体对留学所在国社会文化与中国传统社会文化进行认知、比较与评估的动态过程,以及对自我概念与文化身份进行重构的动态过程。可以说,该理论框架不仅是国内首次专门针对高校中外合作办学项目学生提出的一个理论框架,同时也是对现存跨文化适应理论框架的有效补充和进一步发展,其对解释其他类型的国际留学生的跨文化适应问题也具有一定的参考价值和理论意义。
本研究在理论和实践上的创新与贡献主要包括以下几个方面：
(一)本研究通过量化与质性研究相结合的方法对现有涵化理论模型对项目留学生跨文化适应的适用程度进行了检验和补充,并在此基础上提出了高校中外合作办学项目学生跨文化适应的综合理论框架。这不仅填补了目前国内学术界对该类项目学生海外跨文化适应研究领域的缺失,同时也是对国际留学生跨文化适应理论模型建构的一次探索性实证研究。
(二)本研究对高校中外合作办学项目学生的跨文化能力培养提出了切实可行的培训方法与对策建议,初步构建了一个针对高校中外合作办学项目学生设计的跨文化培训模型。该模型对双方合作院校开展阶段性跨文化培训具有较强的实践意义,尤其能够为中方合作院校制定相关政策、完善课程设置与跨文化培训以及提供学术支持与咨询服务等方面提供数据参考和理论支持。
(三)本研究对涵化测量量表的设计与实施提出了改进建议。建议在对涵化测量量表的设计上(如本研究中用的涵化态度量表)应增加测量实际涵化行为与文化身份认同方面的题项,以便更加准确的了解个体跨文化适应状况与涵化策略(包括态度、行为与身份认同)之间的关系,为完善涵化研究方法的理论研究做出了一定的贡献。
(四)本研究尝试使用了多种有效的网络通讯工具(如e-mail、QQ、MSN、 Skype、微信等)进行数据搜集并取得了不错的效果,这些新型的数据搜集方法应在未来的相关研究中得到更多的关注和应用。
After thirty years of exploration and development, the Chinese-foreign higher education cooperation programs has marched on the legalized and standardized way by the encouragement and support of national policies. These programs are playing a significant role of cultivating high-quality, internationalized and versatile talents for China's socialist modernization construction. However, the attention has not been paid enough by academic researchers and practitioners so far to the cross-cultural adaptation issue and the cultivation of intercultural competence of students under the cooperation programs which is essential for achieving and guaranteeing the sustainable development of the whole Chinese-foreign higher education cooperation programs. Therefore this dissertation mainly aims at making a meaningful contribution in this regard.
This dissertation is an exploratory empirical study on the cross-cultural adaptation issues of Chinese international students participated in the Chinese-foreign higher education cooperation programs (hereafter C-F CP students) through questionnaire, interview and observation methods. It also provides practical strategies and suggestions on how to better improve C-F CP students'intercultural competence.
The key findings include that the existing cross-cultural adaptation theoretical framework and models made by John Berry, Colleen Ward and their colleagues which are mainly based on research work on immigrants and refugees population have certain limitations on explaining the cross-cultural adaptation issues and its impacting factors of the international students'population. This paper, based on the empirical research and in-depth analysis, proposes a theoretical framework for C-F CP students' cross-cultural adaptation. This framework identifies motivations and goals of studying abroad, preparation before leaving home countries, acquired social support, cross-cultural adaptation attitudes and strategies as well as a variety of demographic factors as critical influencing factors for C-F CP students'cross-cultural adaptation process, and divided the adaptation results into three dimensions including psychological adaptation, academic adaptation and other social cultural adaptation. Compared to the existing theoretical framework made by Berry and other cross-cultural psychologists mentioned above, this framework further amplifies the possible differences between cross-cultural adaptation attitudes and actual strategies and its causes.
The framework also suggests that the cross-cultural adaptation process of C-F CP students is a dynamic process of cultural and social cognition and assessment for both home countries and host countries, as well as a dynamic process for self-construal and cultural identity's reconstruction. Therefore, we could say that this framework is not only the first cross-cultural adaptation theoretical frameworks specially designed for the C-F CP students, but also a kind of effective supplement and further development for the current cross-cultural adaptation theoretical frameworks and models. It also provides valuable resources for studying other types of international students' cross-cultural adaptation issues.
The theoretical and practical contribution of this study mainly includes the following aspects:
1. This study empirically examines the applicability of the existing cross-cultural adaptation frameworks and models in C-F CP students'population and proposes a cross-cultural adaptation framworks for C-F CP students, which can also be considered as an exploratory empirical study for constructing the comprehensive theoretical framework for international students'population.
2. This study provides a practical exploration for the development of cross-cultural communication training model for C-F CP students based on the research findings which can serve as a meaningful supplement and extention of the cross-cultural training theory and practices aiming at the international students'population.
3. This study contributes to the theoretical research of acculturation research methods and measurements improvement by suggesting that not only the acculturation attitudes but also the acculturation behavior and cultural identity dimensions should be included in the acculturation measurement scale design.
4. From the methodological sense, various data collection methods based on network communication tools are utilized to conduct field investigation, which are proved to be quite effective and should be utilized more in the future research in this field.
引文
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① Altbach, P. G., "Perspectives on Internationalizing Higher Education", International Higher Education, no.27 (Spring 2002), pp.6-8.
② Jane Knight, J., " New Typologies for Cross-border Higher Education", International Higher Education, no.38 (Winter 2005), pp.3-4.
③ Stephen Adam. Transnational Education Project, Report and Recommendations, London:University of Westminster,2001.
④ Grant Mcburnie & Christopher Ziguras. Transnational Eduction:Issues and Trends in Offshore Higher Education, London:Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group,2007.
⑤ Philip G Altbach, "Chinese Education in an Open-door Era", International Higher Education, no.45 (Fall 2006), pp.15-17.
⑥ Futao Huang, "Transnational Higher Education:A Perspective from China", Higher Education Research and Development, vol.22, no.2 (2003), pp.193-203.
① 邬志辉：《教育全球化：中国的视点与问题》,上海：华东师范大学出版社,2004年.
② 邬大光、林莉：《危机与转机：WTO视野中的中国高等教育》,厦门：厦门大学出版社,2004年.
③ 潘懋元：《教育主权与教育产权关系辨析》,《中国高等教育》2003年第6期,第14-16页。
④ 王剑波：《跨国高等教育与中外合作办学》,山东：山东教育出版社,2005年.
⑤ 赵彦志编著：《中外合作办学：治理与发展》,大连：东北财经大学出版社,2010年.
⑥ 龚思怡：《高校中外合作办学模式与运行机制的研究》,上海：上海大学出版社,2007年.
⑦ 覃美琼：《中外合作办学现状分析与对策建议》,《高等教育研究2006年第5期,第34-39页。
① 程斌、程宜康：《2000年以来我国中外合作办学研究综述》,《学术论坛》2007年第2期,第196-199页。
② 张国强：《高等教育中外合作办学的历史与反思》,《高教发展与评估》2006年第1期,第36-38页。
③ 李盛兵、王志强：《中外合作办学30年：基于11省市中外合作办学分析》,《华南师范大学学报(社会科学版)》2009年第2期,第96-99页。
④ 林金辉、刘志平：《高等教育中外合作办学研究》,广东：广东高等教育出版社,2010年.
⑤ 林金辉：《中外合作办学基本规律及其运用》,《江苏高教》2012年第1期,第47-49页。
① 注：研究者在调查问卷第一部分的最后一题提出希望愿意接受访谈的同学留下自己的联系方式,以便研究者进行进一步的访谈和调查。
① Tylor, E. B, The Origins of Culture, New York:Haper and Row Publishers,1958, pp.1.
② 转引自司马云杰：《文化社会学》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2001年,第7页.
③ 费孝通：《试探扩展社会学的传统界限》,《文化与文化自觉》,北京：群言出版社,2010年,第415-416页。
④ 费孝通：《试探扩展社会学的传统界限》,《文化与文化自觉》,北京：群言出版社,2010年,第416页.
① 费孝通：《对文化的历史性和社会性的思考》,《文化与文化自觉》,北京：群言出版社,2010年,第434页.
② Hofstede, G, Culture's Consequences, Sage Publications,2001, pp.9-10.
③ Amorim, L, Intercultural Learning:A Few Awareness Tips for US and European Fellows & Host Community Foundation, Washing D.C.:European Foundation Centre,2001.
④ 费孝通：《试探扩展社会学的传统界限》,《文化与文化自觉》,北京：群言出版社,2010年,第417-419页。
① 约翰·W·贝瑞：《跨文化关系中的基本心理过程》,[美]丹·兰迪斯,珍妮特·M·贝内特,米尔顿·J·贝内特主编：《跨文化培训指南》,关世杰等译.北京：北京大学出版社,2009年,第255-257页。
② 费孝通：《反思、对话、文化自觉》,《文化与文化自觉》,北京：群言出版社,2010年,第195页。
③ Redfield, R., Linton, R.,& Herskovits, M. J. Memorandum on the study of acculturation[J]. American Anthropologist,1936(38),149-152.
④ Social Science Research Council Summer Seminar on Acculturation, "Acculturation:Exploratory formulation", American Anthropologist, vol.56, no.6 (1954), pp.973-1002.
① Berry, J. W., "Acculutration:Living successfully in two cultures", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol.29, no.6 (2005), pp.698.
② Kim, Y. Y., "Communication and acculturation". In L. A. Samovar & R.E. Porter (Eds.), Intercultural Communication:A Reader(4th ed.). Belmont, CA:Wadsworth,1982, p.378.
③ Kim, Y. Y., ibid, pp.380.
④ Johnson, L. R.,& Sandhu, D. S., "Isolation, Adjustment, and Acculturation Issues of International Students:Intervention Strategies for Counselors", In H. D. Singaravelu & M. Pope (Eds.), A Handbook for Counseling International Students in the United States, Alexandria, VA:American Counseling Association,2007, p.13.
⑤ Graves, T. D., "Psychological Acculturation in a Tri-ethnic Community", Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, vol.23 (1967), pp.337-350.
⑥ Berry, J. W., "Psychology of Acculturation", In J. Berman (eds.), Cross-cultural Perspectives:Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Linconln:University of Nebraska Press,1990, p.460.
① 余伟：《中山市青年农民工的生活状况、文化适应及心理健康的调查研究》,硕士学位论文,中国科学院,2006年。
② Berry, J.W., Poortinga,Y. H., Segall, M. H.,& Dasen, P. R., Cross-Cultural Psychology:Research and Applications (2nd ed.), UK:Cambridge University Press,2002, pp.369-370.
③ Searle, W.,& Ward, C., "The Prediction of Psychological and Sociocultural Adjustment during Cross-cultural Transitions", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol.14 (1990), pp. 449-464.
④ Ward, C., Rana-Deuba, A., "Acculturation and Adaptation Revisited", Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, vol.30, no.4 (1999), pp.422-442.
① Berry, J.W., Poortinga, Y. H., Segall, M. H.,& Dasen, P. R. Cross-Cultural Psychology:Research and Applications(2nd ed.), UK:Cambridge University Press,2002, pp.351.
① 常永才：《当今国际化态势下我国开展跨文化互动教育的根本：文化自觉》,《世界教育信息(教育国际化论坛专刊)》2011年第3期。
② Henry Louis Gates Jr, "Goodbye, Columbus? Notes on the Culture of Criticism", American Literacy History, no.3 (1991), pp.711-727.
③ 常永才：《治理文化多样性的教育政策理念：从多元观到互动观》,北京：世界比较教育学论坛,2011年10月.
④ Agostino Portera, " Intercultural Education in Europe:Epistemological and Semantic Aspects", Intercultural Education, vol.19, no.6 (2008), pp.481-491.
① John W. Berry, Ype H. Poortinga, Marshall H. Segall & Pierre R. Dasen, Cross-Cultural Psychology: Research and Application, UK:Cambridge University Press,1992, pp.345-346.
② Epstein, M, "Transculture:A Broad Way Between Globalism and Multiculturalism", American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol.68 (2009), pp.327-351.
③ Donglin Han & David Zweig, "Images of the World:Studying Abroad and Chinese Attitudes towards International Affairs", The China Quarterly,2010, pp.290-297.
① 余伟、郑钢：《跨文化心理学中的文化适应研究》,《心理科学进展》2005年第13卷第6期,第837页。
② Arends-Toth, J.,& Van de Vijver, F. J. R., "Issues in the Conceptualization and Assessment of Acculturation", In M. H. Bornstein & L. R. Cote (Eds.), Acculturation and Parent-child Relationships: Measurement and Development, Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,2006, pp.33-62.
③ 如LaFromboise, T., Coleman, H. L.,& Gerton, J., "Psychological Impact of Biculturalism:Evidence and Theory", Psychological Bulletin, vol.114 (1993), pp.395-412; Sanchez, J.,& Fernandez, D., "Acculturative Stress among Hispanics:A Bi-dimensional Model of Ethnic Identification", Journal of Applied Social Psychology, vol.23 (1993), pp.654-668.
① Berry, J. W., "Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation", Applied Psychology, vol.46 (1997), pp.5-68.
② Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., Segall, M. H.,& Dasen, P. R., Cross-Cultural Psychology:Research and Applications(2nd ed.), UK:Cambridge University Press,2002, p.354.
③ 如Berry, J.W., " Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation", Applied Psychology, vol.46, no.1 (1997), pp.5-68; Dona, G., Berry, J. W., "Acculturation Attitudes and Acculturative Stress of Central American Refugees", International Journal of Psychology, vol.29, no.1(1994), pp.57-70; Phinney, J., "Ethnic Identity and Self-esteem:A Review and Integration", Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, vol.13 (1991),pp.193-208.
④ Berry, J. W., Phinney, J. S., Sam, D. L.,& Vedder, P., "Immigration Youth:Acculturation, Identity, and Adaptation", Applied Psychology, vol.55, no.3 (2006), pp.303-332.
⑤ Ward, C.,& Rana-Deuba, A., "Acculturation and Adaptation Revisited", Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology, vol.30, no.4 (1999), pp.422-442.
① Nyguen, H. H., Messe, L. A.,& Stollak, G E., "Toward a More Complex Understanding of Acculturation and Adjustment:Cultural Involvements and Psychosocial Functioning in Vietnamese Youth", Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, vol.30, no.1 (1999), pp.5-31.
② Lee S, Sobal J, Frongillo E A., "Comparison of Models of Acculturation:The Case of Korean Americans", Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, vol.34, no.3 (2003), pp.282-296.
③ Arends-Toth J, Van de Vijver F J R., "Domains and Dimensions in Acculturation:Implicit Theories of Turkish-Dutch", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol.28 (2004), pp.19-35.
④ Navas, M., Rojas, A., Garcia, M. M.,& Pumares, P., "Acculturation Strategies and Attitudes According to the Relative Acculturation Extended Model (RAEM):The Perspective of Natives versus Immigrants", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol.31, no.1 (2007), pp.67-86.
⑤ 余伟、郑钢：《跨文化心理学中的文化适应研究》,《心理科学进展》2005年第13卷第6期,第836-846页。
① Ward, C., Bochner, S.,& Furnham, A., The Psychology of Culture Shock, London:Routledge,2001.
② Masgoret, A., Ward, C., "Culture Learning Approach to Acculturation", In D.L. Sam,& J. W. Berry (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology, New York, NY:Cambridge University Press,2006, pp.58-77.
③ Bochner, S., "Problems in culture learning", In S. Bochner & P. P. Wicks (Ed.), Overseas Students in Australia, Sydney:The New South Wales University Press,1972,65-81.
① Gudykunst, W. B., "Uncertainty Reduction and Predictability of Behavior in Low-and High-context Cultures", Communication Quarterly,1983.
② Lazarus, R.,& Folkman, S., Stress, Coping, and Appraisal, New York:Springer,1984.
③ Weissman, D.,& Furnham, A., "The Expectations and Experiences of A Sojourning Temporary Resident Aborad:A Preliminary Study", Human Relations, vol.40 (1987), pp.313-326.
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⑤ Diaz-Guerrero, R., "The Development of Coping Style", Human Development, vol.22 (1979), pp. 320-331.
⑥ Berry, J. W., "Stress Perspectives on Acculturation", In D. L. Sam,& J. W. Berry (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology, New York, NY:Cambridge University Press,2006, pp.43-57.
① Ward, C.,& Kennedy, A., "Coping with Cross-cultural Transition", Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, vol.32 (2001), pp.636-642.
② Cross, S. E., "Self-construals, Coping, and Stress in Cross-cultural Adaptation", Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. Vol.26 (1995), pp.673-697.
③ Berno, T.,& Ward, C., "Psychological and Sociocultural Adjustment of International Students in New Zealand", Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society of Australasian Social Psychologists, Christchurch, New Zealand,1998.
④ Weisz, J. R., Rothbaum, F. M.,& Blackburn, T. C., "Standing Out and Standing In:The Psychology of Control in America and Japan", American Psychologist, vol.39 (1984), pp.955-969.
⑤ Ward, C., Leong, C.-H.,& Kennedy, A., "Self Construals, Stress, Coping and Adjustment during Cross-cultural Transition", Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Society of Australasian Social Psychologists, Christchurch, New Zealand,1998.
⑥ 如Berry, J.W. "Stress Perspectives on Acculturation", In D. L. Sam,& J. W. Berry(eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006, pp. 43-57; Ward, C., Bochner, S.& Furnham, A., The Psychology of Culture Shock(2nd ed.), London: Routledge,2001; Yeh, C. J.,& Inose, M., "International Students'Reported English Fluency, Social Support Satisfaction, and Social Connectedness as Predictors of Acculturative Stress", Counselling Psychology Quarterly,2003, pp.15-28.
⑦ 如Chataway, C. J.,& Berry, J. W., Acculturation Experiences, Appraisal, Coping and Adaptation:A Comparison of Hong Kong Chinese, French and English Students in Canada", Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, vol.21 (1989), pp.295-301; Ward, C.,& Searle, W., "The Impact of Value Discrepancies and Cultural Identity on Psychological and Sociocultural Adjustment of Sojourners", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol.15, no.2 (1991), pp.209-225; Neto, F., "Predictors of Satisfaction with Life Satisfaction among Second Generation Migrants", Social Indicators Research, vol.35 (1995), pp.93-116.
① 如Antonovsky, A., Health Stress and Coping, San Francisco, CA:Jossey-Bass,1979; Hammer, M., "Behavioral Dimensions of Intercultural Effectiveness:A Replication and Extension", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol.11, no.1(1987), pp.65-88.
② Bochner S., Hutnik, N.,& Furnham, A., "The Friendship Patterns of Overseas and Host Students in an Oxford Student Residence", The Journal of Social Psychology, vol.125 (1985), pp.689-694.
③ 如Kashima, E. S.,& Loh, E., "International Students'Acculturation:Effects of International, Conational, and Local Ties and Need for Closure", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol.30 (2006), pp.471-485; Sawir, E., Marginson, S., Deumert, A., Nyland, C.,& Ramia, G., "Loneiness and International Students:An Australian Study", Journal of Studies in International Education, vol.12, no. 2(2008), pp.148-180.
④ Ward, C., Bochner, S.,& Furnham, A., The Psychology of Culture Shock (2nd ed.), Routledge:London, 2001.
⑤ Tajfel, H., Human Groups and Social Categories, Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press,1981.
① Stephan, W. G.,& Stephan, C. W., "Intergroup Anxiety", Journal of Social Issues, vol.41 (1985), pp. 157-175.
② Ward, C., Bochner, S.,& Furnham, A., The Psychology of Culture Shock (2nd edition), Routledge: London,2001.
③ Ward C., Rana-Deuba, A., "Acculturation and Adaptation Revisited", Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, vol.30 (1999), pp.422-442.
① Masgoret, A.,& Ward, C., "Culture Learning Approach to Acculturation", In D. L. Sam,& J. W. Berry (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology, New York, NY:Cambridge University Press,2006, pp.58-77.
② Castro, V. S., Acculturation and Psychological Adaptation, Westport, CT:Greenwood Press,2003.
③ LaFromboise, T., Coleman, H. L.,& Gerton, J., "Psychological Impact of Biculturalism:Evidence and Theory", Psychological Bulletin, vol.114 (1993), pp.395-412.
④ Ward, C., "The ABCs of Acculturation", In D. Matsumoto (Ed.), The Handbook of Culture and Psychology, New York:Oxford University Press,2001, pp.411-445.
⑤ 陈慧、车宏生、朱敏：《跨文化适应影响因素研究述评》,《心理科学进展》2003年第11卷第6期,第704-710页。
① Lysgaard, S., "Adjustment in a Foreign Society Norwegian Fulbright Grantees Visiting the United States", International Social Science Bulletin,1955, p.7.
② Oberg, K., "Culture Shock Adjustment to New Cultural Environments", Practical Anthropology, vol.7, 1960, p.177.
③ 关世杰：《跨文化交流学》,北京：北京大学出版社,1995年,第57页。
④ Oberg, K., "Culture Shock Adjustment to New Cultural Environments", Practical Anthropology, vol.7 (1960), p.177.
⑤ Gullahorn, J. T.,& Gullahorn, J. E., "An Extension of the U-curve Hypothesis", Journal of Social Issues, vol.19, no.3 (1963), pp.33-47.
⑥ Adler, P. S., "Culture Shock and The Cross-cultural Learning Experience", In Hoopes, David S. (ed.), Readings in Intercultural Communication, Pittsburg, Vol.2 (1987).
① Babiker, I. E., Cox, J. L.& Miller, P., "The Measurement of Cultural Distance and its Relationship to Medical Consultations, Symptomatology, and Examination Performance of Overseas Students at Edinburgh University", Social Psychiatry, vol.15, no.3 (1980), pp.109-116.
② 如Furnham, A. and Bochner, S., Culture Shock:Psychological Reactions to Unfamiliar Environment, Routledge:London,1989; Malcolm Chapman, Hanna Gajewska-De Mattos, Jeremy Clegg & Peter Jennings Buckley., "Close Neighbours and Distant Friends:Perceptions of Cultural Distance", International Business Review, vol.17, no.3 (2008), pp.217-234.
③ Hofstede G., Culture's Consequences:International Differences in Work-related Values, Beverly Hills, 1980.
④ Hofstede, G., Cultures and Organizations:Software of the Mind, London:McGraw-Hill,1991.
⑤ Harry C. Triandis., Individualism and Collectivism, Boulder Oxford:Westview Press,1995, pp.81-144.
① Adelman, M. B., "Cross-cultural Adjustment:A Theoretical Perspective on Social Support", International Journal of Intercultural Relation, vol.12, no.3 (1988), pp.183-204.
② 陈向明：《旅居者和“外国人”：留美中国学生跨文化人际交往研究》,北京：教育科学出版社,2004年。
③ Ward C, Kennedy A., "Psychological and Sociocultural Adjustment during Cross-cultural Transitions:A Comparison of Secondary Students at Home and Aborad", International Journal of Psychology, vol.28, no.2 (1993), pp.129-147.
④ 费孝通：《必须端正异文化的态度》,《文化与文化自觉》,北京：群言出版社,2010年,第270-273页。
① 费孝通：前引书,第270-273页.
② Lippmann, W., Public Opinion, New York:Harcourt Brace,1922.
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④ (转引自)贾玉新：《跨文化交际学》,上海：上海外语教育出版社,1997年,第115页。
⑤ 徐光兴：《跨文化适应的留学生活一中国留学生的心理健康与援助》,上海：上海辞书出版社,2000年,第184-188页。
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① 基于保密原则,并应部分学校要求,在文中隐去具体校名及其他具体辨识信息。
① Chirkov, V., Vansteenkiste, M., Tao, R., etc., "The Role of Self-determined Motivation and Goals for Study Aborad in the Adaptation of International Students", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol.31, no.2 (2007), pp.199-222.
② 杨军红：《来华留学生跨文化适应问题研究》,上海：上海社会科学院出版社,2009年,第74-75页。
③ Zung, W. W. K., "A Self-rating Depression Scale", Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.12, no.1 (January 1965), pp.63-70.
④ Zung, W. W. K., "A Cross-cultural Survey of Symptoms in Depression", American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.126, no.1 (1969), pp.116-121.
⑤ 如Ward, C., Okura, Y., Kennedy, A.,& Kojima, T., "The U-Curve on Trial:A Longitudinal Study of Psychology and Sociocultural Adjustment during Cross-cultural Transition", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol.22 (1998), pp.277-291; Ward, C.& Kennedy, A., "The Measurement of Sociocultural Adaptation", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol.23, no.4 (1999), pp. 659-677; Oatey, H. S.& Xiong, Z., "Chinese Students'Psychological and Sociocultural Adjustments to Britain:An Empirical Study", Language, Culture and Curriculum, vol.19, no.1(2006), pp.37-53.
① Ward, C.& Kennedy, A., "The Measurement of Sociocultural Adaptation", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol.23, no.4 (1999), pp.659-677.
② 如Ward, C.,& Kennedy, A., "Psychological and Sociocultural Adjustment during Cross-cultural Transitions:A Comparison of Secondary Students Overseas and at Home", International Journal of Psychology, vol.28, no.2 (1993), pp.129-147; Wang, C. D.,& Mallinckrodt, B., "Acculturation, Attachment and Psychosocial Adjustment of Chinese Taiwanese International Students", Journal of Counseling Psychology, vol.53, no.4 (October 2006), pp.422-433.
① H. R. Winefield, H. R., Winefield, A. H., and Tiggermann, M., "Social Support and Psychological Well-being in Young Adults:The Multi-Dimensional Support Scale", Journal of Personality Assessment, vol.58, no.1 (1992), pp.198-210.
② Berry, J. W., Phinney, J. S., Sam, D. L., et al., Immigrant Youth in Cultural Transition:Acculturation, Identity and Adaption across National Contexts, US:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,2006.
① 注：下标1,2分别指代计划出国的项目学生和已出国项目学生。
① Zung, W. W. K., "A Self-rating Depression Scale", Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.12, no.l (January 1965), pp.63-70.
① 科琳.沃德：《文化接触的心理学理论及其对跨文化培训和介入的启示》,[美]丹.兰迪斯等编：《跨文化培训指南》,北京：北京大学出版社,2009年,第185-216页。
② Ward, C., Okura, Y., Kennedy, A.,& Kojima, T., "The U-Curve on Trial:A Longitudinal Study of Psychology and Sociocultural Adjustment during Cross-cultural Transition", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol.22 (1998), pp.277-291.
③ Spencer-Oatey, H.& Xiong, Z., "Chinese Students'Psychological and Sociocultural adjustments to Britain:An Empirical Study", Language, Culture and Curriculum, vol.19, no.1 (2006), pp.37-53.
① 如Kashima, E. S.,& Loh, E., "International Students' Acculturation:Effects of International, Conational, and Local Ties and Need for Closure", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol.30 (2006), pp.471-485; Li, A.,& Gasser, M. B., "Predicting Asian International Students' Sociocultural Adjustment:A Test of Two Mediation Models". International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol.29 (2005), pp.561-576; Zhang, J.,& Goodson, P., "Predictors of International Students' Psychosocial Adjustment to Life in the United States:A Systematic Review", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol.35 (2011), pp.139-162.
① Padilla, A.,& Perez, W.," Acculturation, Social Identity, and Social Cognition:A New Perspective", Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, vol.25 (2003), p.41.
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① 余伟、郑钢：《跨文化心理学中的文化适应研究》,《心理科学进展》2005年第13卷第6期,第837页。
② Arends-Toth, J.,& Van de Vijver, F. J. R., "Issues in the Conceptualization and Assessment of Acculturation", In M. H. Bornstein & L. R. Cote (Eds.), Acculturation and Parent-child Relationships: Measurement and Development, Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,2006, pp.33-62.
③ 如LaFromboise, T., Coleman, H. L.,& Gerton, J., "Psychological Impact of Biculturalism:Evidence and Theory", Psychological Bulletin, vol.114 (1993), pp.395-412; Sanchez, J.,& Fernandez, D., "Acculturative Stress among Hispanics:A Bi-dimensional Model of Ethnic Identification", Journal of Applied Social Psychology, vol.23 (1993), pp.654-668.
① Berry, J. W., "Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation", Applied Psychology, vol.46 (1997), pp.5-68.
② Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., Segall, M. H.,& Dasen, P. R., Cross-Cultural Psychology:Research and Applications(2nd ed.), UK:Cambridge University Press,2002, p.354.
③ 如Berry, J.W., " Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation", Applied Psychology, vol.46, no.1 (1997), pp.5-68; Dona, G., Berry, J. W., "Acculturation Attitudes and Acculturative Stress of Central American Refugees", International Journal of Psychology, vol.29, no.1(1994), pp.57-70; Phinney, J., "Ethnic Identity and Self-esteem:A Review and Integration", Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, vol.13 (1991),pp.193-208.
④ Berry, J. W., Phinney, J. S., Sam, D. L.,& Vedder, P., "Immigration Youth:Acculturation, Identity, and Adaptation", Applied Psychology, vol.55, no.3 (2006), pp.303-332.
⑤ Ward, C.,& Rana-Deuba, A., "Acculturation and Adaptation Revisited", Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology, vol.30, no.4 (1999), pp.422-442.
① Nyguen, H. H., Messe, L. A.,& Stollak, G E., "Toward a More Complex Understanding of Acculturation and Adjustment:Cultural Involvements and Psychosocial Functioning in Vietnamese Youth", Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, vol.30, no.1 (1999), pp.5-31.
② Lee S, Sobal J, Frongillo E A., "Comparison of Models of Acculturation:The Case of Korean Americans", Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, vol.34, no.3 (2003), pp.282-296.
③ Arends-Toth J, Van de Vijver F J R., "Domains and Dimensions in Acculturation:Implicit Theories of Turkish-Dutch", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol.28 (2004), pp.19-35.
④ Navas, M., Rojas, A., Garcia, M. M.,& Pumares, P., "Acculturation Strategies and Attitudes According to the Relative Acculturation Extended Model (RAEM):The Perspective of Natives versus Immigrants", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol.31, no.1 (2007), pp.67-86.
⑤ 余伟、郑钢：《跨文化心理学中的文化适应研究》,《心理科学进展》2005年第13卷第6期,第836-846页。
① Ward, C., Bochner, S.,& Furnham, A., The Psychology of Culture Shock, London:Routledge,2001.
② Masgoret, A., Ward, C., "Culture Learning Approach to Acculturation", In D.L. Sam,& J. W. Berry (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology, New York, NY:Cambridge University Press,2006, pp.58-77.
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⑥ Berry, J. W., "Stress Perspectives on Acculturation", In D. L. Sam,& J. W. Berry (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology, New York, NY:Cambridge University Press,2006, pp.43-57.
① Ward, C.,& Kennedy, A., "Coping with Cross-cultural Transition", Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, vol.32 (2001), pp.636-642.
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⑥ 如Berry, J.W. "Stress Perspectives on Acculturation", In D. L. Sam,& J. W. Berry(eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006, pp. 43-57; Ward, C., Bochner, S.& Furnham, A., The Psychology of Culture Shock(2nd ed.), London: Routledge,2001; Yeh, C. J.,& Inose, M., "International Students'Reported English Fluency, Social Support Satisfaction, and Social Connectedness as Predictors of Acculturative Stress", Counselling Psychology Quarterly,2003, pp.15-28.
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④ Ward, C., Bochner, S.,& Furnham, A., The Psychology of Culture Shock (2nd ed.), Routledge:London, 2001.
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② Ward, C., Bochner, S.,& Furnham, A., The Psychology of Culture Shock (2nd edition), Routledge: London,2001.
③ Ward C., Rana-Deuba, A., "Acculturation and Adaptation Revisited", Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, vol.30 (1999), pp.422-442.
① Masgoret, A.,& Ward, C., "Culture Learning Approach to Acculturation", In D. L. Sam,& J. W. Berry (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology, New York, NY:Cambridge University Press,2006, pp.58-77.
② Castro, V. S., Acculturation and Psychological Adaptation, Westport, CT:Greenwood Press,2003.
③ LaFromboise, T., Coleman, H. L.,& Gerton, J., "Psychological Impact of Biculturalism:Evidence and Theory", Psychological Bulletin, vol.114 (1993), pp.395-412.
④ Ward, C., "The ABCs of Acculturation", In D. Matsumoto (Ed.), The Handbook of Culture and Psychology, New York:Oxford University Press,2001, pp.411-445.
⑤ 陈慧、车宏生、朱敏：《跨文化适应影响因素研究述评》,《心理科学进展》2003年第11卷第6期,第704-710页。
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③ 关世杰：《跨文化交流学》,北京：北京大学出版社,1995年,第57页。
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② 如Furnham, A. and Bochner, S., Culture Shock:Psychological Reactions to Unfamiliar Environment, Routledge:London,1989; Malcolm Chapman, Hanna Gajewska-De Mattos, Jeremy Clegg & Peter Jennings Buckley., "Close Neighbours and Distant Friends:Perceptions of Cultural Distance", International Business Review, vol.17, no.3 (2008), pp.217-234.
③ Hofstede G., Culture's Consequences:International Differences in Work-related Values, Beverly Hills, 1980.
④ Hofstede, G., Cultures and Organizations:Software of the Mind, London:McGraw-Hill,1991.
⑤ Harry C. Triandis., Individualism and Collectivism, Boulder Oxford:Westview Press,1995, pp.81-144.
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② 陈向明：《旅居者和“外国人”：留美中国学生跨文化人际交往研究》,北京：教育科学出版社,2004年。
③ Ward C, Kennedy A., "Psychological and Sociocultural Adjustment during Cross-cultural Transitions:A Comparison of Secondary Students at Home and Aborad", International Journal of Psychology, vol.28, no.2 (1993), pp.129-147.
④ 费孝通：《必须端正异文化的态度》,《文化与文化自觉》,北京：群言出版社,2010年,第270-273页。
① 费孝通：前引书,第270-273页.
② Lippmann, W., Public Opinion, New York:Harcourt Brace,1922.
③ 彭凯平、王伊兰：《跨文化沟通心理学》,北京：北京师范大学出版社,2009年,第105-108页。
④ (转引自)贾玉新：《跨文化交际学》,上海：上海外语教育出版社,1997年,第115页。
⑤ 徐光兴：《跨文化适应的留学生活一中国留学生的心理健康与援助》,上海：上海辞书出版社,2000年,第184-188页。
⑥ 陈慧、车宏生、朱敏：《跨文化适应影响因素研究述评》,《心理科学进展》2003年第11卷第6期,第707页。
① 基于保密原则,并应部分学校要求,在文中隐去具体校名及其他具体辨识信息。
① Chirkov, V., Vansteenkiste, M., Tao, R., etc., "The Role of Self-determined Motivation and Goals for Study Aborad in the Adaptation of International Students", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol.31, no.2 (2007), pp.199-222.
② 杨军红：《来华留学生跨文化适应问题研究》,上海：上海社会科学院出版社,2009年,第74-75页。
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⑤ 如Ward, C., Okura, Y., Kennedy, A.,& Kojima, T., "The U-Curve on Trial:A Longitudinal Study of Psychology and Sociocultural Adjustment during Cross-cultural Transition", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol.22 (1998), pp.277-291; Ward, C.& Kennedy, A., "The Measurement of Sociocultural Adaptation", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol.23, no.4 (1999), pp. 659-677; Oatey, H. S.& Xiong, Z., "Chinese Students'Psychological and Sociocultural Adjustments to Britain:An Empirical Study", Language, Culture and Curriculum, vol.19, no.1(2006), pp.37-53.
① Ward, C.& Kennedy, A., "The Measurement of Sociocultural Adaptation", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol.23, no.4 (1999), pp.659-677.
② 如Ward, C.,& Kennedy, A., "Psychological and Sociocultural Adjustment during Cross-cultural Transitions:A Comparison of Secondary Students Overseas and at Home", International Journal of Psychology, vol.28, no.2 (1993), pp.129-147; Wang, C. D.,& Mallinckrodt, B., "Acculturation, Attachment and Psychosocial Adjustment of Chinese Taiwanese International Students", Journal of Counseling Psychology, vol.53, no.4 (October 2006), pp.422-433.
① H. R. Winefield, H. R., Winefield, A. H., and Tiggermann, M., "Social Support and Psychological Well-being in Young Adults:The Multi-Dimensional Support Scale", Journal of Personality Assessment, vol.58, no.1 (1992), pp.198-210.
② Berry, J. W., Phinney, J. S., Sam, D. L., et al., Immigrant Youth in Cultural Transition:Acculturation, Identity and Adaption across National Contexts, US:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,2006.
① 注：下标1,2分别指代计划出国的项目学生和已出国项目学生。
① Zung, W. W. K., "A Self-rating Depression Scale", Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.12, no.l (January 1965), pp.63-70.
① 科琳.沃德：《文化接触的心理学理论及其对跨文化培训和介入的启示》,[美]丹.兰迪斯等编：《跨文化培训指南》,北京：北京大学出版社,2009年,第185-216页。
② Ward, C., Okura, Y., Kennedy, A.,& Kojima, T., "The U-Curve on Trial:A Longitudinal Study of Psychology and Sociocultural Adjustment during Cross-cultural Transition", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol.22 (1998), pp.277-291.
③ Spencer-Oatey, H.& Xiong, Z., "Chinese Students'Psychological and Sociocultural adjustments to Britain:An Empirical Study", Language, Culture and Curriculum, vol.19, no.1 (2006), pp.37-53.
① 如Kashima, E. S.,& Loh, E., "International Students' Acculturation:Effects of International, Conational, and Local Ties and Need for Closure", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol.30 (2006), pp.471-485; Li, A.,& Gasser, M. B., "Predicting Asian International Students' Sociocultural Adjustment:A Test of Two Mediation Models". International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol.29 (2005), pp.561-576; Zhang, J.,& Goodson, P., "Predictors of International Students' Psychosocial Adjustment to Life in the United States:A Systematic Review", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol.35 (2011), pp.139-162.
① Padilla, A.,& Perez, W.," Acculturation, Social Identity, and Social Cognition:A New Perspective", Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, vol.25 (2003), p.41.
① Ward, C.,& Rana-Deuba, A., "Acculturation and Adaptation Revisited", Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, vol.30, no.4 (1999), pp.422-442.
② Oatey, H.S.,& Xiong, Z., "Chinese Students' Psychological and Sociocultural Adjustments to Britain: An Empirical Study", Language, Culture nad Curriculum, vol.19, no.1(2006), pp.37-53.
① 如Ward, C., Okura, Y., Kennedy, A.,& Kojima, T., "The U-Curve Trial:A Longitudinal Study of Psychological and Sociocultural Adjustment during Cross-cultural Transition", International Journal or Intercultural Relations, vol.22, no.3 (1998), pp.277-291; Ward, C., Bochner S.,& Furnham. A., The Psychology of Culture Shcok,2nd eds., Philadelphia, PA:Routledge,2001; Berardo, K., The U-Curve of Adjustment:A Study in the Evolution and Evaluation of a 50-year old Model[D]. MA thesis, Luton Business School:University of Bedfordshire, UK,2006.
① 陈向明：《旅居者和“外国人”：留美中国学生跨文化人际交往研究》,北京：教育科学出版社,2004年,第43页。
① 田美：《批判实质主义：中国留学生跨文化经历的方法论研究》,《教育理论与实践》2011年第1期,第15-17页。
② “作业”的说法是研究者在和一位已经较为熟识的参访学生进行比较轻松的聊天时,学生开玩笑用到的一个词,学生的原话为：“XX(研究者的名字)姐还有啥作业要布置的不?哈哈…”。当然,这并不是说真正意义上的作业,研究者在此引用这种说法主在突出这种留言式和思考式的沟通方式的特点。希望不会造成其他的误解。
① 陈向明：《旅居者和“外国人”：留美中国学生跨文化人际交往研究》,北京：教育科学出版社,2004年,第73页。
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⑤ 杨宜音：《试析人际关系及其分类》,《社会学研究》1995年第5期,第18-23页。
⑥ 关于中国人的面子观念对项目留学生跨文化适应与交际的影响将在下文论述学生人际交往状况时进一步详述。
① Tavakol, M.& Dennick, R., "Are Asian International Medical Students Just Rote Learners?", Advanced in Health Education, vol.15, no.3 (2010), pp.369-377.
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① 陈向明：《旅居者和“外国人”：留美中国学生跨文化交际交往研究》,北京：教育科学出版社,2004年,第159页。
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③ 陈向明：《旅居者和“外国人”：留美中国学生跨文化交际交往研究》,北京：教育科学出版社,2004年,第219页。
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① 孙隆基：《中国文化的深层结构》,广西：广西师范大学出版社,2011年,第162页。
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② Berry, J. W.,& Sabatier, C., "Variations in the Assessment of Acculturation Attitudes:Their Relationships with Psychological Wellbeing", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol.35 (2011), pp.658-669.
① 费孝通：《文化的物质面与精神面》,《文化与文化自觉》,北京：群言出版社,2010年,第18页。
① Padilla, A. M & Perez, W., Acculturation, Social identity, and Social Cognition:A New Perspective, Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, vol.25, no.1 (2003), pp.35-55.
① 费孝通：《文化的物质面与精神面》,《文化与文化自觉》.北京：群言出版社,2010年,第19页。
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