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京华旧事,译坛烟云
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摘要
Moment in Peking是林语堂先生在海外用英文创作的一部旨在传播和弘扬中国文化的小说。小说创作于1938年,正值国内进行艰苦的抗日战争。林语堂先生虽然身居海外,但作为中华民族的热血男儿,也想为国内的抗战尽一份绵薄之力。于是,借此小说创作在弘扬中国文化的同时宣传抗日战争,以争取国际支持并鼓舞国内抗日官兵与广大民众的抗日士气。这样,一方面该小说涉及到中国文化的诸多方面,例如婚丧礼宴、中医中药、古玩古画、赋诗作对、测字相面、求道成仙、饮食茶酒、人生哲学等中华民俗与思想文化。另一方面,它以中国历史现实为故事背景,即将故事背景设置在清末民初直至抗日战争,其中涉及一些重要历史事件和历史人物,使得小说极具真实感。由此看来,这部小说完全是中国题材,其特殊之处是它的语言与反映的题材之间的错位,即语言能指与文化所指的错位,以及由此所带来的一种新的翻译类型——无根回译。
     国内翻译界注意到林语堂用英文创作中国题材作品的创作与汉译的特殊性,但是整体上认识较为混乱,概念运用上说法不一,亟需澄清界定。例如,把这类特殊的翻译称之为“回译”、“复译”、“文化回译”、“文化还原”、“还原翻译”等。实际上,翻译理论中这些已有的翻译概念无法很好解释并涵盖这种特殊翻译类型,需要根据这类特殊创作与翻译现象本身具有的特点提出一种新的翻译概念,对此,王宏印教授提出“无根回译”的概念。基于林语堂用英文创作中国题材作品的特殊性,以及作品在回归其母语语言形态的翻译过程的特殊性,其中有诸多问题需要探讨并加以解决。因此,本论文试图以林语堂英文小说Moment in Peking及其三个中文译本——郑陀、应元杰合译本、张振玉译本和郁飞译本为个案,借助叙事学、修辞学、文体学、比较文学形象学以及互文性等理论,全方位地探讨小说原著的特点,并分析译本的体现与还原情况。在对原文、译文、原文与译文之间,以及三个译本之间进行文本比较分析的基础上,发现和总结此类特殊创作现象中的文化内容在回归母语形态时,呈现出的特点和规律性认识,希望对同类作品和翻译现象作出有力地解释并提供一定的借鉴,以期丰富翻译理论并对翻译批评带来一定启示。
     本论文的主要内容和框架如下:
     第一章是绪论。包括选题动机与意义,研究现状分析等。研究现状主要是国内外林语堂研究综述,侧重于林语堂翻译研究现状,最后落脚到Moment in Peking的翻译研究现状上。
     第二章是对林语堂的生平和中英文翻译创作的介绍,以及对英文小说Moment in Peking的创作与翻译情况的介绍。探讨了林语堂作为享誉世界的作家和文化传播者在文学史上的地位问题,以及属于异语写作的Moment in Peking对本国文化的表现力问题。
     第三章运用叙事学、修辞学和文体学理论,从宏观结构层面和微观语言与审美层面上全面把握文学作品,探讨在译文中的体现情况。叙事学运用中西方叙事学理论,以中国叙事学为主,分析Momentin Peking的叙事特点以及三个中译本的翻译叙事。修辞学主要是运用并非仅限于修辞格或修辞技巧层面的广义修辞学概念,探讨原文与译文叙事话语的修辞性特征。从文体学方面主要是探讨林语堂的语言风格与翻译复原。
     第四章,运用比较文学形象学和东方主义理论,对小说塑造的中国形象、日本、韩国、西方等外国形象进行研究,探讨译本对这些国民形象的还原情况及其参照因素。由于作者通过审美形象表现其主观评价态度和客观理智认识,各国形象的塑造都放在“自我”与“他者”,“本土”与“异域”的参照下。又由于林语堂在异域用异语创作,对中国形象的塑造既有向西方介绍中国文化的需要,又有“自我东方主义”倾向。
     第五章是小说Moment in Peking的互文性研究与翻译。主要借助费尔克劳的狭义互文性概念:“显性互文性”和“成构互文性”,并对之进行一定的改造。探讨小说原著的互文性特征,以及汉译本对这些互文现象采取的强化、等化、淡化的翻译策略,从而为无根回译的理论探讨奠定基础。
     第六章是对Moment in Peking三个中译本的特色比较和整体评价。主要运用文本细读法、评价法等对各个译本的特点进行分析,挖掘其深层原因,指出各个译本的不足及其原因,分析三个译本之间的共性并作出整体评价。最后,基于对文学翻译与翻译文学讨论的基础上,认为《京华烟云》、《瞬息京华》作为文学翻译,具有翻译文学的基本特征,应该载入中国翻译文学史。
     第七章是对Moment in Peking的异语写作带来的特殊翻译类型——无根回译及相关理论问题的探讨。先是界定无根回译的概念,区分容易混淆的回译、古本复原、伪译等相关翻译概念。然后,论证无根回译的普遍性,对其适用范围进行层级划分,对其参照因素、译本评价以及终极范本问题,加以讨论并尝试予以解决。无根回译对一些传统翻译理论带来的新情况,以及对翻译批评带来的挑战,本章均有探讨。
     第八章是本研究的主要结论与基本认识,包括对翻译理论研究的启示以及本研究存在的不足和后续研究展望。
     通过对小说Moment in Peking及其三个中译本的研究分析发现:
     1.《京华烟云》的写作属于异语写作,是一部外洋内中的小说,具有中西合璧的性质和异域传播的意图。其创作的成功使异语写作中语言对文化的表现力问题突显起来。本论文经过探讨认为一种民族的语言是表现该民族文化的最佳语言形态,但并不能就此否认其他民族语言同样具有很好的表现力。
     2.对小说Moment in Peking在国内的翻译,作者林语堂曾事先选定理想的译者,并提供有关小说人物与历史人物人名、诗词典故等注解供译者参考。而且,译者在翻译过程中出现困难可以与作者沟通。这样,作者与理想的译者合作,使得善译本的产生成为可能。
     3.在理论上,《京华烟云》的汉语翻译属于“无根回译”,即运用外文进行中国文化题材的文学创作,但又用汉语翻译回来,呈现为汉语文学形态,返销给中国读者或汉语读者。其翻译效果以中国现代读者为接受的心理基础,最终将体现其在中国翻译文学史上的地位,赢得必要的肯定和积极的评价。
     4.通过研究发现,“无根回译”并非只限于林语堂一个个案,中国文学甚至世界文学中存在不少类似的异语创作及其回归母语的翻译现象,因而该理论的普遍性是毋庸置疑的。同时,这种新的理论会带来一系列相关的理论问题,例如,无根回译的参照因素、译本评价、终极范本等,需要讨论并加以界定,本文都进行了探讨。
     总之,对小说Moment in Peking及其译本这一特殊个案进行研究,无论是对于文学创作还是对翻译理论,均具有重大发现和重要的理论价值。虽然小说创作内容是京华旧事,却给译坛带来新的翻译类型并对翻译批评提供新的认识和启示,正所谓京华旧事中蕴含着译坛新识。
Moment in Peking, an English novel written by Lin Yutang in1938during the anti-Japanese war, aims to spread and carry forward theChinese culture to the west. Though Lin Yutang lived overseas, as apatriotic Chinese man, he wanted to do what he could for theanti-Japanese War. Then he created this novel to publicize the war so asto get the international sympathy and support. Therefore, on the onehand, the novel introduces Chinese culture and folk-customs, such as thewedding and funeral ceremonies, Chinese banquets, Chinese traditionalmedicine and medical science, curios and paintings, poems and couplets,fortune-telling, how the Chinese seeking to the Tao to become immortal,food and drink culture, and life philosophy, etc. On the other hand, thenovel takes the Chinese history as the background which sets the story inthe late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China until the break-out ofthe Sino-Japanese War, and involves many historical figures and events making the novel realistic. Therefore, judging from its content, the novelis of Chinese interest. What makes it unusual is the transplacement ofthe language and the cultural contents. Then, a new translation typeoccurs, and that is rootless back translation.
     Some Chinese translation scholars have already noticed such a kindof special writing and its Chinese translation as Lin Yutang’s Englishcreation, but generally their ideas are quite confusing and the conceptsthat they apply differ from one another. For example, they call such atranslation type “back translation”,“repetitive translation”,“culturalback translation”,“cultural restoration”, or “restoration translation”, etc.In fact, these translation concepts can not explain or cover this specialtranslation type, and a new one needs to be put forward, and that is“rootless back translation” put forward by Professor Wang Hongyin.Because of the particularity of Lin Yutang’s English writing and itsChinese translation, many problems need to be discussed and solved. Therefore, this dissertation attempts to take Lin Yutang’s Englishnovel----Moment in Peking and its three Chinese versions translated byZheng Tuo and Ying Yuanjie, Zhang Zhenyu, and Yu Fei as a case study,and discusses the characteristics of the original novel and analyzes thecultural reflection and restoration of the three Chinese versions, applyingsuch theories as narratology, rhetoric, stylistics, imagologie ofcomparative literature and intertextuality. Based on the text analysis,regular conclusions are found when the cultural contents returning to itsmother tongue in translating this novel whose language and culture areseparated, in the hope of bringing about some inspirations to translationtheory and translation criticism.
     The framework and main contents of this dissertation are asfollows:
     Chapter one is introduction. It includes the reason and significanceof choosing this subject and its historical review which covers the study of Lin Yutang both at home and abroad, focusing on the translation studyon Lin Yutang and his works especially on that of Moment in Peking.
     Chapter two is an introduction of Lin Yutang’s life experiences andhis works both in Chinese and English as well as the creation andtranslation of his English novel Moment in Peking. It mainly discussesLin Yutang’s position in literary history and the expressive force oflanguage of foreign language creation such as Moment in Peking.
     Chapter three applies narrotology, rhetoric and stylistics to graspthe macro structure and micro language features of Moment in Pekingand discuss their reflections in its Chinese versions. Both Chinese andwestern narratology are applied with the former being focused on.Rhetoric in the broad sense, which is not only confined to tropes andrhetoric techniques, is applied to discuss the rhetoric features of theoriginal and the translated texts. Stylistics is used in order to probe intoLin Yutang’s writing style and its translation restoration.
     In chapter four, imagologie of comparative literature andorientalism is applied to study the image of the Chinese, the Japaneseand Koreans, and the Westerners. Then it will discuss how the translatorsrestore these images in the Chinese versions and what reference factorsthat they should consult. The author often express his attitudes andrational comment through the images he creates which are placed in themutual relations of “self” and “other”,“native” and “alien”. Therefore,the Chinese images created by Lin Yutang are for the sake of introducingChinese culture but with a sense of “self-orientalism”.
     Chapter five is the study of intertextuality in Moment in Peking andits Chinese translation. It applies the theory of intertextuality in a narrowsense by Fairclough-----“manifest intertextuality” and “componentintertextuality”, and makes certain alteration. This chapter setsfoundation for the exploration of the theory “rootless back translation”through the discussion of intertextuality in the original novel and the translation strategies such as intensification, equalization and weakeningused in its Chinese versions.
     Chapter six explores the characteristics and overall effect of thethree Chinese versions of Moment in Peking, mainly applying suchresearch methods as text analysis and evaluation. It analyzes the featuresof each Chinese version, points out their deficiencies and explores thereasons. It also analyzes the common features of the three translationversions and makes an overall comment on their translation effect.Finally, on the basis of the discussion of literary translation andtranslation literature, it concludes that the three Chinese versions asliteray translation have the basic features of translation literature andshould be written in the Chinese literary translation history.
     Chapter seven explores the theory of “rootless back translation”, aspecial translation type brought about by foreign language creation. First,the definition of “rootless back translation” is given, with the distinction of other similar concepts such as “back translation”,“text restoration”,“false translation”. Then, it argues the universality of this theory,explores its application scope, reference factors, translation evaluation,and its final version. In addition, this chapter also discusses problemsand challenges brought to translation theory and criticism by “rootlessback translation”.
     Chapter eight includes the basic conclusions of this study,theoretical value of “rootless back translation”, deficiencies in this studyand future research in the hope of improvement in later study.
     Based on the study of Moment in Peking and its three Chineseversions, the main findings are as follows:
     1. Moment in Peking belongs to foreign language creation, a novelwith Chinese contents but foreign form combining Chinese and westernliterary features together to spread abroad. The success of the novelintensifies the problem of the expressive force of language for culture in foreign language creation. This dissertation considers that nativelanguage is the best way to express its national culture, but it can notdeny that foreign languages can also express that culture well.
     3. The author had chosen an ideal Chinese translator to translateMoment in Peking, and sent the notes he made about the characters,poems cited, and historical allusions etc. in the novel to the translator tohelp him have a better understanding. What’s more, the translator couldask for the author’s help once he has understanding difficulties.Therefore, a final Chinese version would be possible with thecooperation between the author and his ideal translator.
     4. In theory, the Chinese translation of Moment in Peking belongsto “rootless back translation”, which is to translate the subject ofChinese culture written in English back into Chinese. The Chinesetranslation should be based on the receptive psychology of the modernChinese readers, trying to present the Chinese literary form for them. Then, such a translation will be reflected by its position in the Chineseliterary translation history with positive and affirmative comment.
     5. It finds out from the research that “rootless back translation” isnot confined to the only case of Lin Yutang’s English creation. In fact,there are many other similar literary works in Chinese and the worldliterature. Therefore, the universality of this translation theory is out ofquestion. At the same time, this new translation theory will bring a seriesof related problems, such as its reference factors, translation evaluationand the final version, etc. all of which need to be explored. Thisdissertation makes an exploration on these problems.
     In a word, the study of Moment in Peking and its Chinesetranslation brings important findings with great theoretical value to nomatter literary creation or translation theory. Though the novel is aboutold affairs happened in old Peking, it brings a new translation type andgives implications to translation criticism. In this sense, it is a novel about old Peking but contains new ideas for the translation theory.
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