全光铯原子磁力仪系统设计
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摘要
弱磁检测技术的发展非常迅速，有着广泛的应用领域。主要包括地质调查、油气矿产勘察、考古、材料缺陷检测、海底光缆调查、寻找水下沉船、生物磁场检测等。最早的高灵敏度磁力仪是在二次世界大战中开发出的磁通门磁力仪，随后又相继出现了质子磁力仪，欧弗豪泽效应磁力仪，光泵磁力仪，超导磁力仪，测磁灵敏度不断提高。近几年，出现了测磁灵敏度更高的原子磁力仪。本文研究了原子磁力仪的原理，并搭建全光原子磁力仪系统，实现了高灵敏度弱磁场检测，主要研究了以下几个方面的内容。
（1）本文选用铯（Cs）原子作为工作物质，详细讨论了圆偏振光极化原子的物理过程，利用线偏振光检测介质的圆二向色性的方法实现微弱磁场检测，并给出详细推导过程。同时，讨论了影响原子极化的各种弛豫。
（2）实验系统中采用外腔半导体激光器作为光源，详细讨论了消多普勒极化谱和原子二向色性激光稳频技术（DAVLL），采用速率方程推导了这两种无调制激光器稳频技术的基本理论，与实验结果符合的较好，并分析了各种稳频技术在原子磁力仪系统中的优缺点。
（3）原子磁力仪的核心器件是Cs原子气室，文中根据Cs-He自旋破坏碰撞弛豫和壁碰撞弛豫的原理讨论原子气室的直径与充入He气的压强对原子磁力仪的影响，并设计定制了Cs原子气室。同时提出利用压致增宽效应测量气室内压强的方法，通过测量Cs原子的吸收谱线宽实现气室内气体压强值的测量。
（4）为提高Cs原子数密度，我们设计开发了无磁热气流加热装置对Cs原子气室进行加热，避免了电加热会引入磁噪声的缺点，成功用于原子磁力仪实验系统，并实现了0.1oC的分钟温度稳定性。
（5）微小偏转角检测系统中详细讨论了分光束检测法和法拉第调制技术，从理论和实验中验证了其用于微小偏转角检测的可行性，二者均可实现10-7rad小角度检测。分光束检测法可实现更高的响应速度，并在实际系统中应用。
最后，成功搭建了全光Cs原子磁力仪系统，通过实验测量数据讨论了泵浦光频率、泵浦光强、检测光强、温度、泵浦光调制占空比、磁场等因素对原子磁力仪的影响，在优化各参数后，在100nT附近实现了0.3pT/Hz1/2的国内最高测磁灵敏度，并给出了进一步提高灵敏度的思路。
本文的主要创新性成果包括：（1）在国内首次采用双光束结构搭建全光Cs原子磁力仪系统，并实现了0.3pT/Hz1/2的国内最高测磁灵敏度；（2）采用与原子共振的线偏振光检测介质的圆二向色性实现弱磁检测；（3）利用压致增宽效应测量Cs原子气室内的实际压强值；（4）采用热气流加热方式设计制作了无磁加热系统。
The detecting techniques of weak magnetic field develop rapidly and have been used inmany practical applications, such as geological surveys, oil and gas mineral exploration,archeology, material defect detection, submarine cable survey, looking for underwatershipwrecks, bio-magnetic field detection and so on. The first high-sensitivity magnetometer,developed in the Second World War, is the flux-gate magnetometer, then protonmagnetometer, Overhauser effect magnetometer, optical pumped magnetometer,superconducting quantum interference device(SQUID) emerge in secession and the sensitivityincreases quickly. In recent years, the atomic magnetometer has become the most sensitivemagnetometer. In this paper we explain its basic principle and demonstrate an all opticalatomic magnetometer system. The main topics of this thesis are as follows.
(1) The Cs atoms are used as the material. We analyze the theory of magnetic fielddetecting process of atomic magnetometer and discuss the process of atomic polarization. Theresulting circular dichroism of the atomic polarization is detected by measuring ellipticity ofthe probe light, the detailed proof is given in the paper. We calculate the various relaxationtechniques of the depolarization as well.
(2) The external cavity semiconductor laser is used as light source. We discusspolarization spectroscopy and dichroic atomic vapor laser lock (DAVLL) in theory andexperiment based on the rate equation. The calculation is agreement with the experiment. Theadvantages and disadvantage of the techniques are analyzed.
(3) The Cs vapor cell is the core component of the atomic magnetometer. According tothe relaxation technique of Cs-He spin destruction collision and wall collisions we discuss theinfluence of vapor cell diameter and He pressure to atomic magnetometer and design the Csvapor cell. According to pressure broadening effect, we propose the method of measuring cellvapor pressure through testing Cs absorption spectrum.
(4) In order to increase the density of Cs atoms, we use hot air heating means to heat theCs vapor cell. The method can avoid the magnetic noise and has been used in theexperimental system successfully with temperature stability of0.1°C.
(5) A highly sensitive detecting system is designed. The polarizing beamsplitter and Faraday modulator techniques are used to detect small rotation angle, both methods canachieve10-7rad small angle detecting. The polarizing beamsplitter used in practical systemcan achieve higher response rate.
We build all-optical Cs atomic magnetometer successfully and discuss the influence ofpumping beam frequency, pumping intensity, probing intensity, temperature, duty cycle ofpumping beam modulation and magnetic field. We have achieved the sensitivity of magneticmeasurement of0.3pT/Hz1/2at100nT. How to improving the sensitivity is discussed at theend of the paper.
The innovative results of this paper include:(1) We build all-optical Cs atomicmagnetometer based on dual optical beam structure and have achieved the most sensitivemagnetic measurement of0.3pT/Hz1/2at home.(2) The linear polarized light is used to detectcircular dichroism of the atomic polarization.(3) We adopt pressure broadening effect tomeasure the pressure of the Cs vapor cell.(4) We design the non-magnetic heating systemusing hot current.
（1）本文选用铯（Cs）原子作为工作物质，详细讨论了圆偏振光极化原子的物理过程，利用线偏振光检测介质的圆二向色性的方法实现微弱磁场检测，并给出详细推导过程。同时，讨论了影响原子极化的各种弛豫。
（2）实验系统中采用外腔半导体激光器作为光源，详细讨论了消多普勒极化谱和原子二向色性激光稳频技术（DAVLL），采用速率方程推导了这两种无调制激光器稳频技术的基本理论，与实验结果符合的较好，并分析了各种稳频技术在原子磁力仪系统中的优缺点。
（3）原子磁力仪的核心器件是Cs原子气室，文中根据Cs-He自旋破坏碰撞弛豫和壁碰撞弛豫的原理讨论原子气室的直径与充入He气的压强对原子磁力仪的影响，并设计定制了Cs原子气室。同时提出利用压致增宽效应测量气室内压强的方法，通过测量Cs原子的吸收谱线宽实现气室内气体压强值的测量。
（4）为提高Cs原子数密度，我们设计开发了无磁热气流加热装置对Cs原子气室进行加热，避免了电加热会引入磁噪声的缺点，成功用于原子磁力仪实验系统，并实现了0.1oC的分钟温度稳定性。
（5）微小偏转角检测系统中详细讨论了分光束检测法和法拉第调制技术，从理论和实验中验证了其用于微小偏转角检测的可行性，二者均可实现10-7rad小角度检测。分光束检测法可实现更高的响应速度，并在实际系统中应用。
最后，成功搭建了全光Cs原子磁力仪系统，通过实验测量数据讨论了泵浦光频率、泵浦光强、检测光强、温度、泵浦光调制占空比、磁场等因素对原子磁力仪的影响，在优化各参数后，在100nT附近实现了0.3pT/Hz1/2的国内最高测磁灵敏度，并给出了进一步提高灵敏度的思路。
本文的主要创新性成果包括：（1）在国内首次采用双光束结构搭建全光Cs原子磁力仪系统，并实现了0.3pT/Hz1/2的国内最高测磁灵敏度；（2）采用与原子共振的线偏振光检测介质的圆二向色性实现弱磁检测；（3）利用压致增宽效应测量Cs原子气室内的实际压强值；（4）采用热气流加热方式设计制作了无磁加热系统。
The detecting techniques of weak magnetic field develop rapidly and have been used inmany practical applications, such as geological surveys, oil and gas mineral exploration,archeology, material defect detection, submarine cable survey, looking for underwatershipwrecks, bio-magnetic field detection and so on. The first high-sensitivity magnetometer,developed in the Second World War, is the flux-gate magnetometer, then protonmagnetometer, Overhauser effect magnetometer, optical pumped magnetometer,superconducting quantum interference device(SQUID) emerge in secession and the sensitivityincreases quickly. In recent years, the atomic magnetometer has become the most sensitivemagnetometer. In this paper we explain its basic principle and demonstrate an all opticalatomic magnetometer system. The main topics of this thesis are as follows.
(1) The Cs atoms are used as the material. We analyze the theory of magnetic fielddetecting process of atomic magnetometer and discuss the process of atomic polarization. Theresulting circular dichroism of the atomic polarization is detected by measuring ellipticity ofthe probe light, the detailed proof is given in the paper. We calculate the various relaxationtechniques of the depolarization as well.
(2) The external cavity semiconductor laser is used as light source. We discusspolarization spectroscopy and dichroic atomic vapor laser lock (DAVLL) in theory andexperiment based on the rate equation. The calculation is agreement with the experiment. Theadvantages and disadvantage of the techniques are analyzed.
(3) The Cs vapor cell is the core component of the atomic magnetometer. According tothe relaxation technique of Cs-He spin destruction collision and wall collisions we discuss theinfluence of vapor cell diameter and He pressure to atomic magnetometer and design the Csvapor cell. According to pressure broadening effect, we propose the method of measuring cellvapor pressure through testing Cs absorption spectrum.
(4) In order to increase the density of Cs atoms, we use hot air heating means to heat theCs vapor cell. The method can avoid the magnetic noise and has been used in theexperimental system successfully with temperature stability of0.1°C.
(5) A highly sensitive detecting system is designed. The polarizing beamsplitter and Faraday modulator techniques are used to detect small rotation angle, both methods canachieve10-7rad small angle detecting. The polarizing beamsplitter used in practical systemcan achieve higher response rate.
We build all-optical Cs atomic magnetometer successfully and discuss the influence ofpumping beam frequency, pumping intensity, probing intensity, temperature, duty cycle ofpumping beam modulation and magnetic field. We have achieved the sensitivity of magneticmeasurement of0.3pT/Hz1/2at100nT. How to improving the sensitivity is discussed at theend of the paper.
The innovative results of this paper include:(1) We build all-optical Cs atomicmagnetometer based on dual optical beam structure and have achieved the most sensitivemagnetic measurement of0.3pT/Hz1/2at home.(2) The linear polarized light is used to detectcircular dichroism of the atomic polarization.(3) We adopt pressure broadening effect tomeasure the pressure of the Cs vapor cell.(4) We design the non-magnetic heating systemusing hot current.
引文
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