奥氏体不锈钢形变/渗氮复合处理工艺及渗氮层结构与性能研究
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摘要
奥氏体不锈钢具有良好的成形性能、焊接性和耐蚀性,广泛应用于化工、医药、食品及航空等行业,约占每年世界不锈钢总产量的2/3。但由于奥氏体不锈钢硬度相当低(Hv<250)、耐磨性极差,大多数奥氏体不锈钢零部件即使在低载荷作用下也会由于严重磨损而过早失效。又因奥氏体不锈钢不能像一般钢铁材料通过相变热处理进行强化,因此,近年来许多学者致力于奥氏体不锈钢材料的表面强化研究,而如何提高奥氏体不锈钢的硬度和耐磨性且不损伤其耐腐蚀性一直是奥氏体不锈钢表面强化的研究重点。目前的研究现状是：对奥氏体不锈钢进行单一的形变强化处理无法获得满意的强化效果且耐腐蚀性能不稳定；常规等离子渗氮处理效率低下,渗层过薄；而近年出现的形变与渗氮结合的复合处理由于所采用的机械研磨和等通道角挤压等形变技术的条件所限,目前还无法用于处理工业生产中形状复杂的零部件。
本文探求具有实际工程应用价值的奥氏体不锈钢强化方法,研究内容一是将工业上常规喷丸技术与等离子渗氮技术相结合,通过物理(晶粒细化和相变)和化学(元素渗扩改变化学成分)复合作用,提高渗氮效率且保持或提高原奥氏体不锈钢的耐腐蚀能力；研究内容二是采用高温短时离子渗氮法,使离子渗氮效率得到提高,同时获得具有良好机械性能和耐蚀性能的渗氮层,并研究探讨奥氏体不锈钢的渗氮热力学和氮化物析出动力学。
获得的主要结论包括：
1.采用普通工业喷丸与等离子渗氮相结合的复合处理工艺,有效降低了奥氏体不锈钢等离子渗氮时的扩散激活能,在相同渗氮条件下获得的渗层厚度约为常规离子渗氮层厚度的2倍。当渗氮温度低于500℃时,复合处理工艺在奥氏体不锈钢表面获得的渗氮层主要相组成为S相,且具有良好的耐腐蚀和耐磨损性能。通过改变渗氮时间、温度等参数,研究了复合渗氮工艺的微观渗氮机理和渗氮动力学过程,为实现奥氏体不锈钢形变/渗氮复合处理工艺的工业化应用提供了研究基础。
2.工业喷丸处理导致304奥氏体不锈钢中产生了应变诱导马氏体,研究发现马氏体易于在单向剪切带位置、多向剪切带交割位置以及剪切带与晶界交界位置形核。等离子渗氮时,氮原子进入表面层后促进了应变诱导马氏体向膨胀奥氏体转变,其相变过程为：应变诱导马氏体马氏体→膨胀马氏体→膨胀奥氏体。
3.采用高温(540℃)短时离子渗氮方法在喷丸奥氏体不锈钢表面获得主要组成为S相的渗氮层,处理时间为1h时渗氮厚度可达9.0μm,与常规离子渗氮所需时间(4-5h)相比大为缩短。
Austenitic stainless steel (ASS) possesses good deformation property, welding property and corrosion resistance property, which has been widely applied in the field of chemical, medical, food and aviation industries. The annual production of ASS accounts for two thirds of the world total production of stainless steel. However, due to the extremely low hardness (Hv<250), the wear resistance property of ASS is very poor, which leads to early failure of mass components and parts even under low load according to the serious wear. And because ASS can not be strengthened by heat treatment like common steel materials, lots of researchers study on the surface strengthening of ASS in recent years. How to enhance the hardness of ASS without loss of its corrosion resistance has been the hot research point in the research of surface strengthening of ASS. The current research status is as follows:deformation strengthening treatment can not achieve satisfied strengthening effect towards ASS and furthermore deformation could lead to unstable corrosion resistance property of ASS; the efficiency of ordinary plasma nitriding process of ASS is very low and the nitrided layer is very thin; recently the hybrid treatment of deformation pre-treatment and nitriding is used to enhance the nitriding efficiency of ASS, however according to the restriction of the surface mechanical attrition treatment and equal-channel angle pressing equipments, these kind of hybrid treatments could not applied to the components and parts with complex shapes in industry manufacturing.
This paper researched on the strengthening treatment process towards ASS which possesses actual industrial application value. The research contents can be classified as two parts:The first part studied the hybrid treatments by combining of ordinary industrial shot peening and plasma nitriding to enhance the nitriding efficiency of ASS with retaining or even improving corrosion resistance ability, which takes advantage of the composite effects of physics effect (fine grains and phase transformation) and chemical effect (chemical contents modification) in the hybrid treatments; Second part studied high-temperature-short-time plasma nitriding treatment to enhance the nitriding efficiency of ASS and achieve nitrided layer with good wear resistance and corrosion resistance properties, and also studied the nitriding thermodynamics and nitrides precipitation kinetics of ASS.
The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The hybrid treatments, which combines ordinary industrial shot peening and plasma nitriding, effectively decreases the nitriding diffusion activation energy of ASS, and achieves a twice thicker nitrided layer than ordinary nitriding treatment under the same treatment parameters. When the nitriding temperature bellows500℃, the nitrided layer achieved by hybrid treatments on the surface of ASS is mainly composed of phase S, which possesses good corrosion resistance property and wear resistance property. By changing the nitriding parameters, such as temperature and duration etc, the nitriding micro-mechanism and nitriding kinetics of hybrid nitriding treatments are studied, which provides theoretical basis for the industrial application of deformation/nitriding hybrid treatments.
2. Industrial shot peening treatment leads to formation of strain-induced martensite in ASS, which preferentially forms at the positions of single-direction shear band, intersection of multi-direction shear bands and intersection of shear band and grain boundary. During the plasma nitriding, the entrance of nitrogen atoms into the surface layer promotes the transformation from strain-induced martensite to expanded austenite, and the evolution process is as bellow:strain-induced martensite→expanded martensite→expanded austenite.
3. A nitrided layer mainly composed of phase S can be achieved on the surface of ASS by high-temperature-short-time plasma nitriding treatment, and the thickness of nitrided layer gets up to9.0μm when nitriding duration is up to1h, which evidently shortens the nitriding time compared to ordinary nitriding treatment (4-5h).
本文探求具有实际工程应用价值的奥氏体不锈钢强化方法,研究内容一是将工业上常规喷丸技术与等离子渗氮技术相结合,通过物理(晶粒细化和相变)和化学(元素渗扩改变化学成分)复合作用,提高渗氮效率且保持或提高原奥氏体不锈钢的耐腐蚀能力；研究内容二是采用高温短时离子渗氮法,使离子渗氮效率得到提高,同时获得具有良好机械性能和耐蚀性能的渗氮层,并研究探讨奥氏体不锈钢的渗氮热力学和氮化物析出动力学。
获得的主要结论包括：
1.采用普通工业喷丸与等离子渗氮相结合的复合处理工艺,有效降低了奥氏体不锈钢等离子渗氮时的扩散激活能,在相同渗氮条件下获得的渗层厚度约为常规离子渗氮层厚度的2倍。当渗氮温度低于500℃时,复合处理工艺在奥氏体不锈钢表面获得的渗氮层主要相组成为S相,且具有良好的耐腐蚀和耐磨损性能。通过改变渗氮时间、温度等参数,研究了复合渗氮工艺的微观渗氮机理和渗氮动力学过程,为实现奥氏体不锈钢形变/渗氮复合处理工艺的工业化应用提供了研究基础。
2.工业喷丸处理导致304奥氏体不锈钢中产生了应变诱导马氏体,研究发现马氏体易于在单向剪切带位置、多向剪切带交割位置以及剪切带与晶界交界位置形核。等离子渗氮时,氮原子进入表面层后促进了应变诱导马氏体向膨胀奥氏体转变,其相变过程为：应变诱导马氏体马氏体→膨胀马氏体→膨胀奥氏体。
3.采用高温(540℃)短时离子渗氮方法在喷丸奥氏体不锈钢表面获得主要组成为S相的渗氮层,处理时间为1h时渗氮厚度可达9.0μm,与常规离子渗氮所需时间(4-5h)相比大为缩短。
Austenitic stainless steel (ASS) possesses good deformation property, welding property and corrosion resistance property, which has been widely applied in the field of chemical, medical, food and aviation industries. The annual production of ASS accounts for two thirds of the world total production of stainless steel. However, due to the extremely low hardness (Hv<250), the wear resistance property of ASS is very poor, which leads to early failure of mass components and parts even under low load according to the serious wear. And because ASS can not be strengthened by heat treatment like common steel materials, lots of researchers study on the surface strengthening of ASS in recent years. How to enhance the hardness of ASS without loss of its corrosion resistance has been the hot research point in the research of surface strengthening of ASS. The current research status is as follows:deformation strengthening treatment can not achieve satisfied strengthening effect towards ASS and furthermore deformation could lead to unstable corrosion resistance property of ASS; the efficiency of ordinary plasma nitriding process of ASS is very low and the nitrided layer is very thin; recently the hybrid treatment of deformation pre-treatment and nitriding is used to enhance the nitriding efficiency of ASS, however according to the restriction of the surface mechanical attrition treatment and equal-channel angle pressing equipments, these kind of hybrid treatments could not applied to the components and parts with complex shapes in industry manufacturing.
This paper researched on the strengthening treatment process towards ASS which possesses actual industrial application value. The research contents can be classified as two parts:The first part studied the hybrid treatments by combining of ordinary industrial shot peening and plasma nitriding to enhance the nitriding efficiency of ASS with retaining or even improving corrosion resistance ability, which takes advantage of the composite effects of physics effect (fine grains and phase transformation) and chemical effect (chemical contents modification) in the hybrid treatments; Second part studied high-temperature-short-time plasma nitriding treatment to enhance the nitriding efficiency of ASS and achieve nitrided layer with good wear resistance and corrosion resistance properties, and also studied the nitriding thermodynamics and nitrides precipitation kinetics of ASS.
The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The hybrid treatments, which combines ordinary industrial shot peening and plasma nitriding, effectively decreases the nitriding diffusion activation energy of ASS, and achieves a twice thicker nitrided layer than ordinary nitriding treatment under the same treatment parameters. When the nitriding temperature bellows500℃, the nitrided layer achieved by hybrid treatments on the surface of ASS is mainly composed of phase S, which possesses good corrosion resistance property and wear resistance property. By changing the nitriding parameters, such as temperature and duration etc, the nitriding micro-mechanism and nitriding kinetics of hybrid nitriding treatments are studied, which provides theoretical basis for the industrial application of deformation/nitriding hybrid treatments.
2. Industrial shot peening treatment leads to formation of strain-induced martensite in ASS, which preferentially forms at the positions of single-direction shear band, intersection of multi-direction shear bands and intersection of shear band and grain boundary. During the plasma nitriding, the entrance of nitrogen atoms into the surface layer promotes the transformation from strain-induced martensite to expanded austenite, and the evolution process is as bellow:strain-induced martensite→expanded martensite→expanded austenite.
3. A nitrided layer mainly composed of phase S can be achieved on the surface of ASS by high-temperature-short-time plasma nitriding treatment, and the thickness of nitrided layer gets up to9.0μm when nitriding duration is up to1h, which evidently shortens the nitriding time compared to ordinary nitriding treatment (4-5h).
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