x射线Thomson散射在温密等离子体物态参数测量中的应用
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摘要
高能量密度物理研究是对能量密度超过1011J/m3,或等价于压力超过1百万大气压的极端条件下物质结构和演化规律的研究。激光等离子体物理研究的内容同样是处在高能量密度态下的物质行为。它所研究的对象覆盖的物态参数跨度很大,粒子数密度ne～[1019,1026]cnm-3,电子密度在Ee～[0.1eV,10key]都是激光等离子体物理研究的范围。对于高温低密度态的等离子体物态研究已经比较成熟,而对于密度达到液体、固体甚至超固体密度的等离子体的物态参数、状态演化等的诊断方法尚在探索阶段。对于稠密等离子体的基本参数和物理过程仍是现阶段我们实验发展的必经之路。通过获取稠密态等离子体的物态参数及其状态演化方面的信息,可以极大地帮助我们了解惯性约束聚变主燃料区物质状态演化和恒星外壳层物质演化、大行星内核演化。
在对高密度的等离子体内部状态参数进行诊断时,需有足够强的穿透力以穿出高密度区的等离子体,才能被探测器所记录到。因此现阶段对高密度区域的等离子体参数的诊断依然是主要采用x射线作为主要的源。本论文为基于神光Ⅱ(SGII)激光装置,研究长脉冲、光子能量为keV的x射线与温稠密态C泡沫等离子体样品发生Thomson散射,通过测量散射光谱的结构分析高密度态等离子体样品的物态参数。实验中所使用探针光为激光驱动的中Z材料的K壳层特征谱线,其光谱结构简单、且准单能。通过分析实验数据确定x光Thomson散射实验方法可行性、所获得的实验结果可靠性。同时通过实验论证x光Thomson散射实验可以在kJ激光器上实施。
为在神光Ⅱ(SGII)激光装置上研究长脉冲keV硬度下的x光Thomson散射测量温稠密态碳等离子体样品实验,开展了多方面的研究工作。主要的工作成果如下：
1.基于不考虑电子间近程相互作用的随机相位近似(RPA)模型,发展的动力学形状因子计算程序。它可以准确地对实验中获得的非集体汤姆逊散射光进行光谱分析,从而获得等离子体内的电子温度、密度和平均离化度等基本物态参数；
2.增加对电子离子间碰撞的考虑,基于Born-Mermin碰撞近似模型(BMA),发展出相应的动力学形状因子散射谱计算程序,可针对实验中测量电子等离子体波的共振信号光谱进行分析,从而获得等离子体内的电子密度、温度等信息。对集体散射信号拟合准确度高于RPA模型的拟合程序,对非集体散射信号的拟合结果与RPA模型一致；
3.基于神光Ⅱ—kJ级激光器,使用Ta材料作为温稠密态物质的加热源,制备了尺度在直径为400um长度为600um的温稠密态碳等离子体样品,并使用Ti的He-a线测量到样品的清晰Thomson散射信号；通过拟合汤姆逊散射光谱获得电子温度在33eV;
4.实验上测量和设计了不同的分辨能力的专用于x射线Thomson散射的探测器,最高的分辨率达到了E/△E=300和E/△E=500,使用4750eV的x射线光子时能量分辨在18eV和10.6eV。通常非集体散射峰与瑞利散射峰直接的距离都是在60eV以上；集体散射峰通常的峰移在15eV及以上。在分辨率达到18eV时的晶体谱仪可以用于测量温稠密态等离子体的非集体散射谱,而在分辨率达到10.6eV或者更好时的晶体谱仪可以用于测量温稠密态等离子体的集体散射谱。
High energy density physics is the research about the structure or the evolution of the matter under the situation of the energy density higher than1011J/m3, or equivalent to the pressure is1million atmospheres. The subject of laser-plasmas research is also about the substances'behavior in the high energy density. The parameters of the studying subjects covers the number density in range of ne～[1019,1026]cm-3and the temperature covers Te～[0.1eV,10keV], all materials in this regime are the objects to study. And the study about the hot and low-density plasma has been launched for many years and the experimental technic and theory are mature.but we still know little about the behaviors and the evolution of the dense plasmas, in which the electron density researches the liquid or solid even over-solid density. The samples in the warm dense state should be created firstly and the basic parameters of the samples needed to diagnosed. And it is the only way to understand the more dense materials and the stars in universe. And It is the basement to research and understand the evolutionary process of the main fuel layer in ICF and the outer of the stellar and the inner core of the giant planets.
The powerful probe, no matter what is the particles or the photons, is needed to penestrate through the dense sample, and record on recording. The hard x-ray photon is feasible to be probe applied in the diagnose experiments about the dense plasma. In this dissertation, the progresses on the x-ray Thomson scattering experiment of warm dense carbon plasma are presented. The scattering happened between the isochoric heated carbon plasma and the x-ray photon. The x-ray probe is emitted from the Titanium foils in the intense laser field, and the structure of the probe is clear and quasi-monoenergetic. And the result shows that the x-ray Thomson scattering is reliable and precise, and the experiment of x-ray Thomson scattering can be launched on the kilo-Joules laser facility.
The main achievements presented in the dissertation are:
(1) Based on Random Phase Approximation (RPA) model, in which the short-range interaction between the electrons is ignored, the dynamic structure factor (DSF) of the warm dense plasma is deduced and the calculation program for the DSF is developed. And we can accurately obtain the parameters by fitting non-collective Thomson scattering profiles, such as the electron temperature, density and average ionization degree in the plasma.
(2) Added the collisions between electron and ion into the RPA model, this model is called as Born-Mermin approximation(BMA) in which collision is treated the interaction between the ion and electron as perturbation and keep the local electron number conversation. The BMA model can provide more precise than RPA model in calculation of the collective motion in the warm dense plasma. And in the non-collective scattering, the results of two model is coincident.
(3) designed the crystal spectrometers with different resolution for the x-ray Thomson scattering experiment. The resolution is relatively E/△E=300E/△E=500. For the x-ray photon with4750eV, the resolving power is18eV and10.6eV. and the lower resolving spectrometer is for diagnosis of non-coherence scattering, and the higher one is for the coherence scattering. For the coherence scattering, the energy shift of resonance peak is always above15eV, so it is enough to resolve the scattering signal.
(4) The x-ray Thomson scattering has been demonstrated on the SGII laser facility. And warm dense carbon plasma is produced. The size of sample cyclinder is400um diam,600um length, heated by the M-band of Tantalum. The probe light is the He-a lines of the Titanium, and the pulse width of probe is one nanosecond. Using the RPA model program, we get that the electron temperature is33eV and the electron density is1.6*1023cm-3.
在对高密度的等离子体内部状态参数进行诊断时,需有足够强的穿透力以穿出高密度区的等离子体,才能被探测器所记录到。因此现阶段对高密度区域的等离子体参数的诊断依然是主要采用x射线作为主要的源。本论文为基于神光Ⅱ(SGII)激光装置,研究长脉冲、光子能量为keV的x射线与温稠密态C泡沫等离子体样品发生Thomson散射,通过测量散射光谱的结构分析高密度态等离子体样品的物态参数。实验中所使用探针光为激光驱动的中Z材料的K壳层特征谱线,其光谱结构简单、且准单能。通过分析实验数据确定x光Thomson散射实验方法可行性、所获得的实验结果可靠性。同时通过实验论证x光Thomson散射实验可以在kJ激光器上实施。
为在神光Ⅱ(SGII)激光装置上研究长脉冲keV硬度下的x光Thomson散射测量温稠密态碳等离子体样品实验,开展了多方面的研究工作。主要的工作成果如下：
1.基于不考虑电子间近程相互作用的随机相位近似(RPA)模型,发展的动力学形状因子计算程序。它可以准确地对实验中获得的非集体汤姆逊散射光进行光谱分析,从而获得等离子体内的电子温度、密度和平均离化度等基本物态参数；
2.增加对电子离子间碰撞的考虑,基于Born-Mermin碰撞近似模型(BMA),发展出相应的动力学形状因子散射谱计算程序,可针对实验中测量电子等离子体波的共振信号光谱进行分析,从而获得等离子体内的电子密度、温度等信息。对集体散射信号拟合准确度高于RPA模型的拟合程序,对非集体散射信号的拟合结果与RPA模型一致；
3.基于神光Ⅱ—kJ级激光器,使用Ta材料作为温稠密态物质的加热源,制备了尺度在直径为400um长度为600um的温稠密态碳等离子体样品,并使用Ti的He-a线测量到样品的清晰Thomson散射信号；通过拟合汤姆逊散射光谱获得电子温度在33eV;
4.实验上测量和设计了不同的分辨能力的专用于x射线Thomson散射的探测器,最高的分辨率达到了E/△E=300和E/△E=500,使用4750eV的x射线光子时能量分辨在18eV和10.6eV。通常非集体散射峰与瑞利散射峰直接的距离都是在60eV以上；集体散射峰通常的峰移在15eV及以上。在分辨率达到18eV时的晶体谱仪可以用于测量温稠密态等离子体的非集体散射谱,而在分辨率达到10.6eV或者更好时的晶体谱仪可以用于测量温稠密态等离子体的集体散射谱。
High energy density physics is the research about the structure or the evolution of the matter under the situation of the energy density higher than1011J/m3, or equivalent to the pressure is1million atmospheres. The subject of laser-plasmas research is also about the substances'behavior in the high energy density. The parameters of the studying subjects covers the number density in range of ne～[1019,1026]cm-3and the temperature covers Te～[0.1eV,10keV], all materials in this regime are the objects to study. And the study about the hot and low-density plasma has been launched for many years and the experimental technic and theory are mature.but we still know little about the behaviors and the evolution of the dense plasmas, in which the electron density researches the liquid or solid even over-solid density. The samples in the warm dense state should be created firstly and the basic parameters of the samples needed to diagnosed. And it is the only way to understand the more dense materials and the stars in universe. And It is the basement to research and understand the evolutionary process of the main fuel layer in ICF and the outer of the stellar and the inner core of the giant planets.
The powerful probe, no matter what is the particles or the photons, is needed to penestrate through the dense sample, and record on recording. The hard x-ray photon is feasible to be probe applied in the diagnose experiments about the dense plasma. In this dissertation, the progresses on the x-ray Thomson scattering experiment of warm dense carbon plasma are presented. The scattering happened between the isochoric heated carbon plasma and the x-ray photon. The x-ray probe is emitted from the Titanium foils in the intense laser field, and the structure of the probe is clear and quasi-monoenergetic. And the result shows that the x-ray Thomson scattering is reliable and precise, and the experiment of x-ray Thomson scattering can be launched on the kilo-Joules laser facility.
The main achievements presented in the dissertation are:
(1) Based on Random Phase Approximation (RPA) model, in which the short-range interaction between the electrons is ignored, the dynamic structure factor (DSF) of the warm dense plasma is deduced and the calculation program for the DSF is developed. And we can accurately obtain the parameters by fitting non-collective Thomson scattering profiles, such as the electron temperature, density and average ionization degree in the plasma.
(2) Added the collisions between electron and ion into the RPA model, this model is called as Born-Mermin approximation(BMA) in which collision is treated the interaction between the ion and electron as perturbation and keep the local electron number conversation. The BMA model can provide more precise than RPA model in calculation of the collective motion in the warm dense plasma. And in the non-collective scattering, the results of two model is coincident.
(3) designed the crystal spectrometers with different resolution for the x-ray Thomson scattering experiment. The resolution is relatively E/△E=300E/△E=500. For the x-ray photon with4750eV, the resolving power is18eV and10.6eV. and the lower resolving spectrometer is for diagnosis of non-coherence scattering, and the higher one is for the coherence scattering. For the coherence scattering, the energy shift of resonance peak is always above15eV, so it is enough to resolve the scattering signal.
(4) The x-ray Thomson scattering has been demonstrated on the SGII laser facility. And warm dense carbon plasma is produced. The size of sample cyclinder is400um diam,600um length, heated by the M-band of Tantalum. The probe light is the He-a lines of the Titanium, and the pulse width of probe is one nanosecond. Using the RPA model program, we get that the electron temperature is33eV and the electron density is1.6*1023cm-3.
引文
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