从海德格尔到鲍尔格曼技术哲学经验转向研究
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摘要
20世纪80年代以来,技术哲学掀起了一场经验转向运动。鲍尔格曼技术哲学的经验转向是这场经验转向运动的一个代表性的向度。与其它向度相比,它具有两方面的独特之处：一是它为人们提供了分析技术发展中生存问题的经验视角和实践的拯救方案；二是它聚焦在关注和实现自然、传统、社会、文化、政治、经济、伦理和历史等诸多价值上,为技术多元价值设计提供了重要指导。在为技术多元价值设计提供指导的意义上鲍尔格曼技术哲学的经验转向也是技术哲学的“伦理转向”不可取代的。同时,鲍尔格曼技术哲学的经验转向是以海德格尔存在论现象学技术哲学为直接理论来源实现的,所以本文将研究从海德格尔到鲍尔格曼技术哲学的经验转向。
论文从现象学技术哲学的始源点出发,首先阐述了海德格尔和鲍尔格曼技术哲学共同的形而上学基础,据此论文分析了海德格尔技术哲学的形而上学走向；论文结合现实的技术发展,从理论层面分析了经典技术哲学的不足,探讨了技术哲学经验转向的理论根据与现实基础；在此基础上,论文阐明了鲍尔格曼从三个进路实现了技术哲学从海德格尔的形而上学层面向经验层面的转化,进而论文阐述了鲍尔格曼技术实践变革思想,即焦点实践思想。论文对这一转向进行了历史的评价。
论文共有七个部分。第一章阐述了问题的由来和研究意义,进行了文献综述,阐明了研究的思路、方法和创新点。第二章从现象学技术哲学的思维方式和主旨两方面分析了现象学技术哲学的始源,揭示出现象学技术哲学的始源是“人—技术—世界”。海德格尔和鲍尔格曼分别从这一始源出发,建构自己的技术哲学。第三章以“人—技术—世界”为出发点,阐明了海德格尔技术哲学的形而上学走向。海德格尔认为,技术是一种展现方式,即向人展现世界的方式。古代技术作为物是对存在的应和,将世界展现在人面前。现代技术是一种挑衅逼迫的技术,将世界展现为功能性的材料,从而遮蔽了世界。现代技术之所以可能,源于座架,座架构成了现代技术的本质。作为最高的危险,座架造成了现代技术危机,海德格尔因而提出了存在之思的拯救方案。第四章分析了技术哲学经验转向的理论前提、现实依据和旨趣。其理论前提是经典技术哲学具有描述性的缺乏、技术决定论的偏颇和技术悲观主义的情绪三种缺陷。其现实依据是复杂化的技术图景、技术的福利和建构主义的文化。这些现实依据不断对技术哲学提出重视描述性、关注技术的正价值性和注重技术的社会建构的诉求。在这样的背景下,技术哲学开始以建构三位一体的哲学、重视技术的社会建构和关注技术的正价值性为旨趣的经验转向。第五部分探讨了鲍尔格曼技术哲学经验转向的理论来源、路径和成果。其直接理论来源是海德格尔存在论现象学技术哲学,同时它借鉴和吸收了德雷福斯、库恩和罗尔斯三人的思想。鲍尔格曼通过技术认识手段目的复合的转向、现代技术本质设备范式的转向和危机拯救焦点实践的转向,完成了自身技术哲学的经验转向。他在经验层面上认为,技术是手段和目的的复合体：古代技术(物)是手段和目的的统一(交织),这使得古代技术展现世界；现代技术(设备)是手段和目的的分离,这使得现代技术在向人提供用品的同时,遮蔽了世界；现代技术的本质是设备范式。设备范式构成技术危机感性的现实基础,据此,鲍尔格曼提出焦点实践的拯救方案。第六章对鲍尔格曼技术哲学的经验转向进行了历史评价。一方面,鲍尔格曼技术哲学的经验转向为技术哲学摆脱经典技术哲学的困境开辟了一条实践的道路,推动了人文主义技术哲学与工程学技术哲学的融合,为技术多元价值设计提供了重要指导,为生态文明建设提供了焦点实践的启示。另一方面,它也有不足之处。它的不足之处在于焦点物思想没有与现代技术结合起来,没有把现代技术转化成焦点物。针对这一不足,本文提出了技术设计的解决路径。最后结论,概述了海德格尔和鲍尔格曼勇于肩负哲学的时代使命,为拯救现代技术危机做出了重要贡献。我们不仅要学习他们的思想,更要继承他们的精神。
论文通过系统分析从海德格尔到鲍尔格曼技术哲学的经验转向,在理论上将引导技术哲学描述性、规范性和批判性三位一体的建构和推动技术哲学从书斋里走出来,面向现实,向实践转化,将以充实学科研究基础的方式促进我国技术哲学学科的发展。同时,在实践上,它将推动我国技术多元价值设计、技术创新和优秀传统文化遗产保护的发展,推进我国生态文明建设和技术与人的和谐。
An empirical turn in philosophy of technology happens since1980s. Borgmann's empirical turn is a typical trend in this empirical turn. Compared with other trends, it has two features:on the one hand, it provides the empirical perspective from which the people analyse the existential problem in the development of technology and the practical project of saving. On the other hand, it focuses on paying attention to and realizing many values which include natural, traditional, social, political, economic, ethical and historical values, etc, and thus it promotes design of technology in realizing multiple values. In the sense that it promotes technological design of multiple values, Borgmann's empirical turn in philosophy of technology isn't replaced by the ethical turn in philosophy of technology. At the same time, Borgmann's empirical turn in philosophy of technology is realized on the basis of Heidegger' philosophy of technology of phenomenology of ontology which is its direct theoretical source, so the thesis will investigate the empirical turn from Heidegger to Borgmann in philosophy of technology.
Firstly, this thesis analyzes the origin of phenomenological philosophy of technology. The origin is the common metaphysical foundation of the philosophy of Heidegger and Borgmann. Based on this, the thesis analyzes the metaphysical trend of Heidegger's philosophy of technology, and then explores the demands for empirical turn from both theoretical and practical aspects. Then, the thesis illustrates the empirical turn from Heidegger to Borgmann in philosophy of technology is realized by three approaches. Finally, the thesis evaluates this turn from the historical perspective.
The thesis includes seven parts. The first chapter is introduction, which covers the research reasons, significance, approaches, methods, innovations and literature review. The second chapter starts to analyze the origin of phenomenological philosophy of technology from the holistic way of thinking of phenomenological philosophy of technology and the gist of that, and discloses the origin of phenomenological philosophy of technology is "human-technology-world". Heidegger and Borgmann construct their philosophy of technology on the basis of the origin. The third chapter clarifies Heidegger's metaphysical philosophy of technology by taking "human-technology-world" as the starting point. Heidegger believes that technology is a way of revealing, namely, a way in which the world presents itself to human beings. Ancient technology as the thing reveal the world to human beings through echoing being. But modern technology is a kind of challenging. It orders the world as functional resources, hence conceals the world. Ge-stell is the condition of possibility of modern technology and the essence of modern technology. As the biggest danger, Ge-stell results in the crisis of modern technology. Hence Heidegger proposes reflection on being in order to save the technological crisis. The fourth chapter addresses three aspects of the empirical turn in philosophy of technology. The theoretical precondition of it is that the classical philosophy of technology has three main faults:the missing of empirical description, the partial of technological determinism, the mood of technological pessimism. The realistic reasons arc that the complicated picture of technology, the welfare of technology and the culture of constructivism. These reasons continually demand philosophy of technology pay attention to description, social construction of technology and the positive value of technology. In this context, the empirical turn presents three purports:the philosophical construction of trinity, the orientation of social constructivism and attaching importance to the positive value of technology. The fifth chapter discusses the theoretical sources, approaches and achievements of Borgmann's empirical turn in philosophy of technology. Heidegger's philosophy of technology of phenomenology of ontology is its the direct theoretical source. Furthermore, Borgmann also adopts the ideas of Dreyfus, Kuhn, and Rawls. Based on these, Borgmann realizes his empirical turn through three paths:first of all understanding on technology is from revealing to the complex of means and ends; second, understanding on the essence of technology is from Ge-stell to the device paradigm; ultimately, the project of saving is from reflection on being to focal practices. From the empirical perspective, Borgmann believes that technology is complex of means and end; that ancient technology which is the uniting of means and end demands the people engagement (practices), centers and reveals the world; that modern technology which means and end are separated conceals the world while it provides commodities to the people; and that the essence of modern technology is the device paradigm. The device paradigm is the sensible foundation of technological crisis. Borgmann presents the idea of focal practices in order to save the technological crisis. The sixth chapter historically evaluates Borgmann's empirical turn in philosophy of technology. Borgmann's empirical turn in philosophy of technology opens a practical way to get rid of the dilemma of philosophy of technology, promotes the fusion of engineering tradition and humanistic tradition in philosophy of technology, guides the technological design of multiple values, and provides the enlightenment of focal practice in constructing ecological civilization. Borgmann's empirical turn in philosophy of technology presents a shortage, that is, the idea of focal things isn't combined with modern technology and modern technology isn't transformed into focal things. The thesis proposes to overcome this shortage by technological design. In conclusion, the thesis outlines Heidegger and Borgmann actively take on contemporary mission of philosophy and make the importance contribution in saving the modern crisis of technology. We should not only learn their theories, but also inherit their spirits.
This research has theoretical meanings in two aspects:Firstly, it will be helpful to construct philosophy of technology of the trinity of descriptiveness, normativity and criticalness, and promotes the practical transformation of philosophy of technology. Secondly, it will promote the development of philosophy of technology in China by enriching research foundation. In practicc, it will promote the development of Chinese technological design of multiple values and technological innovation, and the protection of excellent traditional culture heritages and provide a new perspective of "focal practices" in constructing ecological civilization, boosting the construction of ecological civilization and the harmony of human and technology in china.
论文从现象学技术哲学的始源点出发,首先阐述了海德格尔和鲍尔格曼技术哲学共同的形而上学基础,据此论文分析了海德格尔技术哲学的形而上学走向；论文结合现实的技术发展,从理论层面分析了经典技术哲学的不足,探讨了技术哲学经验转向的理论根据与现实基础；在此基础上,论文阐明了鲍尔格曼从三个进路实现了技术哲学从海德格尔的形而上学层面向经验层面的转化,进而论文阐述了鲍尔格曼技术实践变革思想,即焦点实践思想。论文对这一转向进行了历史的评价。
论文共有七个部分。第一章阐述了问题的由来和研究意义,进行了文献综述,阐明了研究的思路、方法和创新点。第二章从现象学技术哲学的思维方式和主旨两方面分析了现象学技术哲学的始源,揭示出现象学技术哲学的始源是“人—技术—世界”。海德格尔和鲍尔格曼分别从这一始源出发,建构自己的技术哲学。第三章以“人—技术—世界”为出发点,阐明了海德格尔技术哲学的形而上学走向。海德格尔认为,技术是一种展现方式,即向人展现世界的方式。古代技术作为物是对存在的应和,将世界展现在人面前。现代技术是一种挑衅逼迫的技术,将世界展现为功能性的材料,从而遮蔽了世界。现代技术之所以可能,源于座架,座架构成了现代技术的本质。作为最高的危险,座架造成了现代技术危机,海德格尔因而提出了存在之思的拯救方案。第四章分析了技术哲学经验转向的理论前提、现实依据和旨趣。其理论前提是经典技术哲学具有描述性的缺乏、技术决定论的偏颇和技术悲观主义的情绪三种缺陷。其现实依据是复杂化的技术图景、技术的福利和建构主义的文化。这些现实依据不断对技术哲学提出重视描述性、关注技术的正价值性和注重技术的社会建构的诉求。在这样的背景下,技术哲学开始以建构三位一体的哲学、重视技术的社会建构和关注技术的正价值性为旨趣的经验转向。第五部分探讨了鲍尔格曼技术哲学经验转向的理论来源、路径和成果。其直接理论来源是海德格尔存在论现象学技术哲学,同时它借鉴和吸收了德雷福斯、库恩和罗尔斯三人的思想。鲍尔格曼通过技术认识手段目的复合的转向、现代技术本质设备范式的转向和危机拯救焦点实践的转向,完成了自身技术哲学的经验转向。他在经验层面上认为,技术是手段和目的的复合体：古代技术(物)是手段和目的的统一(交织),这使得古代技术展现世界；现代技术(设备)是手段和目的的分离,这使得现代技术在向人提供用品的同时,遮蔽了世界；现代技术的本质是设备范式。设备范式构成技术危机感性的现实基础,据此,鲍尔格曼提出焦点实践的拯救方案。第六章对鲍尔格曼技术哲学的经验转向进行了历史评价。一方面,鲍尔格曼技术哲学的经验转向为技术哲学摆脱经典技术哲学的困境开辟了一条实践的道路,推动了人文主义技术哲学与工程学技术哲学的融合,为技术多元价值设计提供了重要指导,为生态文明建设提供了焦点实践的启示。另一方面,它也有不足之处。它的不足之处在于焦点物思想没有与现代技术结合起来,没有把现代技术转化成焦点物。针对这一不足,本文提出了技术设计的解决路径。最后结论,概述了海德格尔和鲍尔格曼勇于肩负哲学的时代使命,为拯救现代技术危机做出了重要贡献。我们不仅要学习他们的思想,更要继承他们的精神。
论文通过系统分析从海德格尔到鲍尔格曼技术哲学的经验转向,在理论上将引导技术哲学描述性、规范性和批判性三位一体的建构和推动技术哲学从书斋里走出来,面向现实,向实践转化,将以充实学科研究基础的方式促进我国技术哲学学科的发展。同时,在实践上,它将推动我国技术多元价值设计、技术创新和优秀传统文化遗产保护的发展,推进我国生态文明建设和技术与人的和谐。
An empirical turn in philosophy of technology happens since1980s. Borgmann's empirical turn is a typical trend in this empirical turn. Compared with other trends, it has two features:on the one hand, it provides the empirical perspective from which the people analyse the existential problem in the development of technology and the practical project of saving. On the other hand, it focuses on paying attention to and realizing many values which include natural, traditional, social, political, economic, ethical and historical values, etc, and thus it promotes design of technology in realizing multiple values. In the sense that it promotes technological design of multiple values, Borgmann's empirical turn in philosophy of technology isn't replaced by the ethical turn in philosophy of technology. At the same time, Borgmann's empirical turn in philosophy of technology is realized on the basis of Heidegger' philosophy of technology of phenomenology of ontology which is its direct theoretical source, so the thesis will investigate the empirical turn from Heidegger to Borgmann in philosophy of technology.
Firstly, this thesis analyzes the origin of phenomenological philosophy of technology. The origin is the common metaphysical foundation of the philosophy of Heidegger and Borgmann. Based on this, the thesis analyzes the metaphysical trend of Heidegger's philosophy of technology, and then explores the demands for empirical turn from both theoretical and practical aspects. Then, the thesis illustrates the empirical turn from Heidegger to Borgmann in philosophy of technology is realized by three approaches. Finally, the thesis evaluates this turn from the historical perspective.
The thesis includes seven parts. The first chapter is introduction, which covers the research reasons, significance, approaches, methods, innovations and literature review. The second chapter starts to analyze the origin of phenomenological philosophy of technology from the holistic way of thinking of phenomenological philosophy of technology and the gist of that, and discloses the origin of phenomenological philosophy of technology is "human-technology-world". Heidegger and Borgmann construct their philosophy of technology on the basis of the origin. The third chapter clarifies Heidegger's metaphysical philosophy of technology by taking "human-technology-world" as the starting point. Heidegger believes that technology is a way of revealing, namely, a way in which the world presents itself to human beings. Ancient technology as the thing reveal the world to human beings through echoing being. But modern technology is a kind of challenging. It orders the world as functional resources, hence conceals the world. Ge-stell is the condition of possibility of modern technology and the essence of modern technology. As the biggest danger, Ge-stell results in the crisis of modern technology. Hence Heidegger proposes reflection on being in order to save the technological crisis. The fourth chapter addresses three aspects of the empirical turn in philosophy of technology. The theoretical precondition of it is that the classical philosophy of technology has three main faults:the missing of empirical description, the partial of technological determinism, the mood of technological pessimism. The realistic reasons arc that the complicated picture of technology, the welfare of technology and the culture of constructivism. These reasons continually demand philosophy of technology pay attention to description, social construction of technology and the positive value of technology. In this context, the empirical turn presents three purports:the philosophical construction of trinity, the orientation of social constructivism and attaching importance to the positive value of technology. The fifth chapter discusses the theoretical sources, approaches and achievements of Borgmann's empirical turn in philosophy of technology. Heidegger's philosophy of technology of phenomenology of ontology is its the direct theoretical source. Furthermore, Borgmann also adopts the ideas of Dreyfus, Kuhn, and Rawls. Based on these, Borgmann realizes his empirical turn through three paths:first of all understanding on technology is from revealing to the complex of means and ends; second, understanding on the essence of technology is from Ge-stell to the device paradigm; ultimately, the project of saving is from reflection on being to focal practices. From the empirical perspective, Borgmann believes that technology is complex of means and end; that ancient technology which is the uniting of means and end demands the people engagement (practices), centers and reveals the world; that modern technology which means and end are separated conceals the world while it provides commodities to the people; and that the essence of modern technology is the device paradigm. The device paradigm is the sensible foundation of technological crisis. Borgmann presents the idea of focal practices in order to save the technological crisis. The sixth chapter historically evaluates Borgmann's empirical turn in philosophy of technology. Borgmann's empirical turn in philosophy of technology opens a practical way to get rid of the dilemma of philosophy of technology, promotes the fusion of engineering tradition and humanistic tradition in philosophy of technology, guides the technological design of multiple values, and provides the enlightenment of focal practice in constructing ecological civilization. Borgmann's empirical turn in philosophy of technology presents a shortage, that is, the idea of focal things isn't combined with modern technology and modern technology isn't transformed into focal things. The thesis proposes to overcome this shortage by technological design. In conclusion, the thesis outlines Heidegger and Borgmann actively take on contemporary mission of philosophy and make the importance contribution in saving the modern crisis of technology. We should not only learn their theories, but also inherit their spirits.
This research has theoretical meanings in two aspects:Firstly, it will be helpful to construct philosophy of technology of the trinity of descriptiveness, normativity and criticalness, and promotes the practical transformation of philosophy of technology. Secondly, it will promote the development of philosophy of technology in China by enriching research foundation. In practicc, it will promote the development of Chinese technological design of multiple values and technological innovation, and the protection of excellent traditional culture heritages and provide a new perspective of "focal practices" in constructing ecological civilization, boosting the construction of ecological civilization and the harmony of human and technology in china.
引文
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