用户名: 密码: 验证码:
新型农村金融机构可持续发展研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
近年来,随着我国农村金融体制改革的深入,农村金融服务质量及水平已有较大改善。但是,农村金融整个服务体系的建设与加快农村经济发展的要求相比仍存在较大差距,机构网点覆盖率低,体制机制不完善,服务供给不充分,特别是农民“贷款难”的问题仍没有得到根本性改变,严重制约了“三农”的发展。因此,自2006年以来,我国启动了新一轮农村金融体制改革,按照“低门槛、严监管”原则,引导各类资本到农村地区投资设立村镇银行、贷款公司、农村资金互助社和小额贷款公司等新型农村金融机构,以此增加农村地区金融供给。从全国情况看,六年多的试建与发展所取得的成效佐证了此项改革举措的应时性。然而,四类新型农村金融机构在其试建营运发展中依然面临许多困难或障碍。因此,深入研究新型农村金融机构的可持续发展问题,对于深化农村金融改革,提升农村金融服务水平,建立普惠性金融体系,支持“三农”和小微企业的发展,具有重要的理论价值和实践指导意义。
     本文综合运用调查法、实证分析与规范分析相结合、整体分析与案例研究相结合等研究方法,梳理了国内外关于微型金融机构可持续发展理论方面的最新研究成果,科学界定了我国新型农村金融机构可持续发展的内涵与外延,归纳与比较借鉴了国外典型微型金融机构可持续发展的经验;全面分析了新型农村金融机构运行现状,分析了它们在发展过程中存在的主要问题;构建了新型农村金融机构可持续发展能力评价指标体系,利用调研数据,以小额贷款公司为例,对新型农村金融机构的可持续发展能力进行了实证分析,剖析了制约其可持续发展的问题的成因;最后,系统阐明了有效提升新型农村金融机构可持续发展能力的对策。
     主要研究结论如下:
     ⑴世界各国的发展经验表明,微型金融对于农户乃至整个国家经济的发展异常重要。国际上一些已成功实现可持续发展的典型微型金融机构的主要成功经验是:①以市场需求为导向设计产品和服务,提高竞争优势;②采用市场化利率;③利用商业化渠道融通资金;④政府支持是微型金融获得成功的关键;⑤商业上的可持续经营是微型金融机构发展的趋势。
     ⑵自2006年底以来,我国在农村地区开展新型农村金融机构试点建设工作,四类新型农村金融机构的试建与发展,有效地缓解了农村地区银行业金融机构网点覆盖率低、金融供给不足、竞争不充分等问题。新型农村金融机构有助于缓解信息不对称现象、降低交易成本、促进契约的有效执行、促进社会经济效益的增加,同商业银行相比,具有较高的市场效率。
     ⑶通过对山东省辖内新型农村金融机构发展现状调查发现,其发展势头良好,尤以小额贷款公司发展最为迅猛。同时,在发展过程中也面临许多障碍:①资金来源渠道狭窄;②社会认同度较低,提供的信贷产品和服务单一,服务对象多是“次级”客户,运营成本高昂,导致盈利能力有限;③内控机制不够建全,面临的风险较高;④人力资源状况堪忧;⑤国家政策扶持力度不够等。
     ⑷在构建了新型农村金融机构可持续发展能力评价指标体系基础上,以山东省小额贷款公司为例,对新型农村金融机构可持续发展能力进行了实证分析。分析结果表明小额贷款公司可持续发展能力相对偏低,影响其可持续发展能力的主要因素排序为:规模扩张能力、盈利能力、安全性、外部环境以及人力资源等。
     ⑸在对造成新型农村金融机构可持续发展能力低下的内外部原因进行分析的基础上,有针对性地提出了提高新型农村金融机构可持续发展能力的对策:第一,增强新型农村金融机构自身可持续发展能力。主要措施有:①准确进行市场定位,创新金融产品和服务,提高核心竞争力;②建立合理高效的人力资源管理体系;③完善公司治理结构,健全风险管控体系,提高公司治理水平;④塑造良好品牌形象,提高新型农村金融机构美誉度。第二,优化新型农村金融机构的外部环境。包括:①科学扶持,营造公平的竞争环境;②加强农村金融法律体系建设;③创新监管模式,提升监管水平;④完善农村信用体系和风险补偿机制,构建良好金融生态环境。
In recent years, with the further reform of China's rural financial system, the quality andlevel of rural financial services have been greatly improved. However, there still remain manyproblems--a wide gap between acceleration of rural economy and construction of ruralfinancial service system, outlets of low coverage, imperfect institutional mechanisms,inadequate supply of service, especially farmers’ difficult access to getting loans--all theseseriously hampering the development of agriculture, rural areas&farmers. Therefore, since2006, China have launched a new round of reform of the rural financial system, in accordancewith the principle of "low threshold and strict supervision”, guiding various types of capitalinvestment to set up village banks, finance companies, rural credit union funds andmicro-credit companies and other new-type rural financial institutions to increase the financialsupply in rural areas. Nationally viewed, the nationwide construction and development ofmore than six years prove the reform to have been correct reactions. However, four new formsof rural financial institutions are still facing many difficulties or obstacles in the operation anddevelopment. Therefore, in-depth study on sustainable development of new rural financialinstitutions is very important theoretically and significant practically for the promotion ofrural financial reform, constant improvement of rural financial services level, theestablishment of the GSP financial system and support for modern agriculture and new ruralconstruction.
     By summarizing and comparing foreign and domestic experience of typical MFIs forsustainable development, by means of various research methods—survey method, thecombination of empirical analysis and normative analysis, overall analysis and case studies—this dissertation systematically sorts through the latest theoretical research results of the sustainable development of the MFIs at home and abroad, scientifically defines theconnotation and denotation of the sustainable development of China's new rural financialinstitutions, comprehensively analyzes the running status of the new rural financialinstitutions and the main problems of them in the development process, logically builds theevaluation index system of sustainable development of the new rural financial institutions,taking Micro-credit companies for example, empirically analyzes the capacity for sustainabledevelopment of the new rural financial institutions and the causes of the issue of restrictingsustainable development. Finally, this dissertation systematically suggests some proposals toeffectively enhance the capacity for sustainable development of the new rural financialinstitutions.
     The main conclusions are as follows:
     First, the experience of the world development shows that Microfinance is extremelyimportant for both the development of farmers and the whole country's economy. Sometypical MFIs in the world have achieved sustainable development, and their major successfulexperience is①to design products and offer services to meet market demand and toimprove the competitive advantage;②to adopt market-oriented interest rate;③to financeby commercialization channel;④to be supported by government, which is key to thesuccess of Microfinance;⑤to manage sustainably in commerce, which is the trend ofdevelopment of MFIs.
     Second, China's pilot construction of new rural financial institutions in rural areas hasbeen carried out since the end of2006, and the four new rural financial institutions haveeffectively alleviated the problems of low network coverage of financial institutions in ruralareas, of lack of financial supply and of insufficient competition. New rural financialinstitutions have contributed to alleviation of the problems of information asymmetry, toreduction of transaction cost, to promotion of effective implementation of the contract and tothe increase of socioeconomic benefits. Compared with commercial banks, they have highmarket efficiency.
     Third, the survey has found that the new rural financial institutions in ShandongProvince have good momentum of development, especially the rapid and vigorousdevelopment of micro-credit companies. Meanwhile, in the development process to be faced are the following obstacles:①narrow funding sources;②the low degree of socialrecognition due to a unitary variety of credit products and services and so many “subprime”customers as service object;③high operating costs, leading to limited profitability;④incomplete internal control mechanism, facing a higher risk;⑤worrying human resourcescircumstances and inadequate national policy support.
     Fourth, taking micro-credit companies in Shandong Province for example, an empiricalanalysis on the ability of sustainable development of new rural financial institutions showsthat relatively low capacity for sustainable development of micro-credit companies hasimpacted on their capacity for sustainable development. The main factors are: scale expansionability, profitability, security, external environment and human resources as well.
     Fifth, on the basis of the analysis of the internal and external reasons why new ruralfinancial institutions have low capacity for sustainable development, countermeasures areproposed to improve the capacity for sustainable development of the new rural financialinstitutions.(1). To enhance their own capacity for sustainable development of the new ruralfinancial institutions, main measures are:①to orient the market according, to innovatefinancial products and services, to improve the core competitiveness;②to establish therational and efficient human resource management system;③to improve the corporategovernance structure and complete risk management and control system;④to create a goodbrand image and improve the reputation of the new rural financial institutions.(2) To optimizethe external environment of the new rural financial institutions, main measures are:①tocreate a fair competitive environment by scientific support;②to strengthen the ruralfinancial legal system;③to create innovative regulation system to enhance the level ofsupervision;④to improve the rural credit system and risk compensation mechanism tobuild a good financial environment.
引文
1李锐、朱喜(2007)利用2004年的调研数据测算了我国农户金融抑制的程度为70.92%。参考文献:李锐、朱喜,农户金融抑制及其福利损失的计量分析[J],经济研究,2007/2。
    2刘玲玲、杨思群、姜朋等,清华经管学院中国农村金融发展研究报告完结篇(2006-2010)[M],清华大学出版社,2010
    3刘玲玲,杨思群等.中国农村金融发展研究——2006汇丰-清华经管学院中国农村金融发展研究报告[R].北京:清华大学出版社,2007.
    4韩俊等.中国农村金融调查[M].上海:上海远东出版社,2007.
    5范从来、谢晓鸥,反哺“三农”的金融制度选择[J],学术研究,2009/1
    8陈晓红、李大荣,金融发展与经济增长相关研究:一个综述[J],江淮论坛,2007/5
    9Paul N. Ellinger and David L. Neff,Issues and Approaches in Efficiency Analysis ofAgricultural Banks [J],Agricultural Finance Review,1993/53:82-99.
    10William L. Weber&Michael Devaney, Local Characteristics, Contestability, and theDynamic Structure of Rural Banking: A Market Study [J],The Quarterly Review of Economicsand Finance, Vol.35, No.5, pp.271-287,1995.
    11Mark Drabenstott&Larry Meeker, Financing Rural America: A Conference Summary [J],Economic Review,1997, issue Q II, pages89-98.
    12Claudio Gonzalez-Vega, Deepening Rural Financial Markets: Macroeconomic, Policy andPolitical Dimensions [R],http://aede.osu.edu/programs/RuralFinance/PDF%20Docs/Publications/BASIS/woccu.pdf
    13李世美,国外农村金融问题研究文献综述[J],经济论坛,2006/7:111-113
    15刘玲玲、杨思群、姜朋等,清华经管学院中国农村金融发展研究报告完结篇(2006-2010)[M],清华大学出版社,2010
    16Mark Schreiner&H.H. Colombet,From Urban to Rural: Lessons for Microfinance fromArgentina [J], Development Policy Review,2001/19/3:339-354
    19Claudio Gonzalea-Vega,Cheap Agricultural Credit: Redistribution in Reverse [J],Undermining Rural Development with Cheap Credit,1984/12:19-21
    20J.D.Von Pischke,Innovation in Finance and Movement to Client-centered Credit [J],Journalof International Development,2002/12:10-11
    21Jonathan Morduch&Barbara Haley,Analysis of the Effects of Microfinance on PovertyReduction [J],NYU Wangner Working Paper No.1014,2002/6:2
    22Joe Remenyi&Jr Benjamin Quinones,Microfinance and Poverty Alleviation:Case Studiesfrom Asia and the Pacific [M],New York,London:Pinter,2000
    23Elizabeth Littlefield,Jonathan Morduch&Syed Hashemi,Is Microfinance an EffectiveStrategy to Reach the Millennium Development Goals?[EB/OL],http://www.cgap.org/p/site/c/template.rc/1.9.2568/,2003/1
    24孙颖,微型金融理论基础及相关研究综述[J],华北金融,2010/3:7-8
    25John Weiss&Heather Montgomery,Modalities of Microfinance Delivery in Asia and LatinAmerica: Lessons for China [J],China&World Economy, Vol.14NO.1,2006/1-2
    26熊芳,微型金融机构(MFIs)发展的文献综述[J],金融发展研究,2009/4:26
    27严盛虎,中国小额信贷可持续发展研究[D],北京林业大学,2004:14-15
    29Isabelle Barres, The MIX etc.,小额信贷机构业绩评测报告,分析及监控框架,http://www.microfin.com/FRAME/Chinese_SEEP_Framework.pdf,2005
    30杜晓山等,小额信贷原理及运作[M],上海:上海财经大学出版社,2001:81-82
    31Shahidur R. Khandker, M. A. Baqui Khalily, Zahed H. Khan,Grameen Bank: Performance andSustainability [M],The World Bank,Washington D.C.,1995
    37SEEP, Pocket Guide to the Microfinance Financial Reporting Standards Measuring FinancialPerformance of Microfinance Institutions,http://www.seepnetwork.org/filebin/pdf/resources/SEEP_MFRS_Pocket_Guide_ENG_FINAL_web.pdf,2010
    38Jonathan Morduch. Microfinance sustainability: A consistence frame and new evidence onthe Grameen Bank. Harvard University, First Draft,1997
    39郭会平,我国微型金融产业的可持续性问题研究――基于自组织理论的视角[D],厦门大学,2009:7-8
    40Dzene Richman&Aseidu K. Fred, Gender Composition, Competition And Sustainability OfMicro Finance In Africa: Evidence From Ghana’s Microfinance Inustry,http://www.csae.ox.ac.uk/conferences/2011-EDiA/papers/175-Dzene.pdf,2010
    41Jonathan. Morduch,The Microfinance Schism [J],World Development,2000/28/4:617-629
    42Jeffrey Poyo&Robin Young,Commercialization of Microfinance: A Framework for Latin America[J],World Bank,1999:89.
    43Nimal A. Fernando, The Changing Face of Microfinance: Transformation of NGOs into Regulated
    4F4inancial Institutions [R], Asian Development Bank,2003Liza Valenzula,“Getting the Recipe Right: The Experience and Challenges of Commercial Bank
    4D5ownscales” in the Commercialization of Microfinance [M]. Kumarian Press,2001:73-81Joanna Ledgerwood&Victoria White, Transforming microfinance institutions: providing full financial
    services to the poor [M], World Bank Publications,2006:XXVi-XXVii
    46World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future[R], New York:OxfordUniversity Press,1987
    47北京大学中国可持续发展研究中心,可持续发展:理论与实践[M],中央编译出版社,1997
    48白钦先,再论金融可持续发展[J],中国金融,1998/7
    49白钦先,以金融资源学说为基础的金融可持续发展理论和战略——理论研究的逻辑[J],华南金融研究,2003/3
    50杨思群,小额信贷机构的可持续性:模型分析和初步结论,清华经管学院中国农村金融发展研究报告完结篇(2006-2010)[M],清华大学出版社,2010:376-377
    51杨思群,小额信贷机构的可持续性:模型分析和初步结论,清华经管学院中国农村金融发展研究报告完结篇(2006-2010)[M],清华大学出版社,2010:376-377
    52严盛虎,中国小额信贷可持续发展研究,北京林业大学,2004:15-16
    53Manfred Zeller&Richard L. Meyer, The Triangle of Microfinance: Financial Sustainability,Outreach,and Impact[M], Baltimore and London, The Johns Hopkins University Press,2002
    54Mark Schreiner, Aspects of Outreach: A Framework for Discussion of the Social Benefits ofMicrofinance [J], Journal of International Development, Volume14, Issue5, pages591–603, July2002
    55朱建芳,普惠金融体系下小额信贷绩效内涵及其评价的理论模型构建[J],中国乡镇企业会计,2010/6
    56Robert Peck Christen, Elisabeth Rhyne, Robert C. Vogel, and Cressida McKean, AssessmentManager, Maximizing the outreach of Microenterprise Finance: The Emerging Lessons ofSuccessful Programs [R], http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACL639.pdf,1995/10
    57张正平,微型金融机构双重目标的冲突与治理:研究进展述评[J],经济评论,2011/5
    58张成虎、杨智斌,小额信贷额市场化可持续发展的经济学分析[J],人文杂志,2009/4
    59张伟,微型金融理论研究[M],中国金融出版社,2011:2-6
    60王雪,农村非正式金融市场上的借贷行为――理论分析与政策建设[J],货币金融评论,2006/1:18-20。
    61张伟,微型金融理论研究[M],中国金融出版社,2011:55-57
    66杜晓山,非政府组织小额信贷机构可能的发展前景[J],中国农村经济,2008/5
    68赵冬青、王康康,微型金融机构如何实现商业化运作——玻利维亚阳光银行的经验介绍[J],中国农村金融,2010/2
    69Joanna Ledgerwood&Victoria White, Transforming microfinance institutions: providing full financialservices to the poor [M], World Bank Publications,2006
    71张伟,微型金融理论研究[M],中国金融出版社,2011:42-43
    72辽宁省财政学会、辽宁省财政科学研究所,小额信贷[A],财经活页,2006/23
    73郭建斌,国外小额信贷可持续发展的内在机理及经验借鉴[J],农村金融研究,2011/2
    74中国人民银行农村金融服务研究小组,中国农村金融服务报告[EB/OL],http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2008-09/19/content_1100557.htm:2008.9.19
    77《中国银行业监督管理委员会关于调整放宽农村地区银行业金融机构准入政策更好支持社会主义新农村建设的若干意见》(银监发〔2006〕90号),参见中国银监会网站:http://www.cbrc.gov.cn/
    78《中国银监会关于鼓励和引导民间资本进入银行业的实施意见》(银监发〔2012〕27号),参见中国银监会网站:http://www.cbrc.gov.cn/
    79《中国银监会关于印发〈贷款公司管理规定〉的通知》(银监发[2009]76号),http://www.cbrc.gov.cn/govView_F790F26F4597431792D02BF93BD16711.html
    80《中国银行业监督管理委员会、中国人民银行关于小额贷款公司试点的指导意见》(银监发〔2008〕23号),中国银行业监督管理委员会官方网站:http://www.cbrc.gov.cn/chinese/home/docView/2008050844C6FDE83536CF44FFF6E85E5BC32C00.html
    82《2011山东银监局年报》,中国银行业监督管理委员会官方网站:http://www.cbrc.gov.cn/
    85柳松,村镇银行的适度规模扩张研究[J],南方农村,2011/2
    86郑现中、刘海东、尹楠,村镇银行如何实现可持续发展——以山东省为例[C],金融时报,2012/10/16
    87乔海滨,村镇银行可持续发展研究-以内蒙古为例[J],北方经济,2011/9
    97周炳林,发展村镇银行不宜忽视规模[N],21世纪经济报道,2006/12/26
    98刘文璞,小额信贷管理[M],社会科学文献出版社,2011:P187-194。
    100陆岷峰,商业银行产品定价[M],中国人民大学出版社,2005。
    101刘文璞,小额信贷管理[M],社会科学文献出版社,2011:P146-147。
    102课题组,内蒙古新型农村金融机构产品与服务创新研究[J],华北金融,2011/8。
    103刘文璞,小额信贷管理[M],社会科学文献出版社,2011:P250-301。
    104《中国银行业监督管理委员会、中国人民银行关于小额贷款公司试点的指导意见》(银监发〔2008〕23号)。
    105中国人民银行上海总部综合管理部课题组,十二五”长三角金融合作共识[J],上海金融,2012/7
    106郭兴平,村镇银行经营管理的现状、问题及对策――基于两家村镇银行的调研报告[J],银行家,2012/3
    (1)爱德华·肖,经济发展中的金融深化[M],上海:上海三联书店,1988
    (2)巴曙松、袁彩虹,小额信贷与农村金融空白的填补[N],中国经济时报,2005/1/21
    (3)白钦先,以金融资源学说为基础的金融可持续发展理论和战略——理论研究的逻辑[J],华南金融研究,2003/3
    (4)白钦先,再论金融可持续发展[J],中国金融,1998/7
    (5)白钦先,再论以金融资源论为基础的金融可持续发展理论――范式转换、理论创新和方法变革[J],国际金融研究,2000/2
    (6)白钦先、丁志杰,论金融可持续发展[J],国际金融研究,1998/5
    (7)北京大学中国可持续发展研究中心,可持续发展:理论与实践[M],中央编译出版社,1997
    (8)陈传波、丁士军,中国小农户的风险及风险管理研究[M],北京:中国财政经济出版社,2005
    (9)陈时兴,农村地方金融结构、地方政府行为与支农绩效[J],数量经济技术经济研究,2009/3
    (10)程恩江,金融扶贫的新途径?中国贫困农村社区村级互助资金的发展探索[J],金融发展评论,2010/2
    (11)程恩江、刘西川,小额信贷缓解农户正规信贷配给了吗?——来自三个非政府小额信贷项目区的经验证据[J],金融研究,2010/12
    (12)程恩江、刘西川,中国非政府小额信贷和农村金融[M],浙江大学出版社,2007/3
    (13)崔德强、谢欣,印尼小额信贷模式及借鉴[J],银行家,2008/6
    (14)单春艳,对新型农村金融机构可持续发展问题的思考——以宿迁市为例[J],时代金融,2009/5
    (15)邓晓霞,中印农村微型金融运作的比较及启示[J],农村经济,2011/9
    (16)杜晓山,非政府组织小额信贷机构可能的发展前景[J],中国农村经济,2008/5
    (17)杜晓山,建立可持续性发展的农村普惠性金融体系—在2006年中国金融论坛上的讲话[J],金融与经济,2007/2
    (18)杜晓山、聂强、张军,江苏小额贷款公司发展中的经验与问题[J],农村金融研究,2010/5
    (19)杜晓山,我国小额信贷发展报告[J],农村金融研究,2009/2
    (20)杜晓山,小额信贷的发展和模式——演讲摘要[J],金融与经济,2007/8
    (21)杜晓山,小额信贷与普惠金融体系[J],中国金融,2010/10
    (22)杜晓山,印度安德拉邦小贷危机的中国之鉴[J],中国农村金融,2011/5
    (23)杜晓山、刘文璞等,小额信贷原理及运作[M],上海财经大学出版社,2001/8
    (24)杜晓山、聂强,小额信贷领域中的金融机构合作[J],农村金融研究,2011/5
    (25)杜晓山、孙若梅,中国小额信贷的实践和政策思考[J],财贸经济,2000/7
    (26)杜晓山、滕超,孟加拉农村就业支持基金会(PKSF)及对我国小额信贷发展的启示[J],农村金融研究,2010/11
    (27)杜云福,国际小额信贷机构治理结构与运作的比较及启示[J],海南金融,2008/11
    (28)范从来、谢晓鸥,反哺“三农”的金融制度选择[J],学术研究,2009/1
    (29)冯国平,关于包头市、鄂尔多斯市3家新型农村金融机构发展运营情况的调查[J],内蒙古金融研究,2009/6
    (30)冯林、王家传,基于熵权TOPSIS法的农村基础设施建设状况评价研究_以山东省17地市为例[J],农业经济与管理,2011/2
    (31)高彦彬,论金融理念创新与乡村银行运作模式变迁[J],农村经济,2010/6
    (32)高艳,农村非正规金融契约实施问题研究[J],南京财经大学学报,2009/3
    (33)葛永波、周倬君、马云倩,新型农村金融机构可持续发展的影响因素与对策透视[J],农业经济问题,2011/12
    (34)郭建斌,国外小额信贷可持续发展的内在机理及经验借鉴[J],农村金融研究,2011/2
    (35)郭田勇、郭修瑞,开放经济下中国农村金融市场博弈研究[M],经济科学出版社,2006
    (36)郭兴平,农村金融服务模式创新研究[J],农村金融研究,2011/11
    (37)郭兴平,村镇银行经营管理的现状、问题及对策――基于两家村镇银行的调研报告[J],银行家,2012/3
    (38)郭亚军,综合评价理论、方法及应用[M],科学出版社,2007/5
    (39)郭真、于丽红、兰庆高,村镇银行可持续发展评价指标体系的构建——基于对湖南湘乡市村镇银行的调查[J],金融理论与实践,2011/5
    (40)国家发展改革委农经司年度计划处,我国农村金融改革发展的现状及政策建议[J],《中国经贸导刊》,2009/8
    (41)韩俊,罗丹,程郁,中国农村金融调查[M],上海:上海远东出版社,2007
    (42)何广文,农村资金互助合作机制及其绩效阐释[J],金融理论与实践,2007/4
    (43)何颖媛,何铮,基于功能视角的新型农村金融机构脆弱性测度研究[J],中南大学学报(社会科学版),2012/2
    (44)洪正,新型农村金融机构改革可行吗?[J],经济研究,2011/2
    (45)黄韩星,村镇银行可持续发展问题研究[J],广西金融研究,2008/12
    (46)黄文胜,创新农村新型金融机构,破解农村金融“边缘化”[J],生产力研究,2009/4
    (47)黄艳艳,发展中国家小额信贷发展模式分析[J],银行家,2008/3
    (48)贾峤,中国农村小额信贷发展问题研究[D],沈阳农业大学,2008/6
    (49)蒋定之,加大新型农村金融机构培育力度促进农村经济又好又快发展[J],中国农村信用合作,2008/12
    (50)蒋定之,蒋定之在扩大新型农村金融机构准入试点工作会议上强调:认真贯彻十七大精神积极稳妥扩大新型农村金融机构试点[J],中国农村信用合作,2007/11
    (51)李长生,新型农村金融机构可持续发展研究——以交易费用为视角[J],福建行政学院学报,2012/1
    (52)李莉莉,新型农村金融机构发展进程与阶段性评价[J],金融理论与实践,2008/9
    (53)李敏,浙江村镇银行可持续发展的问题及对策[J],农业经济,2012/2
    (54)李明贤、周孟亮,我国小额信贷公司的扩张与目标偏移研究[J],农业经济问题,2010/12
    (55)李蕊,我国新型农村金融机构相关制度的完善——以可持续发展为视角[J],理论界,2011/11
    (56)李锐、朱喜,农户金融抑制及其福利损失的计量分析[J],经济研究,2007/2
    (57)李世美,国外农村金融问题研究文献综述[J],经济论坛,2006/7
    (58)李树杰,孟加拉格莱珉小额信贷银行二次创业的经验[J],金融经济,2007/3
    (59)辽宁省财政学会、辽宁省财政科学研究所,小额信贷[A],财经活页,2006/23
    (60)林毅夫,再论制度、技术与中国农业发展[M],北京:北京大学出版社,2000
    (61)刘玲玲、杨思群、姜朋等,清华经管学院中国农村金融发展研究报告完结篇(2006-2010)[M],清华大学出版社,2010
    (62)刘文璞,小额信贷管理[M],北京:社会科学文献出版社,2011
    (63)刘辛元,新型农村金融机构的兴起对农村信用社的影响及对策分析[J],南方金融,2009/7
    (64)陆智强、熊德平、李红玉,新型农村金融机构:治理困境与解决对策[J],农业经济问题,2011/8
    (65)罗纳德·麦金农,经济发展中的货币与资本[M],上海:上海三联书店,1997
    (66)马国宏,我国小额贷款公司的现状、问题和应对策略[J],银行家,2011/10
    (67)毛玲花、管颖,村镇银行可持续发展中存在的问题及建议[J],中国农村金融,2010/8
    (68)茆晓颖,农村小额贷款公司可持续发展研究[J],农业经济问题,2012/9
    (69)绵阳市金融学会课题组,西部欠发达地区新型农村金融机构问题初探——基于绵阳富民村镇银行的案例剖析[J],西南金融,2008/3
    (70)年志远、马宁,我国新型农村金融机构制度安排的缺陷及其完善[J],经济纵横,2009/9
    (71)聂强,小额信贷的偿还机制:一个理论述评[J],中国农村观察,2010/1
    (72)聂强、杜晓山,小额信贷中团体贷款理论研究述评,[J],现代经济探讨,2011/9
    (73)钱水土、乐韵,中国小额信贷商业化可持续发展的经济学分析[J],金融理论与实践,2007/5
    (74)人民银行成都分行金融稳定处课题组,四川新型农村金融机构试点效应及路径选择[J],西南金融,2009/8
    (75)人民银行宿迁市中心支行课题组,新型农村金融机构可持续发展问题研究——以宿迁市为例[J],金融纵横,2009/3
    (76)沈杰、马九杰,农村金融新政对增加农村金融信贷供给的作用—基于对新型农村金融机构的调查分析[J],现代经济探讨,2010/7
    (77)舒尔茨,改造传统农业[M],北京:商务印书馆,1987
    (78)孙健、郭少泉,商业银行人力资源管理[M],北京:经济管理出版社,2005
    (79)孙健、胡金焱,小额贷款公司与农民收入关系研究——以山东省小额贷款公司为例[J],山东社会科学,2011/12
    (80)孙若梅,小额信贷对农民收入影响的实证分析[J],贵州社会科学,2008/9
    (81)孙若梅,小额信贷与农民收入[M],北京:中国经济出版社,2006/1
    (82)孙若梅,小额信贷在农村信贷市场中作用的探讨[J],中国农村经济,2006/8
    (83)汪三贵,中国农村金融市场与村镇银行发展,中国农村金融投资与村镇银行发展论坛,2008
    (84)汪三贵、毛建森、朴之水,中国的小额信贷[J],农业经济问题,1998/4
    (85)王家传、冯林,农村小额贷款公司营运成效与发展方略:以山东省为例[J],农业经济问题,2011/7
    (86)王建英、王秀芳,新型农村金融机构运行风险及其防范[J],金融经济,2009/8
    (87)王进、柯常松,安徽新型农村金融机构建设探讨[J],经济与金融,2007/11
    (88)王曙光,新型农村金融机构运行绩效与机制创新[J],中共中央党校学报,2008/2
    (89)吴国宝,扶贫模式研究—中国小额信贷扶贫研究[M],北京:中国经济出版社,2001
    (90)吴占权,新型农村金融机构的贷款定价问题探讨[J],农村经济,2009/10
    (91)吴占权,新型农村金融机构的贷款风险管理[J],农村金融研究,2009/4
    (92)西南财经大学金融学院课题组,新型农村金融机构可持续发展探讨[J],改革与战略,2011/4
    (93)邢道均、叶依广,农村小额贷款公司缓解农村中小企业正规信贷约束了吗?——基于苏北五市的调查研究[J],农业经济问题,2011/8
    (94)严盛虎,中国小额信贷可持续发展研究[D],北京林业大学,2004
    (95)余河、罗骏,新型农村金融机构可行性研究[J],安徽农业科学,2011/29
    (96)于卫平、罗剑朝,陕西省4家村镇银行运行绩效分析与支持政策研究[J],广东农业科学,2012/3
    (97)约纳森·莫达奇,关于小额信贷的可持续性问题[J],中国农村经济,1998/9
    (98)张成虎、杨智斌,小额信贷额市场化可持续发展的经济学分析[J],人文杂志,2009/4
    (99)张皓,基于完善农村金融体系诉求下的新型农村金融机构发展研究[J],南方金融,2011/9
    (100)张亮,微型金融机构的技术效率评价方法[J],科技管理研究,2007/12
    (101)张曼,我国新型农村银行业金融机构的脆弱性分析[J],东岳论丛,2009/8
    (102)张曼,我国新型农村银行业金融机构的风险管理——基于农户声誉机制的思考[J],山东社会科学,2009/6
    (103)张伟,微型金融理论研究[M],中国金融出版社,2011
    (104)赵冬青,微型金融商业化的国际经验[J],中国农村信用合作,2009/1
    (105)赵冬青、王康康,微型金融的历史与发展综述[J],金融发展研究2009/1
    (106)赵冬青、王康康,微型金融机构如何实现商业化运作——玻利维亚阳光银行的经验介绍[J],中国农村金融,2010/2
    (107)赵冬青、王树贤,我国村镇银行发展现状的实证研究[J],农村经济,2010/7
    (108)郑振东、杨智斌,农户小额信贷可持续发展的经济学分析[J],河北经贸大学学报,2005/1
    (109)植凤寅,村镇银行带来了什么[J],中国金融,2008/6
    (110)中国农村金融需求与农村信用社改革课题组,中国农村金融现状调查及其政策建议[J],改革,2007/1
    (111)中国农村金融学会,中国农村金融改革发展三十年[M],中国金融出版社,2008
    (112)中国人民银行农村金融服务研究小组,中国农村金融服务报告[EB/OL],http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2008-09/19/content_1100557.htm:2008.9.19
    (113)中国人民银行农村金融服务研究小组,中国农村金融服务报告2010[M],北京:中国金融出版社,2011/3
    (114)中国人民银行上海总部综合管理部课题组:娄荣民、马绍刚、王旭祥,“十二五”长三角金融合作共识[J],上海金融,2012/7
    (115)中国社会科学院贫困问题研究中心课题组,扶贫经济合作社――小额信贷扶贫模式在中国的实践[M],北京:社会科学文献出版社
    (116)中国小额信贷社会绩效管理研究课题组,商业性小额信贷社会绩效评价——基于哈尔滨银行的案例分析[J],农村金融研究,2011/4
    (117)周立,中国农村金融体系发展逻辑[J],银行家,2005/8
    (118)周孟亮,我国小额信贷社会绩效评价指标设计研究[J],农村金融研究,2011/2
    (119)朱建芳,普惠金融体系下小额信贷绩效内涵及其评价的理论模型构建[J],中国乡镇企业会计,2010/6
    (120) Ajai Nair, Sustainability of Microfinance Self Help Groups in India: Wouldfederating Help?[Z],World Bank Policy Research Working Paper3516,2005/2
    (121) Aliya Khawari, Microfinance: Does it Hold its Promises? A survey of recentliterature, HWWA Discussion Paper No.276, Hamburg: Hamburg Institute of InternationalEconomics,2004
    (122) Allen N. Berger&Gregory F. Udell, Small business Credit Availability andRelationship Lending: The Importance of Bank Organizational Structure [J], EconomicJournal,2002/112
    (123) Asl1Demirguc-Kunt, Luc. Laeven and Ross Levine, Regulations,market structure,institutions,and the cost of financial intermediation[J],Journal of Money,Creditand Banking,2004/3:593-622
    (124) Beatriz Armendáriz and Jonathan Morduch, The Economics of Microfinance, SecondEdition [M], The MIT Press,2010
    (125) Beatriz Armendáriz de Aghion&Jonathan Morduch, The Economics of Microfi-nance,Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press,2005
    (126) Beatriz Armendáriz de Aghion&Jonathan Morduch,Microfinance Beyond Group Lending[J],Economics of Transition,2000
    (127) Begona G., Carlos S. C., Cecilio M. M., Microfinance institutions an efficiency[J],Journal of Management Science. Omega35(2007):131-142
    (128) Bernd Balkenhol, Haje Schütte, International Labour Office. Employment Sector.Social Finance Unit, Collateral, collateral law and collateral substitutes, SocialFinance Program Working Paper,2001/26
    (129) Bourdieu, Pierre, The forms of capital. In Handbook of Theory and Research forthe Sociology of Education, ed. JG Richardson, pp.241-58. New York: Greenwood,1986
    (130) Brigit Helms&Xavier Reille,Interest Rate Ceilings and Microfinance: the StorySo Far[J],CGAP Occasional Paper,2004/2:20-23.
    (131) Bruce C. Greenwald and Joseph E. Stiglitz, Externalities in Economies withImperfect Information and Incomplete Markets[J],The Quarterly Journal of Economics,1986/5:229-264
    (132) Carlo Pietrobelli&Roberta Rabellotti,Upgrading in clusters and value chains inLatin Americas:the role of policies [M],Inter-American Bank,2004,10-95
    (133) CGAP,Access for all: Building inclusive financial system,CGAP,2006
    (134) CGAP,CGAP Phase III Strategy2003-2008: Building Financial Systems that Work forthe Poor[Z],Washington,DC: World Bank,2003
    (135) Claudio Gonzalea-Vega,Cheap Agricultural Credit: Redistribution in Reverse [J],Undermining Rural Development with Cheap Credit,1984/12
    (136) Claudio Gonzalez-Vega, Deepening Rural Financial Markets: Macroeconomic, Policyand Political Dimensions [R],http://aede.osu.edu/programs/RuralFinance/PDF%20Docs/Publications/BASIS/woccu.pdf
    (137) Coleman, James S., Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Pressof Harvard University,1990
    (138) Dennis Anderson&Farida Khambata,Financing small-scale industry and agriculturein development countries: the merits and limitations of “commercial” policies [J],Economic Development and Cultural Change,1985/2:349-371
    (139) Douglass C. North,Institutions,Institutional Change and Economic Performance [M],Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1990
    (140) Dzene Richman&Aseidu K. Fred, Gender Composition, Competition And SustainabilityOf Micro Finance In Africa: Evidence From Ghana’s Microfinance Inustry,http://www.csae.ox.ac.uk/conferences/2011-EDiA/papers/175-Dzene.pdf,2010
    (141) Elizabeth Littlefield,Jonathan Morduch&Syed Hashemi,Is Microfinance anEffective Strategy to Reach the Millennium Development Goals?[EB/OL],http://www.cgap.org/p/site/c/template.rc/1.9.2568/,2003/1
    (142) Eric Van Tassel,Group Lending under Asymmetric Information[J],Journal ofDevelopment Economics,1999/60/1:3-25
    (143) Ernest Aryeetey,Informal Finance for Private Sector Development in Sub-SaharanAfrica [J],Journal of Microfinance,2005/1
    (144) Franklin Simtowe, Manfred Zeller, Alexander Phiri, Determinants of Moral hazardin Microfinance: Empirical Evidence from Joint Liability Lending Schemes in Malawi,http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/25287/1/pp062756.pdf,2006
    (145) Ganesh Thapa, Sustainability and Governance of Microfinance Institutions: RecentExperiences and Some Lessons for Southeast Asia [J], Asian Journal of Agriculture andDevelopment,2007/1
    (146) Geetha Nagarajan&Richard L. Meyer,Rural Finance: Recent Advances and EmergingLessons, Debates, and Opportunities, Reformatted version of Working PaperAEDE-WP-0041-05, Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics,The Ohio State University (Columbus, Ohio, USA),2005
    (147) Hartarska, Valentina, and Denis Nadolnyak, Do Regulated Microfinance InstitutionsAchieve Better Sustainability and Outreach? Cross-Country Evidence, Applied Economics,2007/39:1207-1222
    (148) Hennie Van Greuning, Joselito Gallardo and Bikki Randhawa,A Framework forRegulating Microfinance Institutions[J],The World Bank,Financial Sector DevelopmentDepartment,1998/12:2
    (149) Isabelle Barres, The MIX etc.,小额信贷机构业绩评测报告,分析及监控框架,http://www.microfin.com/FRAME/Chinese_SEEP_Framework.pdf,2005
    (150) J. Jordan Pollinger, John Outhwaite, Hector Cordero-Guzman,The Question ofSustainability for Microfinance Institutions [J],Journal of Small Business Management,2007/1:23-41
    (151) J. Jordan Pollinger, The Question of Sustainability for MicrofinanceInstitutions[J],Journal of Small Business Management,2007/1:23-41
    (152) J.D.Von Pischke,Innovation in Finance and Movement to Client-centered Credit [J],Journal of International Development,2002/12
    (153) Jacob Yaron, Assessing Development Finance Institutions: A Public InterestAnalysis, Discussion Paper No.174, Washington, D.C.: World Bank,1992b
    (154) Jacob Yaron, Successful Rural Finance Institutions, Discussion Paper No.150,Washington, D.C.: World Bank,1992a
    (155) Jacob Yaron,What Makes Rural Finance Institutions Successful [J],World Bank ResObs (1994)9(1):49-70doi:10.1093/wbro/9.1.49
    (156) Jean Tirole, Incomplete Contracts: Where Do We Stand?[J], Econometrica,1999/7,67(4):741-781
    (157) Jeffrey Poyo&Robin Young,Commercialization of Microfinance: A Framework for LatinAmerica[J],World Bank,1999:89.
    (158) Joanna Ledgerwood&Victoria White, Transforming microfinance institutions:providing full financial services to the poor [M], World Bank Publications,2006
    (159) Joe Remenyi&Jr Benjamin Quinones,Microfinance and Poverty Alleviation:CaseStudies from Asia and the Pacific [M],New York,London:Pinter,2000
    (160) John Weiss&Heather Montgomery,Modalities of Microfinance Delivery in Asia andLatin America: Lessons for China [J],China&World Economy, Vol.14NO.1,2006/1-2
    (161) Jonathan Morduch&Barbara Haley,Analysis of the Effects of Microfinance on PovertyReduction [J],NYU Wangner Working Paper No.1014,2002/6:17-19
    (162) Jonathan Morduch. Microfinance sustainability: A consistence frame and newevidence on the Grameen Bank. Harvard University, First Draft,1997
    (163) Jonathan. Morduch, The Microfinance Schism [J], World Development,2000/28/4:617-629
    (164) Joseph E. Stiglitz&Andrew Weiss, Credit Rationing in Markets with ImperfectInformation [J], American Economic Review,1981/71
    (165) Joseph E. Stiglitz, Credit Markets and the Control of Capital [J], Journal of Money,Credit, Banking Lecture,1985/17/2
    (166) Kellee S. Tsai. Imperfect Substitutes:The Local Political Economy of InformalFinance and Microfinance in Rural China and India [J],World Development2004/9:1487-1507
    (167) Luigi Guiso&Paola Sapienza&Luigi Zingales, The Role of Social Capital inFinancial Development, The American Economic Review, Vol.94, No.3(Jun.,2004), pp.526-556
    (168) M. Kugler&R. Oppes, Collateral and Risk Sharing in group lending: evidence froman urban microcredit program, Working Paper CRENoS200509, Centre for North SouthEconomic Research, University of Cagliari and Sassari, Sardinia,2005
    (169) Manfred Zeller&Richard L. Meyer, The Triangle of Microfinance: FinancialSustainability,Outreach, and Impact[M], Baltimore and London,The Johns HopkinsUniversity Press,2002
    (170) Marguerite Berger&Mayra Buvinic,Women’s Ventures: Assistance to the InformalSector in Latin America [M],West Hartford:Kumarian Press,1989
    (171) Mark Drabenstott&Larry Meeker, Financing Rural America: A Conference Summary [J],Economic Review,1997, issue Q II, pages89-98
    (172) Mark Schreiner&H.H. Colombet,From Urban to Rural: Lessons for Microfinance fromArgentina [J], Development Policy Review,2001/19/3:339-354
    (173) Mark Schreiner, Aspects of Outreach: A Framework for Discussion of the SocialBenefits of Microfinance [J], Journal of International Development, Volume14, Issue5, pages591–603, July2002
    (174) Nimal A. Fernando, Microfinance outreach to the poorest: a realistic objective?In ADB, Finance for the poor,2004,5:1-5
    (175) Nimal A. Fernando, The Changing Face of Microfinance: Transformation of NGOs intoRegulated Financial Institutions [R], Asian Development Bank,2003
    (176) Nimal A. Fernando, Understanding and Dealing with High Interest Rates onMicrofinance: A Note to Policy Makers in the Asia and Pacific Region[M],Asia DevelopmentBank,2006:40-43
    (177) Paul N. Ellinger and David L. Neff, Issues and Approaches in Efficiency Analysisof Agricultural Banks [J], Agricultural Finance Review,1993/53,82-99
    (178) Paul. B. Mcguire, Policy and Regulation for Sustainable Microfinance: CountryExperiences in Asia[J], Journal of International Development,1999(1):717-729.
    (179) Philip Bond&Ashok Rai, Collateral Substitutes in Micronance,http://finance.wharton.upenn.edu/~pbond/research/limits-jul2-02.pdf,2002/7
    (180) Probal Roy Chowdhury, Group-lending with Sequential Financing, Contingent Renewaland Social Capital [J], Journal of Development Economics,2007/84:487-506.
    (181) R.W. Goldsmith, Financial Structure and Development [M], New Haven, CT: YaleUniversity Press,1969
    (182) Richard L. Meyer, Track Record of Financial Institutions in Assisting the Poor inAsia, ADB Institute Research Paper Series No.49,2002/12
    (183) Richard L. Meyer,The Demand for Flexible Microfinance Products: Lessons
    (184) From Bangladesh[J], Journal of International Development.2002(14):351-368
    (185) Robert Peck Christen, Elisabeth Rhyne, Robert C. Vogel, Cressida McKean&Assessment Manager, Maximizing the outreach of Microenterprise Finance: The EmergingLessons of Successful Programs [R], http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACL639.pdf,1995/10
    (186) Ronald I. Mckinnon, The Order of Economic Liberalization: Financial Control in theTransition to Market Economy [M],London: The Johns Hopkins University Press,1991
    (187) SEEP, Pocket Guide to the Microfinance Financial Reporting Standards MeasuringFinancial Performance of Microfinance Institutions,http://www.seepnetwork.org/filebin/pdf/resources/SEEP_MFRS_Pocket_Guide_ENG_FINAL_web.pdf,2010
    (188) Sharma, S.R. and Vishnu Nepal. Strengthening Credit Institution Programs for RuralPoverty Alleviation in Nepal, UN Economic and Social commissions for Asia and Pacific
    (ESCAP) Bangkok.1997
    (189) Show E.S, Financial Deepening in Economic Development [M], NY: Oxford UniversityPress,1973
    (190) Sidney Ardener, The Comparative Study of Rotating Credit Associations [J],Journalof Royal Anthropology,1964/94:201-229
    (191) Stewart C. Myers&Nicholas S. Majluf, Corporate Financing and Investment Decisionswhen Firms Have Information that Investors Do Not Have [J], Journal of FinancialEconomics,1984/7/13/2
    (192) Thankom Arun,Regulating for development: the case of microfinance[J],The QuarterlyReview of Economics and Finance,2005/45:346-357
    (193) Thierry Van Bastelaer&Howard Leathers,Trust in Lending: Social Capital and JointLiability Seed. Loans in Southern Zambia [J],World Development,2006/10:1788-1807.
    (194) Thierry Van Bastelaer, Imperfect Information, Social Capital and the Poor's Accessto Credit, IRIS Center Working Paper No.234, University of Maryland-Center onInstitutional Reform and the Informal Sector (IRIS),1999/10
    (195) Thierry van Bastelaer,Does Social Capital Facilitate the Poor’s Access to Credit?A Review of the Microeconomic Literature,Social Capital Initiative Working Paper NO.8,1999/5
    (196) Vicente Galbis, Financial Intermediation and Economic Growth in Less DevelopedCountries: A Theoretical Approach [J], Journal of Development Studies,1977/1
    (197) William L. Weber&Michael Devaney, Local Characteristics, Contestability, andthe Dynamic Structure of Rural Banking: A Market Study [J],The Quarterly Review ofEconomics and Finance, Vol.35, No.5, pp.271-287,1995
    (198) Woller Gary, From market failure to marketing failure: market orientation as thekey to deep outreach in microfinance[J],Journal of International Development,2002/14/3:305-324
    (199) World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future[R], New York:Oxford University Press,1987
    (200) Wyn Grant&Anne MacNamara,The relationship between bankers and farmers: Ananalysis of Britain and Ireland [J],Journal of Rural Studies,1996/10/12:427-437

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700