基于两维语义的企业自主创新能力评价理论与应用研究
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摘要
企业自主创新能力已经成为制约企业持续健康发展的重要瓶颈问题。开放式创新体系下,企业自主创新的动力和创新资源整合能力的重要性日益凸显,同时企业自主创新能力的影响因素众多,作用路径复杂,使得企业自主创新能力评价中存在大量“不确定”信息和定性评价的问题,因而在评价指标体系的建立和遴选、评价指标权重的确定、评价结果的融合等多方面,都需要充分发挥专家的作用,现有的综合评价模型在不确定信息融合方面存在缺陷,而且未能考虑专家在背景、经验、知识和能力等方面的差异,基于两维语义的智能决策方法提供了较好的解决思路。本文将理论研究、案例研究和智能决策方法有机融合,在科学界定企业自主创新能力本质内涵的基础上,明晰企业自主创新能力的形成机理,结合企业自主创新能力的现状与特征分析,构建了一套企业自主创新能力综合评价指标体系,同时充分利用专家的知识和经验在不确定性决策问题中的作用,并且区分专家在知识和能力等方面的差异,建立了基于两维语义的企业自主创新能力综合评价模型,并以安徽企业为对象进行了应用研究,验证了模型的有效性,选题具有重要的理论价值与实践指导意义。主要研究工作与结论如下：
(1)企业自主创新能力的形成机理研究。首先,在对开放式创新、自主创新、企业自主创新能力等概念本质内涵界定的基础上,建立了开放式体系下企业自主创新能力的概念模型；其次,从企业自主创新的内在动力和外在动力两个方面,建立了内外部因素共同作用下企业自主创新能力的动力模型；再次,从资源整合能力的视角出发,建立了开放式创新体系下企业自主创新能力的资源整合模型,为企业自主创新能力综合评价指标体系的建立奠定理论基础。
(2)企业自主创新能力的现状及特征分析。以安徽作为应用研究对象,基于协同创新的思路,系统分析了政府、高校和科研机构、中介服务机构、金融服务机构四者在营造良好的企业自主创新环境方面的情况；其次,以安徽省258家创新型企业为研究对象,从企业创新意识、企业创新投入、企业创新效率、企业创新合作等方面分析了企业自主创新能力的现状及其存在的问题；再次,选取安徽科大讯飞、奇瑞汽车和江淮汽车三家典型企业作为案例,分别从创新意识驱动、资源整合能力和创新可持续性三个方面,剖析了企业自主创新的典型特征。
(3)企业自主创新能力综合评价指标体系构建和优化研究。首先,总结理论研究和具体案例剖析的成果,结合企业自主创新能力的现状和特征分析,基于开放式创新视角,从自主创新的动力、自主创新的资源整合、自主创新的产出、自主创新的可持续性四个方面,构建了企业自主创新能力评价指标体系。其次,为了充分发挥专家在指标体系遴选中的作用,并且考虑专家知识背景、经验和能力的差异,建立了基于两维语义的企业自主创新能力综合评价指标体系遴选模型,对指标体系的进行遴选优化。
(4)基于两维语义的企业自主创新能力综合评价模型及其应用研究。首先,在遴选优化后的评价指标体系基础上,为了科学合理、客观准确的确定各指标的权重,建立了基于两维语义判断矩阵的企业自主创新能力评价指标权重确定模型,通过两维语义判断矩阵表示专家意见,并将多个两维语义判断矩阵进行集结以融合多个专家的信息,据此确定各评价指标的权重。其次,考虑到自主创新的风险高、周期长等特点,评价过程中涉及到大量的“不确定”信息,建立基于两维语义的企业自主创新能力综合评价模型。再次,基于上述评价指标体系和综合评价模型,选择安徽省汽车、电子信息、装备制造、新材料四大主导行业的16家企业作为应用对象,进行了实际应用研究。并且从与国家“4+1”的创新型企业评价体系的比较以及安徽省情比对两个方面,验证了模型的有效性。最后,根据企业自主创新能力的综合评价结果,从政府和企业两个层面,提出了提升安徽企业自主创新能力的对策建议。
Enterprise's capability of independent innovation has become a significant bottleneck constraint for its positive continuous development. Because of the massive influential factors in open innovation system and the complex causal links between each two of them, there are lots of problems for the evaluation of enterprise's capability of independent innovation (ECⅡ), in terms of uncertain information representation and qualitative evaluation. Therefore, it is better to take full advantage of expert judgment in constructing indicators system, determining the weights of indicators, and combining the evaluation results. However, the existing comprehensive evaluation model could not take the great diversity of experts' background, experience, knowledge and capacity into account. On the contrary, the intelligent decision-making method based on2-dimension linguistic assessment information (2-DLAI) could provide a relatively good solution to the problem.
This paper integrated the theoretical study, case study and intelligent decision-making method together, and identified the mechanism of the ECⅡ on the basis of its definition. Firstly, comprehensive evaluation index system of the ECⅡ in accordance with the regional characteristics of Anhui was structured in the light of the analysis about the status quo and current problems of enterprises' capability of independent innovation in Anhui, as well as the characteristics of typical enterprises. Then, this paper took full use of experts' experience and knowledge and capacity in uncertain decision-making problem, made a distinction between different experts and then constructed the comprehensive evaluation model of the ECⅡ based on2-DLAI, in order to evaluate and monitor the ECⅡ in Anhui periodically. So this research has great theoretical value and practical significance.The main research and conclusions are as follows:
(1) The mechanism of the ECⅡ. Firstly, based on the definition of open innovation, independent innovation, ECⅡ, etc., the conceptual model of ECⅡ in open system was structured; secondly, from internal and external motivation aspects, the dynamic model of ECⅡ was established; finally, from the perspective of resource integration ability, this paper constructed resource integration model of ECⅡ in open innovation system, in order to lay a theoretical foundation to build comprehensive evaluation index system of ECⅡ.
(2) The status analysis of ECⅡ. Firstly, in view of collaborative innovation; regarding Anhui province as regional research object; and from the subjects in terms of government, colleges and universities, enterprises and intermediary services, this paper described the overview of the regional independent innovation system development symmetrically; Secondly, regarding the258innovative enterprises in Anhui as research objects, from the aspects of innovative awareness, investment in innovation, innovation efficiency, as well as innovative cooperation, this paper analyzed the current status and questions of ECⅡ in Anhui;Third, we selected three typical firms: iFLYTEK, Chery Automobile and Jianghuai Automobile, as the objects of case study, and anatomized the typical characteristic of their ECⅡ from innovative awareness drive, ability to integrate resources, and innovation sustainability perspectives. These work forms the practical basis for the index system of comprehensive evaluation of the ECⅡ in Anhui.
(3) The research on the structure of comprehensive evaluation model of the ECⅡ as well as its optimization. On the one hand, this paper integrated the theoretical and case study with regional characteristics of Anhui ECⅡ, and based on the open innovation perspectives, which from the drive-power, resource integration, output and sustainability of independent innovation aspects, we established the evaluation index system of ECⅡ; On the other hand, in order to make full use of experts' experience and knowledge in index selection, and take the great diversity of experts' background, experience, knowledge and capacity into account, the index selection model of the ECⅡ was structured and the index system had been optimized in this process.
(4) The application study of the comprehensive evaluation model of the ECⅡ based on2-DLAI. First of all, based on the index system which had been optimized, this paper establishes integrative weighting model of ECⅡ based on the judgment matrix of2-DLAI, which utilize the matrix to represent and combine the experts' opinions, in order to determine the weight of each index scientifically and objectively. Secondly, regarding to the high risk and long period, there is lots of uncertain information during the independent innovation process. For the above reasons, the comprehensive evaluation model of the ECⅡ based on2-DLAI was structured. Thirdly, based on the index system and comprehensive evaluation model, we selected16innovation firms in the automotive, electronic information, equipment manufacturing, and new materials industries as objects of application study, and compare the results of national "4+1" innovative enterprise evaluation system and our comprehensive evaluation model based on2-DLAI to verify the effectiveness of our method. Finally, according to our evaluation result, this paper gave the suggestions to promote the ECⅡ in Anhui from aspects of local government as well as enterprises.
(1)企业自主创新能力的形成机理研究。首先,在对开放式创新、自主创新、企业自主创新能力等概念本质内涵界定的基础上,建立了开放式体系下企业自主创新能力的概念模型；其次,从企业自主创新的内在动力和外在动力两个方面,建立了内外部因素共同作用下企业自主创新能力的动力模型；再次,从资源整合能力的视角出发,建立了开放式创新体系下企业自主创新能力的资源整合模型,为企业自主创新能力综合评价指标体系的建立奠定理论基础。
(2)企业自主创新能力的现状及特征分析。以安徽作为应用研究对象,基于协同创新的思路,系统分析了政府、高校和科研机构、中介服务机构、金融服务机构四者在营造良好的企业自主创新环境方面的情况；其次,以安徽省258家创新型企业为研究对象,从企业创新意识、企业创新投入、企业创新效率、企业创新合作等方面分析了企业自主创新能力的现状及其存在的问题；再次,选取安徽科大讯飞、奇瑞汽车和江淮汽车三家典型企业作为案例,分别从创新意识驱动、资源整合能力和创新可持续性三个方面,剖析了企业自主创新的典型特征。
(3)企业自主创新能力综合评价指标体系构建和优化研究。首先,总结理论研究和具体案例剖析的成果,结合企业自主创新能力的现状和特征分析,基于开放式创新视角,从自主创新的动力、自主创新的资源整合、自主创新的产出、自主创新的可持续性四个方面,构建了企业自主创新能力评价指标体系。其次,为了充分发挥专家在指标体系遴选中的作用,并且考虑专家知识背景、经验和能力的差异,建立了基于两维语义的企业自主创新能力综合评价指标体系遴选模型,对指标体系的进行遴选优化。
(4)基于两维语义的企业自主创新能力综合评价模型及其应用研究。首先,在遴选优化后的评价指标体系基础上,为了科学合理、客观准确的确定各指标的权重,建立了基于两维语义判断矩阵的企业自主创新能力评价指标权重确定模型,通过两维语义判断矩阵表示专家意见,并将多个两维语义判断矩阵进行集结以融合多个专家的信息,据此确定各评价指标的权重。其次,考虑到自主创新的风险高、周期长等特点,评价过程中涉及到大量的“不确定”信息,建立基于两维语义的企业自主创新能力综合评价模型。再次,基于上述评价指标体系和综合评价模型,选择安徽省汽车、电子信息、装备制造、新材料四大主导行业的16家企业作为应用对象,进行了实际应用研究。并且从与国家“4+1”的创新型企业评价体系的比较以及安徽省情比对两个方面,验证了模型的有效性。最后,根据企业自主创新能力的综合评价结果,从政府和企业两个层面,提出了提升安徽企业自主创新能力的对策建议。
Enterprise's capability of independent innovation has become a significant bottleneck constraint for its positive continuous development. Because of the massive influential factors in open innovation system and the complex causal links between each two of them, there are lots of problems for the evaluation of enterprise's capability of independent innovation (ECⅡ), in terms of uncertain information representation and qualitative evaluation. Therefore, it is better to take full advantage of expert judgment in constructing indicators system, determining the weights of indicators, and combining the evaluation results. However, the existing comprehensive evaluation model could not take the great diversity of experts' background, experience, knowledge and capacity into account. On the contrary, the intelligent decision-making method based on2-dimension linguistic assessment information (2-DLAI) could provide a relatively good solution to the problem.
This paper integrated the theoretical study, case study and intelligent decision-making method together, and identified the mechanism of the ECⅡ on the basis of its definition. Firstly, comprehensive evaluation index system of the ECⅡ in accordance with the regional characteristics of Anhui was structured in the light of the analysis about the status quo and current problems of enterprises' capability of independent innovation in Anhui, as well as the characteristics of typical enterprises. Then, this paper took full use of experts' experience and knowledge and capacity in uncertain decision-making problem, made a distinction between different experts and then constructed the comprehensive evaluation model of the ECⅡ based on2-DLAI, in order to evaluate and monitor the ECⅡ in Anhui periodically. So this research has great theoretical value and practical significance.The main research and conclusions are as follows:
(1) The mechanism of the ECⅡ. Firstly, based on the definition of open innovation, independent innovation, ECⅡ, etc., the conceptual model of ECⅡ in open system was structured; secondly, from internal and external motivation aspects, the dynamic model of ECⅡ was established; finally, from the perspective of resource integration ability, this paper constructed resource integration model of ECⅡ in open innovation system, in order to lay a theoretical foundation to build comprehensive evaluation index system of ECⅡ.
(2) The status analysis of ECⅡ. Firstly, in view of collaborative innovation; regarding Anhui province as regional research object; and from the subjects in terms of government, colleges and universities, enterprises and intermediary services, this paper described the overview of the regional independent innovation system development symmetrically; Secondly, regarding the258innovative enterprises in Anhui as research objects, from the aspects of innovative awareness, investment in innovation, innovation efficiency, as well as innovative cooperation, this paper analyzed the current status and questions of ECⅡ in Anhui;Third, we selected three typical firms: iFLYTEK, Chery Automobile and Jianghuai Automobile, as the objects of case study, and anatomized the typical characteristic of their ECⅡ from innovative awareness drive, ability to integrate resources, and innovation sustainability perspectives. These work forms the practical basis for the index system of comprehensive evaluation of the ECⅡ in Anhui.
(3) The research on the structure of comprehensive evaluation model of the ECⅡ as well as its optimization. On the one hand, this paper integrated the theoretical and case study with regional characteristics of Anhui ECⅡ, and based on the open innovation perspectives, which from the drive-power, resource integration, output and sustainability of independent innovation aspects, we established the evaluation index system of ECⅡ; On the other hand, in order to make full use of experts' experience and knowledge in index selection, and take the great diversity of experts' background, experience, knowledge and capacity into account, the index selection model of the ECⅡ was structured and the index system had been optimized in this process.
(4) The application study of the comprehensive evaluation model of the ECⅡ based on2-DLAI. First of all, based on the index system which had been optimized, this paper establishes integrative weighting model of ECⅡ based on the judgment matrix of2-DLAI, which utilize the matrix to represent and combine the experts' opinions, in order to determine the weight of each index scientifically and objectively. Secondly, regarding to the high risk and long period, there is lots of uncertain information during the independent innovation process. For the above reasons, the comprehensive evaluation model of the ECⅡ based on2-DLAI was structured. Thirdly, based on the index system and comprehensive evaluation model, we selected16innovation firms in the automotive, electronic information, equipment manufacturing, and new materials industries as objects of application study, and compare the results of national "4+1" innovative enterprise evaluation system and our comprehensive evaluation model based on2-DLAI to verify the effectiveness of our method. Finally, according to our evaluation result, this paper gave the suggestions to promote the ECⅡ in Anhui from aspects of local government as well as enterprises.
引文
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