旋髂浅动脉穿支皮瓣的数字化解剖研究及其修复面部缺损的临床研究
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摘要
植皮术是面部缺损修复的一种常用方法。植皮术的优点包括：操作简单、皮片易于成活、术后护理简单等优点。但是植皮术也有其固有缺点,例如皮片挛缩、干燥、凹陷畸形、色素沉着明显等。这些缺点与皮片的解剖学特点有关。与皮片移植术相比,皮瓣转移具有明显的优点。由于皮瓣携带有皮下组织和皮肤全部附属器官,因此皮瓣转移可明显改善面部创面修复的临床效果。皮瓣转移首选局部皮瓣转移,因其技术相对简单,而且外观效果最佳。但是如果缺损较大、或者邻近组织松动性较差,则局部皮瓣转移难易完成。游离皮瓣是面部缺损修复的另外一种备选修复方案。游离皮瓣最大的缺点在于：(1)体积臃肿,外观欠佳；(2)缺乏合适的受区血管；(3)技术更复杂,皮瓣坏死风险较高。
作者在长期临床工作中,观察到在应用腹股沟区皮片移植术时,皮片深面偶可发现穿支血管,因此作者提出的临床问题是：能否用腹股沟区的超薄皮瓣修复面部软组织缺损?如果可行,则可明显改进植皮技术,改善面部软组织创面修复的临床效果。
本研究针对该临床问题,提出三个科学问题：(1)腹股沟区血管解剖特点如何?是否存在稳定分布的穿支,进而形成穿支皮瓣?(2)面部受区血管如何选择?(3)临床验证,即将腹股沟区超薄皮瓣转移至面部受区,与相应受区血管吻合的技术探索。
针对前述三个科学问题,本研究设计了三个部分。第一部分为腹股沟区数字化解剖研究部分,主要研究腹股沟区血管分布规律及穿支分布特点。第二部分为面部血管的数字化解剖研究部分,主要研究面部血管的分布及可能的受区显露切口部位。第三部分为临床应用研究,在第一部分研究的基础上,设计旋髂浅动脉穿支皮瓣；第二部分研究的基础上,选择受区血管显露切口；在临床实践中验证第一、第二部分的研究结论。
第一部分和第二部分都应用了数字化解剖研究的方法。简单介绍如下：患者接受增强CT扫描检查,在设定的条件下获取目标层面的DICOM格式数据。将DICOM格式数据输入Osirix软件。应用断层分析、MIP成像分析、3D VR成像分析、3D MPR成像分析等技术,获取目标血管的位置、管径、分布、路径等解剖参数；并对腹股沟区穿支的分布特点进行总结；对面部血管聚集区域进行总结。
第三部分应用穿支皮瓣分离技术,分离形成旋髂浅动脉穿支皮瓣,并探索有效的修薄方法；修复面部缺损,与第二部分研究发现的血管聚集区域的血管进行吻合,观察临床疗效。
本研究的结果如下：
1.旋髂浅动脉和旋髂浅静脉存在明显的分离现象；
2.旋髂浅动脉存在多种分支：降支、浅支、肌支、穿支及终末支等；
3.旋髂浅动脉恒定发出2-3支穿支,穿支与缝匠肌关系密切；
4.以腹股沟区浅血管为蒂的皮瓣可有多种形式,旋髂浅动脉穿支皮瓣是其中的一种形式；
5.面部浅层的主要血管有两套：面动静脉、颞部血管系统；
6.颞部浅血管系统包括：颞浅动静脉、颞中静脉；
7.面动脉和面静脉在面中部存在分离现象；
8.面动脉和面静脉在近内眦处存在交汇现象；
9.颞中静脉和颞浅动脉额支在眶外上恒定存在交汇现象；
10.面部受区血管显露区域包括四个：下颌缘咬肌前缘(A)区；耳前区(B区)；眶内下区(C区)；眶外上区(D区)；
11.临床实践中可恒定分离旋髂浅动脉穿支皮瓣；
12.旋髂浅动脉穿支皮瓣可修薄成为真皮下血管网穿支皮瓣；
13.旋髂浅动脉穿支皮瓣与面部血管分布区域A、B、C、D区都可以成功吻合；
14.旋髂浅动脉穿支皮瓣修复面部软组织缺损是可行的。
本研究的结论为：(1)腹股沟区恒定存在旋髂浅动脉穿支,其分布具有规律性,可以分离形成旋髂浅动脉穿支皮瓣；(2)面部有四个区域可作为受区血管显露区域,这四个区域可以覆盖整个面部；(3)应用超薄的旋髂浅动脉穿支皮瓣修复面部软组织缺损技术上是可行的。
Skin grafting is a commonly practiced surgical technique for facial superficial defect reconstruction. The advantages of this technique include:easy to perform, high take rate of skin graft, simple post-operative care. But this relatively simple technique has its own inherited drawbacks:propensity of contracture, dryness, concave deformity, pigmentation etc. compared with skin grafting, flap transferring technique have overcome some of these problems. A skin flap differs from skin graft in that the former has the additional subcutaneous tissue and all the skin appendages, while the latter provides only the epidermal layer and partial dermis. A skin flap reconstruction can always yield a more satisfactory clinical outcome for facial defect. There are several kinds of skin flaps, namely local flap, distant flap, free flap, etc. The local flap technique is the simplest one and the most frequently performed one among all these skin flap techniques. Actually it can provide the best cosmetic appearance either. But not all facial defects can readily be repaired with local flaps. In circumstances of large area defect or the vicinity skin tissue lacking mobility, the local flap is always not available. An alternative therapy to local flap technique is free flap method. The superiority of free flaps for head and neck reconstruction has been established in the literature. Although conventional free flaps, such as latissimus dorsi flaps and radial forearm flaps have been workhorse flaps, the donor site morbidity cannot be ignored. With the recent advances in perforator flaps, soft tissue coverage of head and neck defects have shifted from these traditional flaps to perforator flaps, such as anterolateral thigh flaps, to reduce the donor site morbidity. But there are still some problems related to these workhorse perforator flap technique when applying to facial reconstruction:the bulky appearance after reconstruction, lack of optimal recipient vessels especially near the midline zone, the complexity of microsurgery surgery.
The original idea of this research comes from the author's clinical experiences. When harvesting skin graft from groin area for facial reconstruction, the author noticed that there are some perforator vessels just beneath the dermis near the inguinal donor site. So the question comes:if we can repair the facial defect with skin graft from groin area, why cannot we raise an ultra thin free flap from the same donor site instead of the conventional skin graft?
I made a search in the Pubmed and found that the groin flap is very popular for soft tissue reconstruction in70's of last century. But it became out of favor in the following era of muscularcutaneous flap, because of its short, small, and variable vascular pedicle. In2004, the superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap was reported by a Japanese surgeon, in which the concept of a perforator flap was incorporated into the groin flap, allowing the aforementioned shortcomings to be overcome. This flap has been applied for reconstruction of the limbs and penis. However, reports of its application for the head and neck region are very limited. Little information can be reached from the literature regarding to the facial reconstruction with superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap.
This research is set to explore the feasibility of facial reconstruction with superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap. Basically three questions should be answered within this research:(1) How to design the superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap. Some anatomic features of the perforator vessels should be revealed in the investigation.(2) Which vessel to be anastomosis near facial defect? Do we have other options besides the well-known submandibular incision or preauricular incision? Can we make microsurgical anastomosis near midline area? If we can, then with who?(3) If we can arrived at some conclusion from the part1and part2of these research, so can we applied it to the clinical scenario?
In recent years there appeared a new trend in plastic surgery field to investigate the anatomy features of perforator flap with computed tomography angiography technique. It has been proved to precisely locate even tiny vessels with a diameter of0.3mm. I have made use of this technique to help design the DIEP flap and the ALT flap in previous work and I found that anatomic findings with this technique is highly correlated with what I can see during the operation. So I choose the CTA technique, or the so-called digital anatomic visualization technique for the research methods in part1and part2.
In part1, Ten pieces of disc with groin area DICOM format data was obtained as the following way:All patients were scanned on one of the16row multidetector CT scanners in Peking Union Medical College Hospital,(GE Healthcare). Scanning range was from10cm above the level of anterior superior iliac spine to3cm below the level of Ischial tuberosity. CT parameters were as follows:helical scanning mode, collimation32×0.625mm for scanner A and64×0.625mm for scanner B,0.984:1helical pitch, rotating time1sec, tube voltage120kV, current200mA,0.625mm reconstructed section thickness for angiography post-procession. Intravenous contrast was administered to each patient with signed consents. Nonionic, low-osmolar contrast mediums (Iohexol or Omnipaque) were used. The protocols of contrast administration were routine for pelvic CT examination in this institute.80-100ml of contrast material followed by20ml of normal saline at a rate of2-3ml/sec was injected for the CT angiographic acquisition. No pre-contrast scans were required. The post-contrast scans were obtained after a delay of70-80s from the start of contrast material injection.
In part2, two group of image was acquired, one is cranial group the other is facial group. Each group contains10patients. All patients were scanned on one of the two multidetector-row CT scanners in one institute, scanner A (Discover CT750HD, GE Healthcare) and scanner B (LightSpeed VCT, GE Healthcare). The scanning protocols were almost the same for both scanners. Scanning range was from12～15cm above the level of external auditory to5cm below the level of external auditory in cranial group. While in facial group the scanning range was from the supra orbital rim level or above, to10cm below the level of lower margin of mandibular bone.
Both in part1and part2, all DICOM format data was then input into Osirix software. Various kinds of three-dimensional reconstruction were made with each DICOM data to observe the anatomical features of the superficial vessels of the groin area. The step-by-step volume rendering and multiple planar rending techniques were established for both the superficial groin vessels and superficial facial vessels. Measurements were done in both the sliced images and three-dimensional images.
In part3,6patients were included from March to August in2012in plastic surgery department of Peking Union Medical College Hospital. All received superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap transfer for facial soft tissue reconstruction. All the flaps were done in the similar way.
The results are as following:
1. The course of superficial circumflex iliac vein is different than that of the superficial circumflex iliac artery. These two vessels are in close relation near the femoral triangular area, but they keep away with each other in the distal area.
2. Numerous branches originate from the superficial circumflex iliac artery, these including:the descending branch; the superficial branch; the lymph node branch; the muscular branch; the perforator branch; and the extension of the main trunk of this vessel.
3. Perforator vessels can be observed in each groin area. At least two perforator vessels can be found when the superficial circumflex iliac artery travels through (or on the surface of) Sartorius muscle. The perforator can arise from the father vessel on various locations:at the medial side of the Sartorius m., in the middle portion of the same muscle, at the lateral side of the muscle. The perforator will always travel in the lateral-inferior direction, which constitutes an "F" figure along with the father vessels.
4. Based on the branch pattern of the superficial circumflex iliac artery, various kinds of flap can be designed based on the same artery. The superficial circumflex iliac artery based flap will be versatile in reconstructive surgery with so many variations.
5. Facial superficial vessels mainly include two sets of vessels:the facial artery and vein, the superficial temporal artery and vein. In this research, the middle temporal vein is found to be readily observed along with aforementioned vessels. So this vessel should be included as an option of superficial facial recipient vessels.
6. The facial artery and vein keep a close relationship at the submandibular area, and keep away from each other in the midface area. In the inferior medial area of the orbital, an intercrossing phenomenon of these two vessels can be observed.
7. In preauricular area, the middle temporal vein is an alternative option for superficial temporal vein. For the former always present with large caliber while the latter is smaller than the former.
8. The middle temporal vein travels medially and branch off ascending and descending tributary to drain the superficial temporal area.
9. An intercrossing phenomenon of the forehead branch of the superficial artery and ascending branch of the middle temporal vein can be observed in the lateral superior area of the orbital.
10. There are four potential recipient vessels exposure area in the face:the submandibular area (zone A), the pretarsal area (zone B), the inferior medial area of orbital (zone C) and the lateral superior area of the orbital (zone D).
11. In clinical observation, the perforator pattern is the same as concluded in part1. The superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap can be raised in six patients.
12. With appropriate microdissection technique, the superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap can be thinned with a thickness of3mm.
13. The recipient vessel zone theory been used in six patients. One zone C and one zone D was used and without any accident.
14. All microdissected superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap survival completely.
Conclusions:
1. The superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator has its own anatomic distribution features and course patterns. This knowledge will help plastic surgeon to reliably and efficiently design this new kind of flap.
2. There are four potential recipient vessel exposure area for facial microsurgical reconstruction. The zone C and zone D is the first time being introduced.
3. The superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap can be easily raised and safely thinned and securely anastomosis with the four recipient facial exposure zones.
4. The feasibility of superficial facial reconstruction with superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap has been proved in this research. We believe that this new kind of flap will become one of the most versatile options for covering soft tissue defects in head and neck reconstruction.
作者在长期临床工作中,观察到在应用腹股沟区皮片移植术时,皮片深面偶可发现穿支血管,因此作者提出的临床问题是：能否用腹股沟区的超薄皮瓣修复面部软组织缺损?如果可行,则可明显改进植皮技术,改善面部软组织创面修复的临床效果。
本研究针对该临床问题,提出三个科学问题：(1)腹股沟区血管解剖特点如何?是否存在稳定分布的穿支,进而形成穿支皮瓣?(2)面部受区血管如何选择?(3)临床验证,即将腹股沟区超薄皮瓣转移至面部受区,与相应受区血管吻合的技术探索。
针对前述三个科学问题,本研究设计了三个部分。第一部分为腹股沟区数字化解剖研究部分,主要研究腹股沟区血管分布规律及穿支分布特点。第二部分为面部血管的数字化解剖研究部分,主要研究面部血管的分布及可能的受区显露切口部位。第三部分为临床应用研究,在第一部分研究的基础上,设计旋髂浅动脉穿支皮瓣；第二部分研究的基础上,选择受区血管显露切口；在临床实践中验证第一、第二部分的研究结论。
第一部分和第二部分都应用了数字化解剖研究的方法。简单介绍如下：患者接受增强CT扫描检查,在设定的条件下获取目标层面的DICOM格式数据。将DICOM格式数据输入Osirix软件。应用断层分析、MIP成像分析、3D VR成像分析、3D MPR成像分析等技术,获取目标血管的位置、管径、分布、路径等解剖参数；并对腹股沟区穿支的分布特点进行总结；对面部血管聚集区域进行总结。
第三部分应用穿支皮瓣分离技术,分离形成旋髂浅动脉穿支皮瓣,并探索有效的修薄方法；修复面部缺损,与第二部分研究发现的血管聚集区域的血管进行吻合,观察临床疗效。
本研究的结果如下：
1.旋髂浅动脉和旋髂浅静脉存在明显的分离现象；
2.旋髂浅动脉存在多种分支：降支、浅支、肌支、穿支及终末支等；
3.旋髂浅动脉恒定发出2-3支穿支,穿支与缝匠肌关系密切；
4.以腹股沟区浅血管为蒂的皮瓣可有多种形式,旋髂浅动脉穿支皮瓣是其中的一种形式；
5.面部浅层的主要血管有两套：面动静脉、颞部血管系统；
6.颞部浅血管系统包括：颞浅动静脉、颞中静脉；
7.面动脉和面静脉在面中部存在分离现象；
8.面动脉和面静脉在近内眦处存在交汇现象；
9.颞中静脉和颞浅动脉额支在眶外上恒定存在交汇现象；
10.面部受区血管显露区域包括四个：下颌缘咬肌前缘(A)区；耳前区(B区)；眶内下区(C区)；眶外上区(D区)；
11.临床实践中可恒定分离旋髂浅动脉穿支皮瓣；
12.旋髂浅动脉穿支皮瓣可修薄成为真皮下血管网穿支皮瓣；
13.旋髂浅动脉穿支皮瓣与面部血管分布区域A、B、C、D区都可以成功吻合；
14.旋髂浅动脉穿支皮瓣修复面部软组织缺损是可行的。
本研究的结论为：(1)腹股沟区恒定存在旋髂浅动脉穿支,其分布具有规律性,可以分离形成旋髂浅动脉穿支皮瓣；(2)面部有四个区域可作为受区血管显露区域,这四个区域可以覆盖整个面部；(3)应用超薄的旋髂浅动脉穿支皮瓣修复面部软组织缺损技术上是可行的。
Skin grafting is a commonly practiced surgical technique for facial superficial defect reconstruction. The advantages of this technique include:easy to perform, high take rate of skin graft, simple post-operative care. But this relatively simple technique has its own inherited drawbacks:propensity of contracture, dryness, concave deformity, pigmentation etc. compared with skin grafting, flap transferring technique have overcome some of these problems. A skin flap differs from skin graft in that the former has the additional subcutaneous tissue and all the skin appendages, while the latter provides only the epidermal layer and partial dermis. A skin flap reconstruction can always yield a more satisfactory clinical outcome for facial defect. There are several kinds of skin flaps, namely local flap, distant flap, free flap, etc. The local flap technique is the simplest one and the most frequently performed one among all these skin flap techniques. Actually it can provide the best cosmetic appearance either. But not all facial defects can readily be repaired with local flaps. In circumstances of large area defect or the vicinity skin tissue lacking mobility, the local flap is always not available. An alternative therapy to local flap technique is free flap method. The superiority of free flaps for head and neck reconstruction has been established in the literature. Although conventional free flaps, such as latissimus dorsi flaps and radial forearm flaps have been workhorse flaps, the donor site morbidity cannot be ignored. With the recent advances in perforator flaps, soft tissue coverage of head and neck defects have shifted from these traditional flaps to perforator flaps, such as anterolateral thigh flaps, to reduce the donor site morbidity. But there are still some problems related to these workhorse perforator flap technique when applying to facial reconstruction:the bulky appearance after reconstruction, lack of optimal recipient vessels especially near the midline zone, the complexity of microsurgery surgery.
The original idea of this research comes from the author's clinical experiences. When harvesting skin graft from groin area for facial reconstruction, the author noticed that there are some perforator vessels just beneath the dermis near the inguinal donor site. So the question comes:if we can repair the facial defect with skin graft from groin area, why cannot we raise an ultra thin free flap from the same donor site instead of the conventional skin graft?
I made a search in the Pubmed and found that the groin flap is very popular for soft tissue reconstruction in70's of last century. But it became out of favor in the following era of muscularcutaneous flap, because of its short, small, and variable vascular pedicle. In2004, the superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap was reported by a Japanese surgeon, in which the concept of a perforator flap was incorporated into the groin flap, allowing the aforementioned shortcomings to be overcome. This flap has been applied for reconstruction of the limbs and penis. However, reports of its application for the head and neck region are very limited. Little information can be reached from the literature regarding to the facial reconstruction with superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap.
This research is set to explore the feasibility of facial reconstruction with superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap. Basically three questions should be answered within this research:(1) How to design the superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap. Some anatomic features of the perforator vessels should be revealed in the investigation.(2) Which vessel to be anastomosis near facial defect? Do we have other options besides the well-known submandibular incision or preauricular incision? Can we make microsurgical anastomosis near midline area? If we can, then with who?(3) If we can arrived at some conclusion from the part1and part2of these research, so can we applied it to the clinical scenario?
In recent years there appeared a new trend in plastic surgery field to investigate the anatomy features of perforator flap with computed tomography angiography technique. It has been proved to precisely locate even tiny vessels with a diameter of0.3mm. I have made use of this technique to help design the DIEP flap and the ALT flap in previous work and I found that anatomic findings with this technique is highly correlated with what I can see during the operation. So I choose the CTA technique, or the so-called digital anatomic visualization technique for the research methods in part1and part2.
In part1, Ten pieces of disc with groin area DICOM format data was obtained as the following way:All patients were scanned on one of the16row multidetector CT scanners in Peking Union Medical College Hospital,(GE Healthcare). Scanning range was from10cm above the level of anterior superior iliac spine to3cm below the level of Ischial tuberosity. CT parameters were as follows:helical scanning mode, collimation32×0.625mm for scanner A and64×0.625mm for scanner B,0.984:1helical pitch, rotating time1sec, tube voltage120kV, current200mA,0.625mm reconstructed section thickness for angiography post-procession. Intravenous contrast was administered to each patient with signed consents. Nonionic, low-osmolar contrast mediums (Iohexol or Omnipaque) were used. The protocols of contrast administration were routine for pelvic CT examination in this institute.80-100ml of contrast material followed by20ml of normal saline at a rate of2-3ml/sec was injected for the CT angiographic acquisition. No pre-contrast scans were required. The post-contrast scans were obtained after a delay of70-80s from the start of contrast material injection.
In part2, two group of image was acquired, one is cranial group the other is facial group. Each group contains10patients. All patients were scanned on one of the two multidetector-row CT scanners in one institute, scanner A (Discover CT750HD, GE Healthcare) and scanner B (LightSpeed VCT, GE Healthcare). The scanning protocols were almost the same for both scanners. Scanning range was from12～15cm above the level of external auditory to5cm below the level of external auditory in cranial group. While in facial group the scanning range was from the supra orbital rim level or above, to10cm below the level of lower margin of mandibular bone.
Both in part1and part2, all DICOM format data was then input into Osirix software. Various kinds of three-dimensional reconstruction were made with each DICOM data to observe the anatomical features of the superficial vessels of the groin area. The step-by-step volume rendering and multiple planar rending techniques were established for both the superficial groin vessels and superficial facial vessels. Measurements were done in both the sliced images and three-dimensional images.
In part3,6patients were included from March to August in2012in plastic surgery department of Peking Union Medical College Hospital. All received superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap transfer for facial soft tissue reconstruction. All the flaps were done in the similar way.
The results are as following:
1. The course of superficial circumflex iliac vein is different than that of the superficial circumflex iliac artery. These two vessels are in close relation near the femoral triangular area, but they keep away with each other in the distal area.
2. Numerous branches originate from the superficial circumflex iliac artery, these including:the descending branch; the superficial branch; the lymph node branch; the muscular branch; the perforator branch; and the extension of the main trunk of this vessel.
3. Perforator vessels can be observed in each groin area. At least two perforator vessels can be found when the superficial circumflex iliac artery travels through (or on the surface of) Sartorius muscle. The perforator can arise from the father vessel on various locations:at the medial side of the Sartorius m., in the middle portion of the same muscle, at the lateral side of the muscle. The perforator will always travel in the lateral-inferior direction, which constitutes an "F" figure along with the father vessels.
4. Based on the branch pattern of the superficial circumflex iliac artery, various kinds of flap can be designed based on the same artery. The superficial circumflex iliac artery based flap will be versatile in reconstructive surgery with so many variations.
5. Facial superficial vessels mainly include two sets of vessels:the facial artery and vein, the superficial temporal artery and vein. In this research, the middle temporal vein is found to be readily observed along with aforementioned vessels. So this vessel should be included as an option of superficial facial recipient vessels.
6. The facial artery and vein keep a close relationship at the submandibular area, and keep away from each other in the midface area. In the inferior medial area of the orbital, an intercrossing phenomenon of these two vessels can be observed.
7. In preauricular area, the middle temporal vein is an alternative option for superficial temporal vein. For the former always present with large caliber while the latter is smaller than the former.
8. The middle temporal vein travels medially and branch off ascending and descending tributary to drain the superficial temporal area.
9. An intercrossing phenomenon of the forehead branch of the superficial artery and ascending branch of the middle temporal vein can be observed in the lateral superior area of the orbital.
10. There are four potential recipient vessels exposure area in the face:the submandibular area (zone A), the pretarsal area (zone B), the inferior medial area of orbital (zone C) and the lateral superior area of the orbital (zone D).
11. In clinical observation, the perforator pattern is the same as concluded in part1. The superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap can be raised in six patients.
12. With appropriate microdissection technique, the superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap can be thinned with a thickness of3mm.
13. The recipient vessel zone theory been used in six patients. One zone C and one zone D was used and without any accident.
14. All microdissected superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap survival completely.
Conclusions:
1. The superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator has its own anatomic distribution features and course patterns. This knowledge will help plastic surgeon to reliably and efficiently design this new kind of flap.
2. There are four potential recipient vessel exposure area for facial microsurgical reconstruction. The zone C and zone D is the first time being introduced.
3. The superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap can be easily raised and safely thinned and securely anastomosis with the four recipient facial exposure zones.
4. The feasibility of superficial facial reconstruction with superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap has been proved in this research. We believe that this new kind of flap will become one of the most versatile options for covering soft tissue defects in head and neck reconstruction.
引文
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7. Hijjawi, J.B. and P.N. Blondeel, Advancing deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap breast reconstruction through multidetector row computed tomography:an evolution in preoperative imaging. J Reconstr Microsurg, 2010.26(1):p.11-20.
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2. Daniel, R.K. and G.I. Taylor, Distant transfer of an island flap by microvascular anastomoses. A clinical technique. Plast Reconstr Surg,1973.52(2):p.111-7.
3. Cooper, T.M., N. Lewis, and M.A. Baldwin, Free groin flap revisited. Plastic and reconstructive surgery,1999.103(3):p.918-924.
4. Hsu, W.-M., et al., Evolution of the free groin flap:The superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap. Plastic and reconstructive surgery,2007.119(5): p.1491-1498.
5. Masia, J., et al., Multidetector-row computed tomography in the planning of abdominal perforator flaps. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg,2006.59(6):p. 594-9.
6. Casey, W.J.,3rd, et al., Advantages of preoperative computed tomography in deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg,2009.123(4):p.1148-55.
7. Hijjawi, J.B. and P.N. Blondeel, Advancing deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap breast reconstruction through multidetector row computed tomography:an evolution in preoperative imaging. J Reconstr Microsurg, 2010.26(1):p.11-20.
8. Ding, H.-M., et al., Three-dimensional visualization of pelvic vascularity. Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy,2008.30(5):p.437-442.
9. Rozen, W.M., et al., The accuracy of computed tomographic angiography for mapping the perforators of the deep inferior epigastric artery:a blinded, prospective cohort study. Plast Reconstr Surg,2008.122(4):p.1003-9.
10. Rozen, W.M., et al., Preoperative imaging for DIEA perforator flaps:a comparative study of computed tomographic angiography and Doppler ultrasound. Plast Reconstr Surg,2008.121(1):p.9-16.
11. Rozen, W.M., et al., Establishing the case for CT angiography in the preoperative imaging of abdominal wall perforators. Microsurgery,2008. 28(5):p.306-13.
12. Rozen, W.M., et al., The accuracy of computed tomographic angiography for mapping the perforators of the DIEA:a cadaveric study. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2008.122(2):p.363-9.
13. Rozen, W.M., et al., Computed tomographic angiography:clinical applications. Clin Plast Surg,2011.38(2):p.229-39.
14. Fukaya, E., et al., Imaging of the superficial inferior epigastric vascular anatomy and preoperative planning for the SIEA flap using MDCTA. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery:JPRAS,2011.64(1):p. 63-68.
15. Rozen, W.M., M.W. Ashton, and D. Grinsell, The branching pattern of the deep inferior epigastric artery revisited in-vivo:a new classification based on CT angiography. Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.),2010.23(1):p.87-92.
16. Smith, P.J., et al., The anatomical basis of the groin flap. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1972.49(1):p.41-7.
17. Taylor, G.I. and N. Watson, One-stage repair of compound leg defects with free, revascularized flaps of groin skin and iliac bone. Plast Reconstr Surg,1978. 61(4):p.494-506.
18. Penteado, C.V., Contribution of the superficial and deep circumflex iliac arteries to the blood supply of the anterior third of the iliac crest and adjacent skin. Anat Clin,1984.5(4):p.273-4.
19. Smith, P.J., The importance of venous drainage in axial pattern flaps. Br J Plast Surg\,1978.31\(3\):p.233-7\.
20. del Pinal, F., et al., Super-thinned iliac flap for major defects on the elbow and wrist flexion creases. The Journal of hand surgery,2008.33(10):p. 1899-1904.
21. Huang, D., et al., Reconstruction of soft tissue defect of the extremity with the perforator flap from inguinal region. Chinese medical journal,2009.122(23): p.2861-2864.
22. Sinna, R., et al., Anatomical background of the perforator flap based on the deep branch of the superficial circumflex iliac artery (SC1P Flap):a cadaveric study. Eplasty,2010.10:p. e11.
23. Schlenker, J., Important considerations in the design and construction of groin flaps. Plastic and reconstructive surgery,1980.5(5):p.353-357.
24. Kashiwa, K., et al., Inferior extension of the groin flap based on the descending branch of the superficial circumflex iliac artery. Journal of reconstructive microsurgery,2002.18(8):p.653-658.
25. Safak, T. and M. Akyurek, The descending branch of the superficial circumflex artery supplying anteromedial thigh skin. Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 2004.114(5):p.1118-1122.
26. Cormack:The vascular territories and the clinical application to the planning of flaps-superficial circumflex iliac artery. In G. C. Cormack and B. G. H. Lamberty (Eds.), The Arterial Anatomy of Skin Flaps,2nd Ed. London: Churchill Liv-ingstone.,1994.
27. Chuang, D.C., et al., Groin flap design and versatility. Plastic and reconstructive surgery,1989.84(1):p.100-107.
28. Baudet, J., J.M. LeMaire, and J.C. Guimberteau, Ten free groin flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg,1976.57(5):p.577-95.
29. Acland, R.D., The free iliac flap:a lateral modification of the free groin flap. Plast Reconstr Surg,1979.64(1):p.30-6.
30. Becker, C. and G. Hidden, [Transfer of free lymphatic flaps. Microsurgery and anatomical study].J Mal Vasc\,1988.13\(2\):p.119-22\.
31. Lin, C.H., et al., Vascularized groin lymph node transfer using the wrist as a recipient site for management of postmastectomy upper extremity lymphedema. Plast Reconstr Surg,2009.123(4):p.1265-75.
32. Becker, C., et al., Postmastectomy lymphedema:long-term results following microsurgical lymph node transplantation. Ann Surg,2006.243(3):p.313-5.
33. O'Brien, B.M., et al., Successful transfer of a large island flap from the groin to the foot by microvascular anastomoses. Plast Reconstr Surg,1973.52(3):p. 271-8.
34. Salmon, M. The lower limb. In G. I. Taylor and M. Tempest (Eds.), Arteries of the Skin. London:Churchill Livingstone,1988.174.
35. Koshima, I., et al., Superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap for reconstruction of limb defects. Plastic and reconstructive surgery,2004. 113(1):p.233-240.
36. Iida, T., et al., Versatility of the Superficial Circumflex Iliac Artery Perforator Flap in Head and Neck Reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg,2012.
37. Schusterman, M.A., et al., A single center's experience with 308 free flaps for repair of head and neck cancer defects. Plast Reconstr Surg,1994.93(3):p. 472-8; discussion 479-80.
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