下挖式日光温室土墙温度和热流变化的研究
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摘要
近年来，为增加日光温室的保温性能，出现了下挖式厚土墙日光温室，并在我国北方地区快速推广使用。但是，由于缺乏理论指导，该类型温室普遍存在墙体厚度过大、耕作层土壤破坏较大、土地利用率不高的问题，需通过系统研究，明确土墙合理的建造参数，为生产提供理论指导。
为此，本研究于2011年12月～2012年3月，在山东省寿光市选取具有代表性的下挖式日光温室为研究对象，对土质后墙不同厚度层的温度和热流、墙体内侧不同高度处温度、温室内土壤不同深度温度和热流及室内外气温和太阳辐射进行了连续观测，分析了墙体不同厚度层温度和热流的变化以及与室内外气温和太阳辐射的关系、墙体内侧不同高度处温度的变化，在此基础上比较分析了温室内墙体和土壤温度与热流的变化。主要结果如下：
（1）明确了冬季土墙温度和热流的变化
冬季，墙体各层温度呈先降低再升高的趋势，与室内外气温的季节变化趋势一致。沿墙体的厚度方向，墙体温度总体上由内侧表面到外侧表面呈不断降低的趋势。墙体内侧表面、外侧覆盖层表面温度和热流的变化幅度大，分别与室内外气温的变化趋势相同，墙体温度、热流的变化幅度从浅层到深层依次减小，墙体内侧温度、热流变化幅度较大的层次多于外侧。连阴天条件下，墙体内侧各层温度都有不同程度的下降，向室内放热的层次不断加深，而墙体外侧各层次以向室外放热为主。
（2）摸清了土墙温度和热流与室内外气温和太阳辐射的关系
墙体内外侧表层的温度与气温和太阳辐射具有极显著的正相关，且与气温的相关性高于与太阳辐射的相关性，墙体温度受气温的影响高于受太阳辐射的影响。墙体内各层次与气温和太阳辐射没有直接相关性，墙体内侧或外侧各层次之间具有较高的相关性，相邻两层间温度的相关性最高，随距离增加两层间相关性减小。
墙体内侧表层的热流与气温和太阳辐射呈极显著的正相关，且与太阳辐射的相关性高于与气温的相关性，墙体内侧热流受室内太阳辐射的影响大；而覆盖层外表面、墙体外表面与室外气温和太阳辐射呈显著的负相关，且与气温的相关性高于与太阳辐射的相关性，墙体外侧热流受室外气温的影响大。除表层外，墙体内外侧各层热流与太阳辐射没有直接相关性。
墙体内侧表面至深度0.4m的热流与气温的相关性随深度增加而减小，其余墙体内各层次热流与气温没有直接相关性，表明气温和太阳辐射对墙体热流的影响主要在墙体表层。墙体内侧或外侧除表层外各层次之间的热流具有较高的相关性，且相邻两层之间的相关性最高，随两层间距离的增大相关性减小。
（3）明确了墙体内侧不同高度处温度的变化
冬季，墙体内侧不同高度处的温度呈先降低再升高的趋势，与室内气温的季节变化趋势一致。不同高度处，墙体温度总体上从表面到深层均呈不断降低的趋势，不同高度处表面的温度都高于室内气温，墙体各部分对维持室内气温都具有重要作用。
同一深度处，随高度增加，墙体温度呈不断降低趋势，有热流不断从墙体下部向上部传递。在1月连阴天条件下，墙体上部向室内传热的层次达到0.6m，而中、下部向室内传热的层次达到1.0m，墙体中下部对室内气温的贡献大于上部。
（4）比较了温室内墙体和土壤不同深度温度与热流的变化
冬季，温室内墙体和土壤温度均呈先降低再升高的趋势，与室内气温的变化趋势相同。墙体和土壤表面温度变化幅度大，晴天时两表面温差较大、阴天较小。随深度的增加，墙体和土壤温度的变化幅度均不断减小，且相同深度处墙体温度的变化幅度高于土壤。
墙体和土壤表面的热流变化幅度大，随深度增加，热流的变化幅度均减小，且相同深度处墙体的热流变化幅度大于土壤。晴天墙体和土壤热流的变化幅度明显大于阴天，且晴天吸热时间比阴天长；墙体和土壤表面热流晴天时相差较大，阴天时相差较小。不论墙体或土壤，晴天时向室内放热的层次主要是深度0.2m，阴天时向室内放热的层次为深度0.2～0.4m。
不论晴天或阴天，墙体单位面积的吸放热量均大于土壤的吸放热量，土壤的吸放热总量总体上大于墙体的吸放热总量。墙体和土壤单位面积的吸热量与太阳辐射累积量具有显著的相关性，墙体和土壤的放热对维持室温均有重要作用。
（5）提出了寿光地区下挖式日光温室土墙的适宜厚度
根据墙体温度和热流的变化，把墙体从内到外划分为蓄热层、过渡层和御冷层，其厚度分别为0.8～1.0m、2.2～2.6m和0.4～0.6m（在墙体外侧有覆盖层的情况下）。在不考虑过渡层的条件下，寿光下挖式日光温室土墙厚度以1.4～1.6m为宜。
In recent years, in order to increase the sunlight greenhouse thermal insulationperformance, sunken solar greenhouse with thick soil wall was appeared, and this type ofsolar greenhouse was used widely in northern China. However, because of the lack oftheoretical guidance, and this type of solar greenhouse had common problems of too thick soilwall, high damage in cultivated soil layer and lower land utilization rate, so system researchsshould be carried out on the wall and confirmed reasonable constructing parameter of soilwall, and theoretical guidance was provided for practical production.
Therefore, from December2011to March2012, representative sunken solar greenhousewas selected for experiment in Shouguang city of Shandong Province. Consecutive test wasconducted on the temperature and heat flux of different depth of the soil backwall,temperature of inner wall at different height, temperature and heat flux of different depth ofsoil in the greenhouse, and indoor and outdoor air temperature and solar radiation. Variationof temperature and heat flux of the wall and their correlation with indoor and outdoor airtemperature and radiation, and variation of temperature of inner wall at different height wereanalyzed, on this base, variation of temperature and heat flux of wall and soil in thegreenhouse were compared. The main research results were as follows:
(1) Variation of temperature and heat flux of soil wall was confirmed in winter.
In winter, temperature of each layer decreased first and then creased, in accordance withseasonal variation trend of indoor and outdoor air temperature. Overall, wall temperaturecontinued to decline from the inner surface to the outer surface at thickness direction.Temperature and heat flux of inner surface and outer covering surface of the wall varied overa wide range, with the same variation trend of indoor and outdoor air temperature respectively.The amplitude of variation of temperature and heat flux decreased gradually from shallowlayers to deep layers of the wall, and the soil layers of the inner wall with higher rangeabilityof temperature and heat flux were more than that of the outer wall. In successive cloudy days,temperature of each layer of inner wall declined at different degrees, and the layers releasingheat to the indoor deepened constantly, whereas the heat in layers of outer wall mainlyreleased to the outdoor.
(2) Relation among temperature and heat flux of soil wall and indoor and outdoor airtemperature and solar radiation was found out.
Temperature of inner and outer surface of wall had significant correlation with airtemperature and solar radiation, which had higher correlation with air temperature than with solar radiation, so the wall temperature was affected by air temperature higher than by solarradiation. In the wall, each layer except surface had no direct correlation with air temperatureand solar radiation, however, they had higher correlation with each other, and the neighboringlayers had highest correlation, with the increase of distance, the correlation decreased betweentwo layers.
Heat flux of inner wall surface had significant positive correlation with air temperatureand solar radiation, which had higher correlation with indoor solar radiation than with indoorair temperature, so heat flux of inner wall was affected by indoor solar radiation significantly;however, outer surface of covering and the outer wall surface had significant negativecorrelation with outdoor air temperature and solar radiation, which had higher correlationwith air temperature than with solar radiation, so heat flux of outer wall was affected byoutdoor air temperature significantly. Except surface, heat flux of each layer of inner andouter wall had no direct correlation with solar radiation.
With increase of depth, the correlation between heat flux of the inner surface to depth0.4m and air temperature decreased, and other layers in the wall had no direct correlation with airtemperature, therefore air temperature and solar radiation mainly influenced on the heat fluxof wall surface. Heat flux of each layer in the inner or outer wall except surface layers hadhigher correlation with each other, and the neighboring layers had highest correlation, and thecorrelation decreased between two layers with increase of distance.
(3) Variation of temperature at different height of inner wall was confirmed.
In winter, temperature of different height in the inner wall decreased first and then creased,in accordance with seasonal variation trend of indoor air temperature. Overall, walltemperature continued to decline from the surface to deeper layers at different height, andsurface temperature of different height was higher than indoor air temperature，so differentsections of the wall had significant role in maintaining indoor air temperature.
With the increase of height, temperature of the same depth continued to decline, thereforeheat flux transferred from the lower section to the upper section continuously. In successivecloudy days in January, the layers of the upper wall releasing heat to the indoor reached0.6m,however the layers of the central and lower wall releasing heat to the indoor reached1.0m, sothe central and lower sections of wall contributed to indoor air temperature more than that ofthe upper section.
(4) Variation of temperature and heat flux of wall and soil at different depth in thegreenhouse was compared.
In winter, temperature of wall and soil in the greenhouse decreased first and thenincreased, in accordance with changing trend of indoor air temperature. Temperature of walland soil surface varied over a wide range, and the temperature differential between wall andsoil surface on sunny days was significantly larger than that on cloudy days. The rangeabilityof wall and soil temperature continued to decrease with the increase of depth, and variationrange of wall temperature was higher than that of soil at the same depth.
Heat flux of wall and soil surface varied over a wide range, and rangeability of heat fluxdecreased with depth increasing. On sunny days, variation range of wall and soil heat fluxwas significantly larger than that on cloudy days, and the time of heat absorption on sunnydays was longer than that on cloudy days. Heat flux of wall and soil surface had largedifference on sunny days, however little difference on cloudy days. Regardless of wall or soil,the layer releasing heat to the indoor was0.2m depth on sunny days, however0.2~0.4m oncloudy days.
No matter sunny or cloudy days, heat absorption and release of per unit wall were largerthan that of soil, on the whole, total heat absorption and release of soil larger than that of wall.Heat absorption of per unit wall and soil had significant correlation with accumulated solarradiation, and heat release of wall and soil had significant role in maintaining indoor airtemperature.
(5) The suitable thickness of soil wall of sunken solar greenhouse was proposed inShouguang region
According to the variation of temperature and heat flux in the wall, the wall could bedivided into the heat storage layer, the transitional layer, and the cold resistant layer frominside to outside, and their thickness was0.8~1.0m,2.2~2.6m and0.4~0.6m, respectively,under the condition of the outer surface with covering. Without considering the transitionallayer, the suitable thickness of the soil wall was1.4~1.6m in Shouguang City.
为此，本研究于2011年12月～2012年3月，在山东省寿光市选取具有代表性的下挖式日光温室为研究对象，对土质后墙不同厚度层的温度和热流、墙体内侧不同高度处温度、温室内土壤不同深度温度和热流及室内外气温和太阳辐射进行了连续观测，分析了墙体不同厚度层温度和热流的变化以及与室内外气温和太阳辐射的关系、墙体内侧不同高度处温度的变化，在此基础上比较分析了温室内墙体和土壤温度与热流的变化。主要结果如下：
（1）明确了冬季土墙温度和热流的变化
冬季，墙体各层温度呈先降低再升高的趋势，与室内外气温的季节变化趋势一致。沿墙体的厚度方向，墙体温度总体上由内侧表面到外侧表面呈不断降低的趋势。墙体内侧表面、外侧覆盖层表面温度和热流的变化幅度大，分别与室内外气温的变化趋势相同，墙体温度、热流的变化幅度从浅层到深层依次减小，墙体内侧温度、热流变化幅度较大的层次多于外侧。连阴天条件下，墙体内侧各层温度都有不同程度的下降，向室内放热的层次不断加深，而墙体外侧各层次以向室外放热为主。
（2）摸清了土墙温度和热流与室内外气温和太阳辐射的关系
墙体内外侧表层的温度与气温和太阳辐射具有极显著的正相关，且与气温的相关性高于与太阳辐射的相关性，墙体温度受气温的影响高于受太阳辐射的影响。墙体内各层次与气温和太阳辐射没有直接相关性，墙体内侧或外侧各层次之间具有较高的相关性，相邻两层间温度的相关性最高，随距离增加两层间相关性减小。
墙体内侧表层的热流与气温和太阳辐射呈极显著的正相关，且与太阳辐射的相关性高于与气温的相关性，墙体内侧热流受室内太阳辐射的影响大；而覆盖层外表面、墙体外表面与室外气温和太阳辐射呈显著的负相关，且与气温的相关性高于与太阳辐射的相关性，墙体外侧热流受室外气温的影响大。除表层外，墙体内外侧各层热流与太阳辐射没有直接相关性。
墙体内侧表面至深度0.4m的热流与气温的相关性随深度增加而减小，其余墙体内各层次热流与气温没有直接相关性，表明气温和太阳辐射对墙体热流的影响主要在墙体表层。墙体内侧或外侧除表层外各层次之间的热流具有较高的相关性，且相邻两层之间的相关性最高，随两层间距离的增大相关性减小。
（3）明确了墙体内侧不同高度处温度的变化
冬季，墙体内侧不同高度处的温度呈先降低再升高的趋势，与室内气温的季节变化趋势一致。不同高度处，墙体温度总体上从表面到深层均呈不断降低的趋势，不同高度处表面的温度都高于室内气温，墙体各部分对维持室内气温都具有重要作用。
同一深度处，随高度增加，墙体温度呈不断降低趋势，有热流不断从墙体下部向上部传递。在1月连阴天条件下，墙体上部向室内传热的层次达到0.6m，而中、下部向室内传热的层次达到1.0m，墙体中下部对室内气温的贡献大于上部。
（4）比较了温室内墙体和土壤不同深度温度与热流的变化
冬季，温室内墙体和土壤温度均呈先降低再升高的趋势，与室内气温的变化趋势相同。墙体和土壤表面温度变化幅度大，晴天时两表面温差较大、阴天较小。随深度的增加，墙体和土壤温度的变化幅度均不断减小，且相同深度处墙体温度的变化幅度高于土壤。
墙体和土壤表面的热流变化幅度大，随深度增加，热流的变化幅度均减小，且相同深度处墙体的热流变化幅度大于土壤。晴天墙体和土壤热流的变化幅度明显大于阴天，且晴天吸热时间比阴天长；墙体和土壤表面热流晴天时相差较大，阴天时相差较小。不论墙体或土壤，晴天时向室内放热的层次主要是深度0.2m，阴天时向室内放热的层次为深度0.2～0.4m。
不论晴天或阴天，墙体单位面积的吸放热量均大于土壤的吸放热量，土壤的吸放热总量总体上大于墙体的吸放热总量。墙体和土壤单位面积的吸热量与太阳辐射累积量具有显著的相关性，墙体和土壤的放热对维持室温均有重要作用。
（5）提出了寿光地区下挖式日光温室土墙的适宜厚度
根据墙体温度和热流的变化，把墙体从内到外划分为蓄热层、过渡层和御冷层，其厚度分别为0.8～1.0m、2.2～2.6m和0.4～0.6m（在墙体外侧有覆盖层的情况下）。在不考虑过渡层的条件下，寿光下挖式日光温室土墙厚度以1.4～1.6m为宜。
In recent years, in order to increase the sunlight greenhouse thermal insulationperformance, sunken solar greenhouse with thick soil wall was appeared, and this type ofsolar greenhouse was used widely in northern China. However, because of the lack oftheoretical guidance, and this type of solar greenhouse had common problems of too thick soilwall, high damage in cultivated soil layer and lower land utilization rate, so system researchsshould be carried out on the wall and confirmed reasonable constructing parameter of soilwall, and theoretical guidance was provided for practical production.
Therefore, from December2011to March2012, representative sunken solar greenhousewas selected for experiment in Shouguang city of Shandong Province. Consecutive test wasconducted on the temperature and heat flux of different depth of the soil backwall,temperature of inner wall at different height, temperature and heat flux of different depth ofsoil in the greenhouse, and indoor and outdoor air temperature and solar radiation. Variationof temperature and heat flux of the wall and their correlation with indoor and outdoor airtemperature and radiation, and variation of temperature of inner wall at different height wereanalyzed, on this base, variation of temperature and heat flux of wall and soil in thegreenhouse were compared. The main research results were as follows:
(1) Variation of temperature and heat flux of soil wall was confirmed in winter.
In winter, temperature of each layer decreased first and then creased, in accordance withseasonal variation trend of indoor and outdoor air temperature. Overall, wall temperaturecontinued to decline from the inner surface to the outer surface at thickness direction.Temperature and heat flux of inner surface and outer covering surface of the wall varied overa wide range, with the same variation trend of indoor and outdoor air temperature respectively.The amplitude of variation of temperature and heat flux decreased gradually from shallowlayers to deep layers of the wall, and the soil layers of the inner wall with higher rangeabilityof temperature and heat flux were more than that of the outer wall. In successive cloudy days,temperature of each layer of inner wall declined at different degrees, and the layers releasingheat to the indoor deepened constantly, whereas the heat in layers of outer wall mainlyreleased to the outdoor.
(2) Relation among temperature and heat flux of soil wall and indoor and outdoor airtemperature and solar radiation was found out.
Temperature of inner and outer surface of wall had significant correlation with airtemperature and solar radiation, which had higher correlation with air temperature than with solar radiation, so the wall temperature was affected by air temperature higher than by solarradiation. In the wall, each layer except surface had no direct correlation with air temperatureand solar radiation, however, they had higher correlation with each other, and the neighboringlayers had highest correlation, with the increase of distance, the correlation decreased betweentwo layers.
Heat flux of inner wall surface had significant positive correlation with air temperatureand solar radiation, which had higher correlation with indoor solar radiation than with indoorair temperature, so heat flux of inner wall was affected by indoor solar radiation significantly;however, outer surface of covering and the outer wall surface had significant negativecorrelation with outdoor air temperature and solar radiation, which had higher correlationwith air temperature than with solar radiation, so heat flux of outer wall was affected byoutdoor air temperature significantly. Except surface, heat flux of each layer of inner andouter wall had no direct correlation with solar radiation.
With increase of depth, the correlation between heat flux of the inner surface to depth0.4m and air temperature decreased, and other layers in the wall had no direct correlation with airtemperature, therefore air temperature and solar radiation mainly influenced on the heat fluxof wall surface. Heat flux of each layer in the inner or outer wall except surface layers hadhigher correlation with each other, and the neighboring layers had highest correlation, and thecorrelation decreased between two layers with increase of distance.
(3) Variation of temperature at different height of inner wall was confirmed.
In winter, temperature of different height in the inner wall decreased first and then creased,in accordance with seasonal variation trend of indoor air temperature. Overall, walltemperature continued to decline from the surface to deeper layers at different height, andsurface temperature of different height was higher than indoor air temperature，so differentsections of the wall had significant role in maintaining indoor air temperature.
With the increase of height, temperature of the same depth continued to decline, thereforeheat flux transferred from the lower section to the upper section continuously. In successivecloudy days in January, the layers of the upper wall releasing heat to the indoor reached0.6m,however the layers of the central and lower wall releasing heat to the indoor reached1.0m, sothe central and lower sections of wall contributed to indoor air temperature more than that ofthe upper section.
(4) Variation of temperature and heat flux of wall and soil at different depth in thegreenhouse was compared.
In winter, temperature of wall and soil in the greenhouse decreased first and thenincreased, in accordance with changing trend of indoor air temperature. Temperature of walland soil surface varied over a wide range, and the temperature differential between wall andsoil surface on sunny days was significantly larger than that on cloudy days. The rangeabilityof wall and soil temperature continued to decrease with the increase of depth, and variationrange of wall temperature was higher than that of soil at the same depth.
Heat flux of wall and soil surface varied over a wide range, and rangeability of heat fluxdecreased with depth increasing. On sunny days, variation range of wall and soil heat fluxwas significantly larger than that on cloudy days, and the time of heat absorption on sunnydays was longer than that on cloudy days. Heat flux of wall and soil surface had largedifference on sunny days, however little difference on cloudy days. Regardless of wall or soil,the layer releasing heat to the indoor was0.2m depth on sunny days, however0.2~0.4m oncloudy days.
No matter sunny or cloudy days, heat absorption and release of per unit wall were largerthan that of soil, on the whole, total heat absorption and release of soil larger than that of wall.Heat absorption of per unit wall and soil had significant correlation with accumulated solarradiation, and heat release of wall and soil had significant role in maintaining indoor airtemperature.
(5) The suitable thickness of soil wall of sunken solar greenhouse was proposed inShouguang region
According to the variation of temperature and heat flux in the wall, the wall could bedivided into the heat storage layer, the transitional layer, and the cold resistant layer frominside to outside, and their thickness was0.8~1.0m,2.2~2.6m and0.4~0.6m, respectively,under the condition of the outer surface with covering. Without considering the transitionallayer, the suitable thickness of the soil wall was1.4~1.6m in Shouguang City.
引文
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