绿洲灌区多熟种植的水分利用特征及其影响因素
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摘要
本试验于2009-2011年在甘肃农业大学与武威市农业科学研究院校地联合绿洲农业科研教学基地进行，研究了河西绿洲灌区不同多熟种植模式的水分利用特征及其影响因素，并对影响水分利用特征的因素进行了相关性分析。主要结论如下：
1、在六种不同种植模式的土地资源利用方面，SW-R和SR-P的复种指数为200%，SW→WR-P和SW→WW-S的复种指数为150%，M-M/Pea-WW和M-M/SW-WR的复种指数为100%；六种不同种植模式中SW→WW-S的产值最高是54995.08元/hm~2，虽然它的复种指数比春小麦-油菜和春油菜-马铃薯的复种指数低，但是大葱的产值26097.2元/hm~2明显高于油菜的产值4349.88元/hm~2和5647.18元/hm~2，可见并不是复种指数高产值就一定会高。SW→WW-S冬小麦的产量是6083.3kg/hm~2，明显低于SW→WW-S、SW-R和SW→WW-S春小麦6518.8kg/hm~2、7236.8kg/hm~2和7052.1kg/hm~2。M-M/Pea-WW的光能利用率是0.76%，比SW-R的光能利用率（0.46%）高65%；SW→WW-S的热量利用率是4.39kg/hm~2℃-1，比SW-R的热量利用率（2.85kg/hm~2℃-1）高54%，表明在河西绿洲灌区，存在通过优化种植模式提高作物对光热资源利用的潜力。
2、比较六种不同的种植模式，SW→WW-S的水分利用效率最高（18.24kg/hm~2mm），并且该种模式的水分利用效益也是最高（4.58元/m~3），可能是由于该种模式下植被绿色覆盖时间长，同时春小麦和冬小麦的秸秆还田覆盖减少了土壤水分蒸发。种植冬小麦和冬油菜可以防止土地大面积裸露，阻遏沙尘暴的发生，而且冬小麦和冬油菜秋播正值多雨季节，可趁墒出苗和保全苗，有效利用自然降水，减轻明年春季用水压力，增加生态用水。种植冬小麦和冬油菜的模式，生育期的时间长相对应植被绿色覆盖的时间也长，可以减少土壤水分蒸发，使土壤贮水量明显大于冬季没有种植作物的种植模式。冬季没有作物的种植模式，虽然没有作物消耗土壤的水分，但土壤贮水量仍有所减少，一方面是由于土壤水分蒸发，另一方面是由于在非生育期缺少作物根系吸收导致土壤水分向更深层运移造成的。
3、经济是农业生产发展的驱动力，农业生产活动都是围绕经济利益进行的，光热水分等是决定多熟种植模式能否实现的资源条件，反映了种植模式的可行性，而经济效益则是决定种植模式能否持久发展的必要条件。比较六种不同种植模式的经济效益可以看出，SW→WW-S的净收益（39056.47元/hm~2）、产投比（3.45）和劳动生产率(98.21元/人)均是最高的；SR-P的用工量是680个，其劳动生产率最低（59.09元/人）。
4、根据不同处理各层次的土壤含水量间差异，可将0-110cm土层按照土壤含水量变化分为三个层次：0-30cm土壤表层，表层土壤含水量因受降雨、灌溉和作物种类等因素的影响，变异幅度较大。30-50cm土壤层次，土壤水分的主要活动层，是作物生育旺盛期主要的供水源和贮水库，受土壤水分垂直动态分布的影响，是不同处理土壤含水量相对较小的层。50cm-110cm土层，主要调节深层土壤水分的供给和蓄积，土壤水分的变化更小，主要受渗漏的影响，是水分相对稳定层。土壤含水量在一种程度上受降雨的多少影响发生明显的变化，少量的降雨仅能改变土壤表面土层（0-20cm）的土壤含水量，大量降雨和灌溉能改变不同层次土壤深度的水分含量，即使大量降雨或灌溉也对土壤深层（80-110cm）影响不显著。灌溉后刚开始以灌水入渗为主的水分再分布过程，几天后又发生以蒸发失水为主的土壤水分再分布过程转变。
5、水分利用效率与产量在0.01水平上显著正相关，耗水量与日均棵间蒸发在0.05水平上显著正相关。土壤温度和水分利用效率呈负弱相关，可见在一定温度内，适当降低土壤温度可以提高水分利用效率；耗水量和蒸发量占耗水量的比重呈负弱相关，降雨量无法控制，所以减少灌溉量可以减少耗水量进而增加蒸发量占耗水量；水分利用效率和耗水量呈负弱相关，在河西绿洲灌区，适当减少灌溉量可以提高水分利用效率。
Field experiment was carried out at Wuwei experiment station of Gansu AgriculturalUniversity in2009to2011to study the effects of different multiple cropping on water usecharacteristics. Correlation analysis was also conducted in terms of factors impacting wateruse characteristics. Main results are as follows:
1. Among six different multiple cropping in terms of land resources utilization,multiple cropping index of SW-R and SR-P was200%, multiple cropping index ofSW→WR-P and SW→WW-S was150%, multiple cropping index of M-M/Pea-WW andM-M/SW-WR was100%. The output value of SW→WW-S was54995.08yuan/hm~2, thehighest value among six cropping treatments. However, in the present study, output valueof scallion was26097.2yuan/hm~2, significantly higher than that of rape, which was4349.88yuan/hm~2and5647.18yuan/hm~2. This demonstrated that cropping system withhigh cropping index may not always have high output value. Yield of winter wheat inSW→WW-S was6083.3kg/hm~2, this was significantly lower than that of spring wheat inSW→WW-S, SW-R and SW→WW-S, which was6518.8kg/hm~2、7236.8kg/hm~2and7052.1kg/hm~2, respectively. Light use efficiency of M-M/Pea-WW was0.76%,65%higherthan that of SW-R (0.46%). Heat use efficiency of SW→WW-S was4.39kg/hm~2℃-1,54%higher than that of SW-R (2.85kg/hm~2℃-1). This demonstrated that there existed thepossibility to optimizing light and heat use efficiency under different cropping systems inHexi oasis irrigated areas.
2. Water use efficiency of SW→WW-S was18.24kg/hm~2mm, the highest valueamong six cropping treatments. Also, water use profitability of SW→WW-S was4.58yuan/m~3, this was due to the long coverage of vegetation and the straw mulching preventingthe soil evaporation from soil surface. Winter wheat and winter rape can protect the surfacesoil from sand storm, the sowing date of winter wheat and winter rape was in the rain richseason of autumn, this makes them have a good use of natural rainfall and reduce thepressure of water use, increase ecological water use. The long vegetation coverage ofwinter wheat and winter rape can prevent the soil evaporation from soil surface, andincrease water storage than other crops. Although the water use of crops in winter wasrelatively low, but water storage was also reduced by soil evaporation and water leaching.
3. Economy drives the development of local agriculture, and all agricultural production activity was a matter of economy, light, heat, and water is the prerequisite torealize multiple cropping, this reflects the feasibility of a cropping system. From theeconomic benefits we can see, net profit of SW→WW-S was39056.47yuan/hm2, output toinput was3.45and labor productivity was98.21yuan per man. Labor amounts of SR-P was680, the productivity was the lowest of59.09yuan per person.
4. Differences in soil water content were significant, among them, soil layers of0-30cm was the greatest variations because of precipitation, irrigation, and crop types. Whilesoil layers of30-50cm was the water pool for crop growth, these layers were mainlyinfluence by crop water absorption and the vertical distribution of dynamics of soil water.Soil layers of50-110cm was the major regulator of deep soil moisture supply andaccumulation of smaller changes in soil moisture, mainly affected by the impact of leakage,water is relatively stable layer. Soil moisture by rainfall in one degree how much influencechanged significantly. A small amount of rain can only change the soil moisture content ofthe soil surface soil layer (0-20cm), heavy rainfall and irrigation can change the depth ofthe moisture content of the soil at different levels, even if a large number of rainfall orirrigation on soil deep (80-110cm) affect not significantly. Irrigation water redistributionafter the beginning of irrigation infiltration based process, a few days later to evaporativewater loss, soil water redistribution process change.
5. Water use efficiency and yield was significant positive correlation at the P <0.01level, the evaporation of water consumption and average daily between crops wassignificant positive correlation at the P <0.05. Soil temperature and water use efficiencywas negatively slightly correlated, visible at a certain temperature, appropriate to reduce thesoil temperature can improve the efficiency of water use; water consumption andevaporation accounts for the proportion of water consumption and was negatively weakcorrelated, rainfall can not control, so reducing irrigation can be reduced waterconsumption leading to increased evaporation accounted for water consumption; water useefficiency and water consumption was negatively weak correlated in Hexi oasis irrigationareas, on the basis of the level of local irrigation can be appropriate to reduce the amount ofirrigation to improve water use efficiency.
1、在六种不同种植模式的土地资源利用方面，SW-R和SR-P的复种指数为200%，SW→WR-P和SW→WW-S的复种指数为150%，M-M/Pea-WW和M-M/SW-WR的复种指数为100%；六种不同种植模式中SW→WW-S的产值最高是54995.08元/hm~2，虽然它的复种指数比春小麦-油菜和春油菜-马铃薯的复种指数低，但是大葱的产值26097.2元/hm~2明显高于油菜的产值4349.88元/hm~2和5647.18元/hm~2，可见并不是复种指数高产值就一定会高。SW→WW-S冬小麦的产量是6083.3kg/hm~2，明显低于SW→WW-S、SW-R和SW→WW-S春小麦6518.8kg/hm~2、7236.8kg/hm~2和7052.1kg/hm~2。M-M/Pea-WW的光能利用率是0.76%，比SW-R的光能利用率（0.46%）高65%；SW→WW-S的热量利用率是4.39kg/hm~2℃-1，比SW-R的热量利用率（2.85kg/hm~2℃-1）高54%，表明在河西绿洲灌区，存在通过优化种植模式提高作物对光热资源利用的潜力。
2、比较六种不同的种植模式，SW→WW-S的水分利用效率最高（18.24kg/hm~2mm），并且该种模式的水分利用效益也是最高（4.58元/m~3），可能是由于该种模式下植被绿色覆盖时间长，同时春小麦和冬小麦的秸秆还田覆盖减少了土壤水分蒸发。种植冬小麦和冬油菜可以防止土地大面积裸露，阻遏沙尘暴的发生，而且冬小麦和冬油菜秋播正值多雨季节，可趁墒出苗和保全苗，有效利用自然降水，减轻明年春季用水压力，增加生态用水。种植冬小麦和冬油菜的模式，生育期的时间长相对应植被绿色覆盖的时间也长，可以减少土壤水分蒸发，使土壤贮水量明显大于冬季没有种植作物的种植模式。冬季没有作物的种植模式，虽然没有作物消耗土壤的水分，但土壤贮水量仍有所减少，一方面是由于土壤水分蒸发，另一方面是由于在非生育期缺少作物根系吸收导致土壤水分向更深层运移造成的。
3、经济是农业生产发展的驱动力，农业生产活动都是围绕经济利益进行的，光热水分等是决定多熟种植模式能否实现的资源条件，反映了种植模式的可行性，而经济效益则是决定种植模式能否持久发展的必要条件。比较六种不同种植模式的经济效益可以看出，SW→WW-S的净收益（39056.47元/hm~2）、产投比（3.45）和劳动生产率(98.21元/人)均是最高的；SR-P的用工量是680个，其劳动生产率最低（59.09元/人）。
4、根据不同处理各层次的土壤含水量间差异，可将0-110cm土层按照土壤含水量变化分为三个层次：0-30cm土壤表层，表层土壤含水量因受降雨、灌溉和作物种类等因素的影响，变异幅度较大。30-50cm土壤层次，土壤水分的主要活动层，是作物生育旺盛期主要的供水源和贮水库，受土壤水分垂直动态分布的影响，是不同处理土壤含水量相对较小的层。50cm-110cm土层，主要调节深层土壤水分的供给和蓄积，土壤水分的变化更小，主要受渗漏的影响，是水分相对稳定层。土壤含水量在一种程度上受降雨的多少影响发生明显的变化，少量的降雨仅能改变土壤表面土层（0-20cm）的土壤含水量，大量降雨和灌溉能改变不同层次土壤深度的水分含量，即使大量降雨或灌溉也对土壤深层（80-110cm）影响不显著。灌溉后刚开始以灌水入渗为主的水分再分布过程，几天后又发生以蒸发失水为主的土壤水分再分布过程转变。
5、水分利用效率与产量在0.01水平上显著正相关，耗水量与日均棵间蒸发在0.05水平上显著正相关。土壤温度和水分利用效率呈负弱相关，可见在一定温度内，适当降低土壤温度可以提高水分利用效率；耗水量和蒸发量占耗水量的比重呈负弱相关，降雨量无法控制，所以减少灌溉量可以减少耗水量进而增加蒸发量占耗水量；水分利用效率和耗水量呈负弱相关，在河西绿洲灌区，适当减少灌溉量可以提高水分利用效率。
Field experiment was carried out at Wuwei experiment station of Gansu AgriculturalUniversity in2009to2011to study the effects of different multiple cropping on water usecharacteristics. Correlation analysis was also conducted in terms of factors impacting wateruse characteristics. Main results are as follows:
1. Among six different multiple cropping in terms of land resources utilization,multiple cropping index of SW-R and SR-P was200%, multiple cropping index ofSW→WR-P and SW→WW-S was150%, multiple cropping index of M-M/Pea-WW andM-M/SW-WR was100%. The output value of SW→WW-S was54995.08yuan/hm~2, thehighest value among six cropping treatments. However, in the present study, output valueof scallion was26097.2yuan/hm~2, significantly higher than that of rape, which was4349.88yuan/hm~2and5647.18yuan/hm~2. This demonstrated that cropping system withhigh cropping index may not always have high output value. Yield of winter wheat inSW→WW-S was6083.3kg/hm~2, this was significantly lower than that of spring wheat inSW→WW-S, SW-R and SW→WW-S, which was6518.8kg/hm~2、7236.8kg/hm~2and7052.1kg/hm~2, respectively. Light use efficiency of M-M/Pea-WW was0.76%,65%higherthan that of SW-R (0.46%). Heat use efficiency of SW→WW-S was4.39kg/hm~2℃-1,54%higher than that of SW-R (2.85kg/hm~2℃-1). This demonstrated that there existed thepossibility to optimizing light and heat use efficiency under different cropping systems inHexi oasis irrigated areas.
2. Water use efficiency of SW→WW-S was18.24kg/hm~2mm, the highest valueamong six cropping treatments. Also, water use profitability of SW→WW-S was4.58yuan/m~3, this was due to the long coverage of vegetation and the straw mulching preventingthe soil evaporation from soil surface. Winter wheat and winter rape can protect the surfacesoil from sand storm, the sowing date of winter wheat and winter rape was in the rain richseason of autumn, this makes them have a good use of natural rainfall and reduce thepressure of water use, increase ecological water use. The long vegetation coverage ofwinter wheat and winter rape can prevent the soil evaporation from soil surface, andincrease water storage than other crops. Although the water use of crops in winter wasrelatively low, but water storage was also reduced by soil evaporation and water leaching.
3. Economy drives the development of local agriculture, and all agricultural production activity was a matter of economy, light, heat, and water is the prerequisite torealize multiple cropping, this reflects the feasibility of a cropping system. From theeconomic benefits we can see, net profit of SW→WW-S was39056.47yuan/hm2, output toinput was3.45and labor productivity was98.21yuan per man. Labor amounts of SR-P was680, the productivity was the lowest of59.09yuan per person.
4. Differences in soil water content were significant, among them, soil layers of0-30cm was the greatest variations because of precipitation, irrigation, and crop types. Whilesoil layers of30-50cm was the water pool for crop growth, these layers were mainlyinfluence by crop water absorption and the vertical distribution of dynamics of soil water.Soil layers of50-110cm was the major regulator of deep soil moisture supply andaccumulation of smaller changes in soil moisture, mainly affected by the impact of leakage,water is relatively stable layer. Soil moisture by rainfall in one degree how much influencechanged significantly. A small amount of rain can only change the soil moisture content ofthe soil surface soil layer (0-20cm), heavy rainfall and irrigation can change the depth ofthe moisture content of the soil at different levels, even if a large number of rainfall orirrigation on soil deep (80-110cm) affect not significantly. Irrigation water redistributionafter the beginning of irrigation infiltration based process, a few days later to evaporativewater loss, soil water redistribution process change.
5. Water use efficiency and yield was significant positive correlation at the P <0.01level, the evaporation of water consumption and average daily between crops wassignificant positive correlation at the P <0.05. Soil temperature and water use efficiencywas negatively slightly correlated, visible at a certain temperature, appropriate to reduce thesoil temperature can improve the efficiency of water use; water consumption andevaporation accounts for the proportion of water consumption and was negatively weakcorrelated, rainfall can not control, so reducing irrigation can be reduced waterconsumption leading to increased evaporation accounted for water consumption; water useefficiency and water consumption was negatively weak correlated in Hexi oasis irrigationareas, on the basis of the level of local irrigation can be appropriate to reduce the amount ofirrigation to improve water use efficiency.
引文
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