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城市公园游憩活动与其空间关系的研究
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摘要
随着时代的发展,游憩活动作为城市生活中最普遍的休闲方式,正日益成为保持城市能量平衡,推动城市发展的有效手段。城市公园是城市开放空间中游憩活动较为集聚、空间类型多样的绿地形式,它在满足城市居民日常健身、娱乐和交流等游憩活动方面具有不可替代的作用,成为城市居民闲暇放松、恢复体力和进行日常游憩活动的首选场所。然而,要想建设出科学实用的城市公园,必须首先从游憩者活动类型和行为心理角度出发,研究城市公园不同游憩行为与其相应活动空间的关系,并在此基础上总结出与每种游憩活动相适宜的游憩空间的特征,方可获得满足市民游憩活动需求的游憩空间的营造方法。目前,有关该方面的研究鲜见报道,因此,从公园利用者行为心理角度出发,研究城市公园游憩活动与其空间的关系,对科学规划设计和建造公园空间,提高公园利用率,解决当前公园建设过程中出现的诸多问题具有重要意义。
     本文对城市公园游憩活动与其空间关系进行如下研究:
     1、开展对山东省泰安市典型综合性公园游憩活动的现状调查和分析。选取泰安市主城区重要的三个城市公园为研究对象,通过对游人进行问卷调查、实地考察及深度访谈等方式,分析了游客的基本属性、公园游憩空间利用特征及游人对城市公园空间的满意度等方面,从游客对公园游憩活动空间心理需求的角度,有针对性的对泰安市主要城市公园的游憩活动现状进行探讨和分析,为科学进行城市公园规划设计与建造提供了理论参考和指导性意见
     2、以城市公园游憩活动空间构成要素为研究对象,将游客游憩活动分为健身、娱乐和交流活动三种类型,从游客行为心理倾向角度选取指标要素,采用AHP层次分析法的“目标—指标层次结构”建立城市公园游憩活动空间评价指标体系。本文在前期大量文献研究和对公园游憩活动现状调查的基础上对每种游憩活动类型所需要的空间场所进行深入细致的观察和记录,在探明每种游憩活动类型对其相应空间功能需求的基础上,归纳总结出游憩空间重要评价指标。为确保指标的权威性、科学性和可操作性,经过两次专家意见征询和详细论证,最后确定并建立影响游憩活动的空间构成要素指标体系,为定量化比较和分析空间构成要素奠定基础。
     3、运用现代决策分析方法(AHP层次分析法)研究公园游憩空间构成要素之间的相互关系,获得公园游憩空间构成要素的权重及其重要性排序。权重计算结果显示:
     公园健身空间构成要素中一级指标影响力权重及其排序为:自然要素(0.6842)>人工要素(0.3158),隶属自然要素的4项二级指标的权重及其排序为:地形平坦(0.3653)>植物丰富(0.2263)>绿化优美(0.0574)>地形起伏(0.0352);隶属人工要素的7项二级指标的权重及排序为:适宜场地(0.1073)>健身器械(0.0744)>人文景观(0.0514)>园路畅通(0.0361)>遮荫设施(0.0231)>座椅坐凳(0.0161)>照明设施(0.0074)。
     公园娱乐空间构成要素中一级指标影响力权重及其排序为:人工要素(0.5968)>自然要素(0.4032);隶属自然要素的4项二级指标的权重及其排序为:起伏山地(0.1868)>景色优美(0.1127)>适宜水域(0.0633)>植被丰富(0.0404);隶属人工要素的7项二级指标的权重及排序为:休闲广场(0.2346)>游乐设施(0.1420)>场地平整(0.0851)>遮蔽设施(0.0568)>园路合理(0.0354)>动态水景(0.0250)>趣味小品(0.0180)。
     公园交流空间构成要素中一级指标影响力权重及其排序为:人工要素(0.6614)>自然要素(0.3386),隶属自然要素的5项二级指标的权重及其排序为:私密空间(0.1538)>遮荫乔木(0.0955)>缓坡土丘(0.0474)>水景优美(0.0270)>阳光草坪(0.0149);隶属人工要素的6项二级指标的权重及排序为:场所边界(0.2865)>休憩桌椅(0.1843)>停憩场所(0.0795)>适宜广场(0.0533)>林荫夹道(0.0352)>景观小品(0.0227)。
     4、以城市公园游憩活动空间评价体系为框架,结合公园实地观察和游客访谈,配合大量具体例证分析,分别对健身、娱乐、交流三种公园游憩空间的营建手法进行总结和梳理。研究从城市公园游憩活动与相应空间构成要素关系的角度,针对适宜不同类型游憩活动的空间要素指标做出系统的探讨和分析,并对游客公园游憩活动的方式、时间、特点与活动空间的位置、空间的类型以及空间的特征方面进行了有针对性的研究,获得与每种游憩活动项目相适宜的游憩空间的特征,提出满足市民游憩活动需求的游憩空间的营造方法。
With the development of the times, recreation activity as the most common form ofleisure in the city life, has increasingly become an effective means to maintain the city'senergy balance and promote the development of the city. City Park is a green space in theform of urban open space, having more agglomeration recreational activities and varioustypes of spaces. It plays an irreplaceable role in meeting city residents’ recreational activities,such as the daily fitness, entertainment and communication. City Park has become thepreferred place for city residents to have a leisure relax, recover and do daily recreationactivities. However, in order to build a scientific and practical city park, we must first thinkabout the types of activity and behavior psychology of the visitors. We must research therelationship between the different recreation behaviors and the corresponding activity spacesof the city park. And on the basis of that, we sum up the characteristics of leisure spacesappropriating to each kind of recreation activities. Only in this way can we get the method tocreate recreational spaces meeting the demand of the public recreation activities. At present,the relevant research is rarely reported. Therefore, from the point of view of the behavioraland psychological of the park users, studying on the relationship between recreation activitiesand its spaces of the city park has great significance for scientific planning, the park spacesconstruction, improving the utilization of park and solving the problems in the process of theconstruction of the park.
     In this paper, the relationship between recreation activities and its spaces of the citypark bad been researched as follows:
     1、 Carrying out investigation and analysis of the current situation of recreationalactivities of typical comprehensive parks in Tai'an city, Shandong Province. We selected threeimportant city parks of Tai'an city as the objects of the study. The paper analyzes the primaryattributes of visitors, the utilization characteristics of the recreational spaces and touristssatisfaction at the city park spaces by questionnaire survey, on-the-spot investigation andin-depth interview. From the perspective of the visitors’ psychological needs of parkrecreation spaces, this paper discuses and analyzes targeted the current situation of recreationactivities of the major city parks in Tai'an city. It provides a theoretical reference andguidance for scientific planning, design and construction of the city park.
     2、This paper takes the recreation activity space elements as the research object, and thetourists’ recreation activities are divided into three types: fitness, entertainment andcommunication activities. We Select indicator elements from the angle of tourists' behavioraland psychological tendencies, and using “Objective--index hierarchy” of AHP AnalyticHierarchy Process to built the evaluation index system of city park recreation spaces. On thebasis of the survey of literatures and an investigation of the current situation of parkrecreation activities, this paper observes and records the spaces which each recreationactivities type needed intensively and carefully. It summarizes the important evaluationindexes of recreation space, based on the verifying of the corresponding space function needsof each recreation activity type. In order to ensure that the indicators of authoritative,scientific and operational, after two times of expert consultation and detailed argument,finally space elements index system of recreation activities was determined and to established.And it lays the foundation for elements of spatial structure.
     3、Using the modern decision analysis method (Analytic Hierarchy Process), the paperresearches the interrelations of recreation space elements of the park. Then we get the weightand importance order of recreation space elements of the park. Weight calculation resultsshow as follows:
     First-grade indexes influence weight and the order of the constituents of fitnessactivities space are: natural constituents (0.6842)>artificial constituents (0.3158). Theweight and order of four secondary indexes attached to natural constituents: flat terrain(0.3653)>variety of plants (0.2263)>attractive landscape (0.0574)>undulating terrain(0.0352); The weight and order of seven secondary indexes attached to artificialconstituents: appropriate place (0.1073)>fitness apparatus (0.0744)>cultural landscape(0.0514)>unimpeded road (0.0361)>shade facilities (0.0231)>seats and benches(0.0161)>the lighting facilities (0.0074).
     First-grade indexes influence weight and the order of the constituents of recreationalactivities space are: artificial constituents (0.5968)>natural constituents (0.4032). Theweight and order of four secondary indexes attached to natural constituents: relief mountains(0.1868)>fine scenery (0.1127)>appropriate water (0.0633)>variety of plants (0.0404);The weight and order of seven secondary indexes attached to artificial constituents: leisuresquare (0.2346)>recreational facilities (0.1420)>field engineering (0.0851)>shelter facilities (0.0568)>reasonable road (0.0354)>dynamic waterscape (0.0250)>interestingsketch (0.0180).
     First-grade indicators influence weight and the order of the constituents ofcommunication activities space are: artificial constituents (0.6614)> natural constituents(0.3386). The weight and order of five secondary indicators attached to natural constituents:private space (0.1538)> shade tree (0.0955)> gentle slope mound (0.0474)> beautifulwaterscape (0.0270)> sunshine lawn (0.0149); the weight and order of six secondaryindicators attached to artificial constituents: field boundary (0.2865)> Leisure chairs (0.1843)> resting areas (0.0795)> appropriate square (0.0533)> tree-lined road (0.0352)> landscapesketch (0.0227).
     4、The paper takes index system of recreation activities space of the city park as theframework, combined with the observations, interviews with tourists of the park and analysisof a large number of specific examples. It sums and combs the construction methods of thethree park recreation spaces: fitness, recreation and communication. On the point of view ofthe relationship between the city park recreation activity and its corresponding space elements,this study makes a discussion and analysis of spatial elements indexes suitable for differenttypes of recreation activities. And modes of the park recreation activities, time, locations ofthe activity space, types of space and characteristics of the space were studied. We got thecharacteristics of recreation activity spaces appropriate to each kind of recreation activities.And the design technique of recreation spaces was proposed to meet the public demand.
引文
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