基于热经济学原理的船舶主机能量系统优化与船舶能效评价方法研究
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摘要
随着全球变暖和化石能源价格的持续走高,节能减排逐渐被人们所重视。船舶作为水路运输的载体每年都在消耗着巨大的能源,对船舶能效的研究具有重要意义。传统的船舶能效评价方法注重提高船舶的能效,并不很注重船舶营运过程的经济性。本文采用了热经济学方法与传统能效评价方法相结合的方式,并将船舶非营运能耗加入热经济学评价体系,提出了能效与经济性相结合的能效评价方法——船舶热经济学能效评价方法。
首先,对传统的能效评价方法(EEDI和EEOI)进行了较为系统的研究,分析了EEDI和EEOI各自的特点。对航速、主机功率、转速、油耗率之间的关系进行了研究,通过实例验证了海军常数法在EEOI计算中的可行性。并利用EEOI万法分析了多用途目标船的能效情况。
第二,对目标船的能量系统提出了船舶总能系统的概念,并对目标船主机能量系统分别进行了热平衡分析和(?)平衡分析。结果表明：目标船主机功率的最佳范围在70%～85%；(?)平衡分析法可以反映能量的品质高低,更能反映出能量相互之间转化的本质,在对能量系统的分析、优化中更有优势。
第三,研究了目标船主柴油机能量系统的热经济学优化方法。通过采用对称形式的非线性优化问题约束条件的互逆和交换方法,解决了热经济分析中“产品”和“资源”的转换问题；利用拉格朗日乘子理论定义了系统中各部分(?)流、负熵流的影子价格；利用Kuhn-Tucker条件确定了该非线性优化问题具有最优解的充要条件；利用“热经济孤立”理论将整个系统分解为多个相互关联的子系统；并在热经济分析中引入负熵流的概念,解决了系统在被分解为多个子系统后所产生的“组合爆炸”问题。采用以上方法,建立了口标船主柴油机能量系统的热经济优化模型。
第四,对目标船主柴油机能量系统及其子系统的热经济模型进行了详细分析,在此基础上,对该系统进行了热经济优化。优化结果表明：热经济优化方法可以有效的反映能量流的热经济特性,并得出系统的热经济优化点；在允许范围内,降低扫气温度并且提高最高燃烧压力,可以有效的提高系统的热经济性。
最后,在以上研究的基础上,将热经济方法拓展至船舶的能效评价,结合EEOI评价方法,提出了船舶热经济能效营运指数的评价方法(TEEEOI),并将其应用于目标船能效的热经济评价。结果显示：将船舶的非营运能耗加入到能效评价体系后,评价结果更全面、更准确；船舶非营运能耗受造船国单位GDP能耗、工业单位GDP能耗影响较大,不同国家建造的船舶其非营运能耗有很大不同；TEEEOI方法在评价船舶能效的同时,还兼顾了经济性；TEEEOI的影响因素中,燃油价格、载货种类、造船成本对其的影响依次减小。
With the aggravation of global warming and the soaring energy prices, humans are attaching great importance to energy saving and emission reduction. Ship, as the media of waterage, is consuming a large amount of energy anaually. The study on ship energy efficiency is significant. Conventional ship energy efficiency evaluation emphasizes much on increasing ship's energy efficiency, but little on the economical efficiency in ship's operation. This paper combines thermoeconomic and traditional energy efficiency evaluation methods, takes ship's non-operational energy consumption into thermoeconomic evaluation system and finally introduces evalution method of ship thermoeconomic energy efficiency, which incorporates both energy efficiency and economical efficiency of the ship.
Firstly, the evaluation method of conventional energy efficiency (EEDI and EEOI) is systematically researched and features of both EEDI and EEOI are analyzed. By studying the relationship among velocity, main engine power, RPM and fuel consumption as well as a specific example, the naval constant method is proven to be applicable to EEOI calculation. EEOI method is used for analyzing energy efficiency of multi-functional ships.
Secondly, the concept of ship's total energy system is put forward for the target ship and analysis of thermal equilibrium and exergy equilibrium for the main engine energy system of the target ship is conducted. The results indicate that70%～85%power of the main engine is the optimal range for the target ship. Exergy equilibrium analysis can better reflect the quality of energy and the essence in energy transformation, which has more advantages in analysis and optimization of energy system.
Thirdly, optimizing method of thermoeconomic is researched for the main engine energy system of target ship. The problem of conversion between "product" and "resource" in thermoeconomic analysis is addressed by means of reciprocation and exchange of constrained conditions for the symmetric non-linear optimizing problem; Lagrange multiplier theory is used for defining shadow price in exergy flow and negative entropy flow; Kuhn-Tucker condition is applied to figure out the necessary and sufficient conditions ensuring that the non-linear optimizing problem has optimum solution; the thermoeconomic isolation theorgy is utilized to divide the whole system into several correlated sub-systems; the concept of negative entropy flow is introduced into thermoeconomic analysis and the problem of "combinatory explosion" resulting from system division is resolved. With all methods above, effective thermoeconomic optimizing model is established for energy system.
Fourthly, thermoeconomic models are built and analyzed for the main engine energy system and its sub-systems of the target ship. Based on the studies, thermoeconomic optimization is conducted. The optimized results indicate that the method of thermoeconomic optimization can reflect the thermoeconomic characteristic of energy flow effectively, and thermoeconomic optimization point is obtained at the sanme time. In a certain range, thermoeconomic characteristic can be improved through reducing scanvage temperature and increasing maximum combustion pressure.
Finally, based on the researches above, the thermoeconomic assessment is applied to ship energy efficiency evaluation. With reference to EEOI evaluation method, the Thermal Economics Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (TEEEOI) is put forward, and applied to the thermoeconomic evaluation of the target ship energy efficiency. The results indicate that, by introducing the ship's non-operational energy consumption into ship energy efficiency evaluation system, evaluation result is more comprehensive and accurate. Energy consumption per GDP of ship-building nation and industrial energy consumption have large influence on ship's non-operational energy consumption, which can vary a lot in different nations. The TEEEOI not only evaluates ship energy efficiency evaluation, but also economical efficiency. Among the influencing factors on TEEEOI, fuel price comes first, then the cargo type and shipbuilding cost.
首先,对传统的能效评价方法(EEDI和EEOI)进行了较为系统的研究,分析了EEDI和EEOI各自的特点。对航速、主机功率、转速、油耗率之间的关系进行了研究,通过实例验证了海军常数法在EEOI计算中的可行性。并利用EEOI万法分析了多用途目标船的能效情况。
第二,对目标船的能量系统提出了船舶总能系统的概念,并对目标船主机能量系统分别进行了热平衡分析和(?)平衡分析。结果表明：目标船主机功率的最佳范围在70%～85%；(?)平衡分析法可以反映能量的品质高低,更能反映出能量相互之间转化的本质,在对能量系统的分析、优化中更有优势。
第三,研究了目标船主柴油机能量系统的热经济学优化方法。通过采用对称形式的非线性优化问题约束条件的互逆和交换方法,解决了热经济分析中“产品”和“资源”的转换问题；利用拉格朗日乘子理论定义了系统中各部分(?)流、负熵流的影子价格；利用Kuhn-Tucker条件确定了该非线性优化问题具有最优解的充要条件；利用“热经济孤立”理论将整个系统分解为多个相互关联的子系统；并在热经济分析中引入负熵流的概念,解决了系统在被分解为多个子系统后所产生的“组合爆炸”问题。采用以上方法,建立了口标船主柴油机能量系统的热经济优化模型。
第四,对目标船主柴油机能量系统及其子系统的热经济模型进行了详细分析,在此基础上,对该系统进行了热经济优化。优化结果表明：热经济优化方法可以有效的反映能量流的热经济特性,并得出系统的热经济优化点；在允许范围内,降低扫气温度并且提高最高燃烧压力,可以有效的提高系统的热经济性。
最后,在以上研究的基础上,将热经济方法拓展至船舶的能效评价,结合EEOI评价方法,提出了船舶热经济能效营运指数的评价方法(TEEEOI),并将其应用于目标船能效的热经济评价。结果显示：将船舶的非营运能耗加入到能效评价体系后,评价结果更全面、更准确；船舶非营运能耗受造船国单位GDP能耗、工业单位GDP能耗影响较大,不同国家建造的船舶其非营运能耗有很大不同；TEEEOI方法在评价船舶能效的同时,还兼顾了经济性；TEEEOI的影响因素中,燃油价格、载货种类、造船成本对其的影响依次减小。
With the aggravation of global warming and the soaring energy prices, humans are attaching great importance to energy saving and emission reduction. Ship, as the media of waterage, is consuming a large amount of energy anaually. The study on ship energy efficiency is significant. Conventional ship energy efficiency evaluation emphasizes much on increasing ship's energy efficiency, but little on the economical efficiency in ship's operation. This paper combines thermoeconomic and traditional energy efficiency evaluation methods, takes ship's non-operational energy consumption into thermoeconomic evaluation system and finally introduces evalution method of ship thermoeconomic energy efficiency, which incorporates both energy efficiency and economical efficiency of the ship.
Firstly, the evaluation method of conventional energy efficiency (EEDI and EEOI) is systematically researched and features of both EEDI and EEOI are analyzed. By studying the relationship among velocity, main engine power, RPM and fuel consumption as well as a specific example, the naval constant method is proven to be applicable to EEOI calculation. EEOI method is used for analyzing energy efficiency of multi-functional ships.
Secondly, the concept of ship's total energy system is put forward for the target ship and analysis of thermal equilibrium and exergy equilibrium for the main engine energy system of the target ship is conducted. The results indicate that70%～85%power of the main engine is the optimal range for the target ship. Exergy equilibrium analysis can better reflect the quality of energy and the essence in energy transformation, which has more advantages in analysis and optimization of energy system.
Thirdly, optimizing method of thermoeconomic is researched for the main engine energy system of target ship. The problem of conversion between "product" and "resource" in thermoeconomic analysis is addressed by means of reciprocation and exchange of constrained conditions for the symmetric non-linear optimizing problem; Lagrange multiplier theory is used for defining shadow price in exergy flow and negative entropy flow; Kuhn-Tucker condition is applied to figure out the necessary and sufficient conditions ensuring that the non-linear optimizing problem has optimum solution; the thermoeconomic isolation theorgy is utilized to divide the whole system into several correlated sub-systems; the concept of negative entropy flow is introduced into thermoeconomic analysis and the problem of "combinatory explosion" resulting from system division is resolved. With all methods above, effective thermoeconomic optimizing model is established for energy system.
Fourthly, thermoeconomic models are built and analyzed for the main engine energy system and its sub-systems of the target ship. Based on the studies, thermoeconomic optimization is conducted. The optimized results indicate that the method of thermoeconomic optimization can reflect the thermoeconomic characteristic of energy flow effectively, and thermoeconomic optimization point is obtained at the sanme time. In a certain range, thermoeconomic characteristic can be improved through reducing scanvage temperature and increasing maximum combustion pressure.
Finally, based on the researches above, the thermoeconomic assessment is applied to ship energy efficiency evaluation. With reference to EEOI evaluation method, the Thermal Economics Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (TEEEOI) is put forward, and applied to the thermoeconomic evaluation of the target ship energy efficiency. The results indicate that, by introducing the ship's non-operational energy consumption into ship energy efficiency evaluation system, evaluation result is more comprehensive and accurate. Energy consumption per GDP of ship-building nation and industrial energy consumption have large influence on ship's non-operational energy consumption, which can vary a lot in different nations. The TEEEOI not only evaluates ship energy efficiency evaluation, but also economical efficiency. Among the influencing factors on TEEEOI, fuel price comes first, then the cargo type and shipbuilding cost.
引文
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