煤层底板突水的“破裂致突、渗流致突”机理与工程实践
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摘要
煤层底板隔水层在承压水作用下的破坏和突水事故是构成我国华北型煤矿安全生产的主要威胁，因此，研究其突水机理对于有效防治水患威胁、保证煤矿生产安全具有极其重要的现实意义。
本文研究的核心内容有二个，其一是研究煤层底板承压水作用下隔水层的突水机理，即科学问题；其二是用突水机理理论来解决煤矿防治水害的工程实践问题，即技术问题。
本研究认为：煤层底板突水问题集中表现为承压水与隔水层之间的相互作用，在这个作用过程中，承压水突破隔水层的阻隔形成突水通道而突水，这个突水通道既不同于隔水层的渗透通道，也不同于含水层的渗透通道，而是一种新型的、与“管道”性质类似的水流通道，因此，煤层底板突水机理就是突水通道在底板隔水层中的形成机理。
在研究突水机理问题时，首先得出：所有的突水事故都与隔水层的非完整性有关，从而在“岩体结构”及“不连续介质模型”的前提下，提出了突水机理就是（承压水作用下）隔水层的原有结构面扩张而转化为突水通道的作用机理；其次是通过典型现场试验成果的发现和应用对“原始导升高度”进行溯源追踪，指出原始导升高度是承压水在隔水层的渗透高度，是隔水层渗透性的表现，不是突水通道的发育高度；第三，通过对典型突水案例的系统分析，根据突水通道的形成方式把煤层底板突水模式归结为“破裂致突”和“渗流致突”两种类型，并提出渗流致突的临突判据；第四，设计并完成了渗流致突的两个模拟试验。一方面，为揭示出渗流致突的发生机理，设计了微管阻水试验和微管流量试验；另一方面，为验证前面的机理，设计了相似材料的突水通道试验，通过突水通道的断面形态来完整地呈现突水通道形成的过程。第五，专门研究了“突水系数”的问题，提出突水系数是表示突水“征兆”的一个警示性参数，评价矿井生产安全的最终指标是涌水量或突水量，以及据此配备的防排水设施，而非突水系数。通过以上的研究，完整准确地展示出渗流致突的突水机理。
把突水机理理论应用于煤矿的防治水工程实践的关键是研究“疏水降压”和“含水层改造”技术。研究指出：它们的共同特点和核心内容都是研究煤层底板隔水层的阻水能力，把隔水层的阻水能力作为设计防治水工作的依据。
比较并研究了我国煤矿目前广泛应用的“疏水降压”和“含水层改造”技术，最后，以平顶山矿区疏水降压的成果展现了该技术的巨大优势。
The destruction of the coal floor impermeable layer and water inrush caused byconfined water is a major threat to the safe production of the North China coal mine.Hence, it is extremely important to study the mechanism of water inrush in order toeffectively prevent and control the water inrush and ensure the safety of coalproduction.
There are two core contents in this study, namely, mechanism of coal floorwater-inrush and its application in controlling water of coal mine. The former is ascience issue, and the latter is a technical problem.
The study shows: The water inrush problem focuses on the interaction between theconfined water and impermeable layer. In the process, the confined water breakthroughimpermeable barrier formation water inrush channel and the water inrush. The waterinrush channel is different from the seepage channel in water-resisting layer, alsodifferent from the seepage channel in aquifer instead, a new, and “pipeline” similar innature to the flow channel.Therefore, the mechanism of water inrush from coal floor ismechanism of water inrush channel formed at the impermeable layer. Simple to say istwo problems. One is the formation of water inrush channel, namely method problem, itis the core and focus on the mechanism of water inrush channel. second is the seepagechannel was extended to “how” to achieve the water inrush channel, namely waterinrush channel minimum aperture problem.
The mechanism of water inrush was investigated by the analysis of a large numberof water inrush cases and the personal experience about prevention and treatment ofmine water hazards during the work. First proposed that all the water inrush accidentsrelated to the non integrity(i.e. fracture belt) of water-resisting layer. Thus in thepremise of “rock mass structure” and “discontinuous medium model”, put forward themechanism of water inrush is the mechanism of seepage channel in confining bedexpanded into water inrush channel.
Second, according to studied on the root of “the original guide lifting height” andthe result of typical field test, it pointed out that the original guide lifting height is theheight of confined water infiltration into impermeable layer, In essence, it isthe permeability of impermeable layer, not the water inrush channel height.
Third, based on the analysis of the typical water inrush cases and the pattern offorming water inrush channel, the model of water inrush is attributed to “water burstingby rupture” and “water bursting by seepage”, and put forward three criteria of waterinrush by seepage.
Fourth, two simulation tests of water inrush by seepage” is designed and completed.On the one hand, microtubule test (including microtubule water resistance test and microtubule flow test) is designed and completed, which not only shows thegroundwater seepage resistance changes with the diameter of seepage channel inimpermeable layer (conversely, when the seepage channel is expanded, the resistancecharacteristic is the releasing characteristics of confined water potential block), but alsoshows the correlation between the diameter and velocity increment.
On the other hand, for the verification of mechanism front, water bursting channeltest of similar materials is designed and completed, which shows the section shape ofwater inrush channel to show the process of water inrush channel formation.
Fifth, for the three criteria of water inrush by seepage which includes water inrushcoefficient, and the coefficient of water inrush is the recommended method of theprevention and control groundwater hazards in “water control regulations”, therefore,according to the practical engineering cases, this paper studied the problem of “waterinrush coefficient”, the coefficient of water inrush is a warning parameters that waterinrush “signs”, the final evaluation of mine safety in production is the expected wateryield and the equipped drainage facilities, rather than the coefficient of water inrush.
Through the above research, the mechanism of water inrush by seepage accuratelyshowed up.
本文研究的核心内容有二个，其一是研究煤层底板承压水作用下隔水层的突水机理，即科学问题；其二是用突水机理理论来解决煤矿防治水害的工程实践问题，即技术问题。
本研究认为：煤层底板突水问题集中表现为承压水与隔水层之间的相互作用，在这个作用过程中，承压水突破隔水层的阻隔形成突水通道而突水，这个突水通道既不同于隔水层的渗透通道，也不同于含水层的渗透通道，而是一种新型的、与“管道”性质类似的水流通道，因此，煤层底板突水机理就是突水通道在底板隔水层中的形成机理。
在研究突水机理问题时，首先得出：所有的突水事故都与隔水层的非完整性有关，从而在“岩体结构”及“不连续介质模型”的前提下，提出了突水机理就是（承压水作用下）隔水层的原有结构面扩张而转化为突水通道的作用机理；其次是通过典型现场试验成果的发现和应用对“原始导升高度”进行溯源追踪，指出原始导升高度是承压水在隔水层的渗透高度，是隔水层渗透性的表现，不是突水通道的发育高度；第三，通过对典型突水案例的系统分析，根据突水通道的形成方式把煤层底板突水模式归结为“破裂致突”和“渗流致突”两种类型，并提出渗流致突的临突判据；第四，设计并完成了渗流致突的两个模拟试验。一方面，为揭示出渗流致突的发生机理，设计了微管阻水试验和微管流量试验；另一方面，为验证前面的机理，设计了相似材料的突水通道试验，通过突水通道的断面形态来完整地呈现突水通道形成的过程。第五，专门研究了“突水系数”的问题，提出突水系数是表示突水“征兆”的一个警示性参数，评价矿井生产安全的最终指标是涌水量或突水量，以及据此配备的防排水设施，而非突水系数。通过以上的研究，完整准确地展示出渗流致突的突水机理。
把突水机理理论应用于煤矿的防治水工程实践的关键是研究“疏水降压”和“含水层改造”技术。研究指出：它们的共同特点和核心内容都是研究煤层底板隔水层的阻水能力，把隔水层的阻水能力作为设计防治水工作的依据。
比较并研究了我国煤矿目前广泛应用的“疏水降压”和“含水层改造”技术，最后，以平顶山矿区疏水降压的成果展现了该技术的巨大优势。
The destruction of the coal floor impermeable layer and water inrush caused byconfined water is a major threat to the safe production of the North China coal mine.Hence, it is extremely important to study the mechanism of water inrush in order toeffectively prevent and control the water inrush and ensure the safety of coalproduction.
There are two core contents in this study, namely, mechanism of coal floorwater-inrush and its application in controlling water of coal mine. The former is ascience issue, and the latter is a technical problem.
The study shows: The water inrush problem focuses on the interaction between theconfined water and impermeable layer. In the process, the confined water breakthroughimpermeable barrier formation water inrush channel and the water inrush. The waterinrush channel is different from the seepage channel in water-resisting layer, alsodifferent from the seepage channel in aquifer instead, a new, and “pipeline” similar innature to the flow channel.Therefore, the mechanism of water inrush from coal floor ismechanism of water inrush channel formed at the impermeable layer. Simple to say istwo problems. One is the formation of water inrush channel, namely method problem, itis the core and focus on the mechanism of water inrush channel. second is the seepagechannel was extended to “how” to achieve the water inrush channel, namely waterinrush channel minimum aperture problem.
The mechanism of water inrush was investigated by the analysis of a large numberof water inrush cases and the personal experience about prevention and treatment ofmine water hazards during the work. First proposed that all the water inrush accidentsrelated to the non integrity(i.e. fracture belt) of water-resisting layer. Thus in thepremise of “rock mass structure” and “discontinuous medium model”, put forward themechanism of water inrush is the mechanism of seepage channel in confining bedexpanded into water inrush channel.
Second, according to studied on the root of “the original guide lifting height” andthe result of typical field test, it pointed out that the original guide lifting height is theheight of confined water infiltration into impermeable layer, In essence, it isthe permeability of impermeable layer, not the water inrush channel height.
Third, based on the analysis of the typical water inrush cases and the pattern offorming water inrush channel, the model of water inrush is attributed to “water burstingby rupture” and “water bursting by seepage”, and put forward three criteria of waterinrush by seepage.
Fourth, two simulation tests of water inrush by seepage” is designed and completed.On the one hand, microtubule test (including microtubule water resistance test and microtubule flow test) is designed and completed, which not only shows thegroundwater seepage resistance changes with the diameter of seepage channel inimpermeable layer (conversely, when the seepage channel is expanded, the resistancecharacteristic is the releasing characteristics of confined water potential block), but alsoshows the correlation between the diameter and velocity increment.
On the other hand, for the verification of mechanism front, water bursting channeltest of similar materials is designed and completed, which shows the section shape ofwater inrush channel to show the process of water inrush channel formation.
Fifth, for the three criteria of water inrush by seepage which includes water inrushcoefficient, and the coefficient of water inrush is the recommended method of theprevention and control groundwater hazards in “water control regulations”, therefore,according to the practical engineering cases, this paper studied the problem of “waterinrush coefficient”, the coefficient of water inrush is a warning parameters that waterinrush “signs”, the final evaluation of mine safety in production is the expected wateryield and the equipped drainage facilities, rather than the coefficient of water inrush.
Through the above research, the mechanism of water inrush by seepage accuratelyshowed up.
引文
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