黄河三角洲土地利用变化及其土水资源效应
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摘要
土地利用/覆盖变化是当前全球变化研究的前沿和热点问题，其土水资源效应研究是土地利用变化环境效应中的重要研究内容之一。土水资源是人类生存、发展所必需的最基本、最重要的自然资源，作为区域农、林、牧等土地利用的瓶颈因素，决定着土地利用的方向与格局的变化，而土地利用变化又进一步导致土水资源的时空分布变异，在不合理开发利用的基础上，引起生态环境恶化，经济效应下降等问题。
本研究以黄河三角洲垦利县为研究区，以1989年、1995年、2000年、2005年及2011年Landsat TM卫星遥感数据为数据源，采用面向对象的方法提取土地利用/覆盖变化专题信息，研究该区土地利用变化过程，通过构建土壤盐渍化提取指数模型提取并研究了该区土壤盐渍化等级状况，在此基础上，采用地统计分析、土壤质量综合指数（SQ）评价等方法探讨土壤质量状况，通过构建改进型组合水体指数模型（MCIWI），研究该区地表水丰盈程度，并利用GIS的空间分析功能，分析土地利用变化对土壤盐渍化、土壤质量及地表水的影响。主要结论如下：
（1）研究区主要土地利用类型时空变化
研究区内土地类型以旱地、林草地、盐荒地和滩涂为主，空间格局分布较为明显，人工水面、滩涂、盐荒地的大幅度增加和旱地、林草地的减少是研究区22年来土地类型的主要变化特征。从土地利用动态度来看，土地利用变化在时间上呈现前期快后期缓的趋势，整个研究期内单一土地类型变化，自然水面、人工水面与建设用地的变化最大，盐荒地变化最小。从土地利用综合程度来看，研究前期土地利用程度最高，其变化量是2000年之后的两至三倍，土地利用开始由发展期向稳定期转变。在整个研究时段内土地利用变化幅度大，变化类型多，各种地类之间均存在相互转化现象。
（2）土地利用变化的土壤盐渍退化效应
通过构建盐渍化土地信息提取指数模型，提取不同等级的盐渍化分布状况，利用盐化综合指数研究该区盐分变化，发现该区整体盐化程度呈现先减轻后加重的趋势。并采用重心模型研究自然、人为因素对盐化的驱动，看出人为驱动在研究后期对盐化加重起了促进作用，自然因素则一直是该区土地盐渍化的主要原因。研究区地类盐分变化也基本呈现先减轻后加重的变化，各地类的盐分状况由低到高依次为：旱地、水田、林草地、盐荒地。
（3）土地利用变化的土壤质量效应
利用ARCGIS的地统计功能，分别得出1987、2007年土壤养分中氮、磷、钾、有机质等养分等级，研究发现速效钾平均含量降低，其余各项质量指标均有不同程度提高。各地类养分状况，速效磷与速效钾的含量变化较大，且分别呈提高和下降的趋势，其它养分含量均提高，但增速较缓。林草地各养分指标含量均较高，尤其是全氮、有机质含量均高于其他地类；旱地、水田中速效养分含量较高；盐荒地各养分指标含量均较低。
采用土壤质量综合指数在GIS下进行综合评价，发现研究区土壤质量变化明显好转，呈现由中等向高等地靠拢的趋势。各地类土壤质量均有提高，出现在高等级地部分面积增加，中等、末等地有所减少现象。就各地类土壤质量而言，旱地均高于水田和盐荒地，林草地在1987年高于旱地，但在2007年低于旱地和水田，盐荒地质量最差，相对于旱地、水田，林草地质量提高较少，相对稳定。
（4）土地利用变化的地表水效应
利用各期图像解译的地表水体信息，计算研究区整体及区域水体密度，得出整个研究区的水体密度指数呈逐年增长态势，北部及沿海地区呈先减少后增加，中西南部地区基本呈先增加后减少。并采用改进型组合水体指数（MCIWI）模型分析该区地表水丰盈程度，发现含水量一般的地区在研究区中占据了绝对的优势，基本占到40%-44%之间，地表少水的地区正在逐渐变少，结合水文数据分析，发现人为修建水库及增加养殖坑塘是地表水变化的最主要原因。
本研究利用遥感影像数据，采用GIS、RS等技术手段，研究了土地利用信息的提取及时空变化，并以土地利用空间格局为基础，探讨了土地利用/覆盖变化对该区土壤质量、盐渍化、地表水的影响，为黄河三角洲地区土水资源合理规划和利用提供依据。
Land use/cover change is the frontier and hot spot in global change research,environmental effects on soil and water resources of that is one of the important content inenvironmental effect of land use changes. Soil and water resources are essential for humansurvival and development as the most basic and the most important natural resources, andthey are the bottleneck factors of land use for the regional farming, forestry, animal husbandry,etc, in the one side, soil and water resources decide the direction and pattern of land usechange, and the other side, land use changes result the distribution of spatiotemporal variation,on the basis of the unreasonable development and utilization, the deterioration of ecologicalenvironment and decline of economic effect are caused.
This study was conducted in Kenli County of the Yellow River Delta using five temporalremote sensing images of1989,1995,2000,2005and2011to extract land use information ofdifferent times with object-oriented method, the different levels of salinization were studiedby building up extracting model in soil salinization, on this basis, soil quality were evaluatedusing geostatistical statistics method, soil quality comprehensive index (SQ), andsurface water were studied by constructing Modified-Combined Index for Water BodyIdentification (MCIWI), by using spatial analysis function of GIS, the influence of soilsalinization, soil quality, surface water were analysis. Main conclusions were as follows:
(1) Spatiotemporal variation of main land use types
The results showed that dry land, forest-grassland, salt wasteland and shoaly land werethe main land use types in study area, and the main characteristics of land use changes in thestudy area were the decrease of dry land and forest-grassland, and the increase of water area,salt wasteland and shoaly land. The land use changes were faster from the land use dynamicdegree at the beginning of the study, with the single land use dynamic degree, river watersurface, and water area and construction land changed more bigly comparatively. The overalldegree of land use change before2000was2-3times higher than that of the later period,which was highest in1995-2000, showing the trend of land use changes from developmentperiod to plateau. During the entire study period, the land use changed large in amplitude and more in types, there were reciprocal transformation phenomenon between various land types.
(2) The salinity effect of land use change
the distribution of the different salinity levels were extracted by constructing salinityextraction index model, and the study showed the overall salinity changes were reduce the firstand increase in the later with salinity composite index. Natural and human driving factors ofsalinization were researched by using the gravity model, and found natural driving factors playedthe main function in the later, and natural driving factors were the main cause of salinity soil inthe area. The salt of land use types from low to high were: dry land, paddy field, grassland, saltwasteland.
(3) The effect of soil quality
The nutrient levels of N, P, K, organic matter in1987,2007years were achieved usinggeostatistical statistics of ARCGIS, and showed the average content of available potassiumreduced, and other nutrients increased with different degrees. From the kind of nutrientsaround the country, the content of available phosphorus and available potassium changedlargely, and showed a trend of increase and decline respectively, other nutrient contents wereincreased, but the growth were slower. The nutrient contents of forest-grassland were bothhigher; especially in total nitrogen and organic matter content, Quick-acting nutrient contentswere higher in dry land, paddy field, and content of each nutrient were lowest in saltwasteland.
Soil quality comprehensive index were used in comprehensive evaluation by GIS, andfound soil quality improved obviously, rendering the trend from intermediate to advancedconvergence. The quality of land use types were increased, the area of middle and end landdecreased and the area of high quality land increased, In terms of soil quality in land use types,dry land was higher than paddy field and salt wasteland, and forest-grassland was higher thanthe dry land in1987, but lower the dry land and paddy field in2007, salt wasteland was thepoorest quality, relative to the dry land and paddy field, the quality of forest-grasslandimproved less.
(4) The effect of surface water
The density of surface water in overall or regional were calculated using the informationof surface water according to image interpretation, which showed the water density of wholeresearch area was increasing year by year, the north and coastal regions had been reduced after the increase, and opposite In central and southwestern. Modified-Combined Index forWater Body Identification (MCIWI) was accepted to analyze the condition of surface water; itshowed that the area owing general moisture occupied absolute advantage, which accountedfor between40%and44%, and the lower area was getting less and less, the artificialconstruction of reservoir and increasing breeding pits were the main cause of the change onsurface water in combination with hydrological data.
The land use information extracting and space-time change were studied using thetechnology such as GIS, RS according to remote sensing images, and based on the spatialpattern of land use, the influence of land use/cover change on soil quality, salinization,surface water were researched, which provided the basis for Rational planning and utilizationto the land and water resources in Yellow River delta.
本研究以黄河三角洲垦利县为研究区，以1989年、1995年、2000年、2005年及2011年Landsat TM卫星遥感数据为数据源，采用面向对象的方法提取土地利用/覆盖变化专题信息，研究该区土地利用变化过程，通过构建土壤盐渍化提取指数模型提取并研究了该区土壤盐渍化等级状况，在此基础上，采用地统计分析、土壤质量综合指数（SQ）评价等方法探讨土壤质量状况，通过构建改进型组合水体指数模型（MCIWI），研究该区地表水丰盈程度，并利用GIS的空间分析功能，分析土地利用变化对土壤盐渍化、土壤质量及地表水的影响。主要结论如下：
（1）研究区主要土地利用类型时空变化
研究区内土地类型以旱地、林草地、盐荒地和滩涂为主，空间格局分布较为明显，人工水面、滩涂、盐荒地的大幅度增加和旱地、林草地的减少是研究区22年来土地类型的主要变化特征。从土地利用动态度来看，土地利用变化在时间上呈现前期快后期缓的趋势，整个研究期内单一土地类型变化，自然水面、人工水面与建设用地的变化最大，盐荒地变化最小。从土地利用综合程度来看，研究前期土地利用程度最高，其变化量是2000年之后的两至三倍，土地利用开始由发展期向稳定期转变。在整个研究时段内土地利用变化幅度大，变化类型多，各种地类之间均存在相互转化现象。
（2）土地利用变化的土壤盐渍退化效应
通过构建盐渍化土地信息提取指数模型，提取不同等级的盐渍化分布状况，利用盐化综合指数研究该区盐分变化，发现该区整体盐化程度呈现先减轻后加重的趋势。并采用重心模型研究自然、人为因素对盐化的驱动，看出人为驱动在研究后期对盐化加重起了促进作用，自然因素则一直是该区土地盐渍化的主要原因。研究区地类盐分变化也基本呈现先减轻后加重的变化，各地类的盐分状况由低到高依次为：旱地、水田、林草地、盐荒地。
（3）土地利用变化的土壤质量效应
利用ARCGIS的地统计功能，分别得出1987、2007年土壤养分中氮、磷、钾、有机质等养分等级，研究发现速效钾平均含量降低，其余各项质量指标均有不同程度提高。各地类养分状况，速效磷与速效钾的含量变化较大，且分别呈提高和下降的趋势，其它养分含量均提高，但增速较缓。林草地各养分指标含量均较高，尤其是全氮、有机质含量均高于其他地类；旱地、水田中速效养分含量较高；盐荒地各养分指标含量均较低。
采用土壤质量综合指数在GIS下进行综合评价，发现研究区土壤质量变化明显好转，呈现由中等向高等地靠拢的趋势。各地类土壤质量均有提高，出现在高等级地部分面积增加，中等、末等地有所减少现象。就各地类土壤质量而言，旱地均高于水田和盐荒地，林草地在1987年高于旱地，但在2007年低于旱地和水田，盐荒地质量最差，相对于旱地、水田，林草地质量提高较少，相对稳定。
（4）土地利用变化的地表水效应
利用各期图像解译的地表水体信息，计算研究区整体及区域水体密度，得出整个研究区的水体密度指数呈逐年增长态势，北部及沿海地区呈先减少后增加，中西南部地区基本呈先增加后减少。并采用改进型组合水体指数（MCIWI）模型分析该区地表水丰盈程度，发现含水量一般的地区在研究区中占据了绝对的优势，基本占到40%-44%之间，地表少水的地区正在逐渐变少，结合水文数据分析，发现人为修建水库及增加养殖坑塘是地表水变化的最主要原因。
本研究利用遥感影像数据，采用GIS、RS等技术手段，研究了土地利用信息的提取及时空变化，并以土地利用空间格局为基础，探讨了土地利用/覆盖变化对该区土壤质量、盐渍化、地表水的影响，为黄河三角洲地区土水资源合理规划和利用提供依据。
Land use/cover change is the frontier and hot spot in global change research,environmental effects on soil and water resources of that is one of the important content inenvironmental effect of land use changes. Soil and water resources are essential for humansurvival and development as the most basic and the most important natural resources, andthey are the bottleneck factors of land use for the regional farming, forestry, animal husbandry,etc, in the one side, soil and water resources decide the direction and pattern of land usechange, and the other side, land use changes result the distribution of spatiotemporal variation,on the basis of the unreasonable development and utilization, the deterioration of ecologicalenvironment and decline of economic effect are caused.
This study was conducted in Kenli County of the Yellow River Delta using five temporalremote sensing images of1989,1995,2000,2005and2011to extract land use information ofdifferent times with object-oriented method, the different levels of salinization were studiedby building up extracting model in soil salinization, on this basis, soil quality were evaluatedusing geostatistical statistics method, soil quality comprehensive index (SQ), andsurface water were studied by constructing Modified-Combined Index for Water BodyIdentification (MCIWI), by using spatial analysis function of GIS, the influence of soilsalinization, soil quality, surface water were analysis. Main conclusions were as follows:
(1) Spatiotemporal variation of main land use types
The results showed that dry land, forest-grassland, salt wasteland and shoaly land werethe main land use types in study area, and the main characteristics of land use changes in thestudy area were the decrease of dry land and forest-grassland, and the increase of water area,salt wasteland and shoaly land. The land use changes were faster from the land use dynamicdegree at the beginning of the study, with the single land use dynamic degree, river watersurface, and water area and construction land changed more bigly comparatively. The overalldegree of land use change before2000was2-3times higher than that of the later period,which was highest in1995-2000, showing the trend of land use changes from developmentperiod to plateau. During the entire study period, the land use changed large in amplitude and more in types, there were reciprocal transformation phenomenon between various land types.
(2) The salinity effect of land use change
the distribution of the different salinity levels were extracted by constructing salinityextraction index model, and the study showed the overall salinity changes were reduce the firstand increase in the later with salinity composite index. Natural and human driving factors ofsalinization were researched by using the gravity model, and found natural driving factors playedthe main function in the later, and natural driving factors were the main cause of salinity soil inthe area. The salt of land use types from low to high were: dry land, paddy field, grassland, saltwasteland.
(3) The effect of soil quality
The nutrient levels of N, P, K, organic matter in1987,2007years were achieved usinggeostatistical statistics of ARCGIS, and showed the average content of available potassiumreduced, and other nutrients increased with different degrees. From the kind of nutrientsaround the country, the content of available phosphorus and available potassium changedlargely, and showed a trend of increase and decline respectively, other nutrient contents wereincreased, but the growth were slower. The nutrient contents of forest-grassland were bothhigher; especially in total nitrogen and organic matter content, Quick-acting nutrient contentswere higher in dry land, paddy field, and content of each nutrient were lowest in saltwasteland.
Soil quality comprehensive index were used in comprehensive evaluation by GIS, andfound soil quality improved obviously, rendering the trend from intermediate to advancedconvergence. The quality of land use types were increased, the area of middle and end landdecreased and the area of high quality land increased, In terms of soil quality in land use types,dry land was higher than paddy field and salt wasteland, and forest-grassland was higher thanthe dry land in1987, but lower the dry land and paddy field in2007, salt wasteland was thepoorest quality, relative to the dry land and paddy field, the quality of forest-grasslandimproved less.
(4) The effect of surface water
The density of surface water in overall or regional were calculated using the informationof surface water according to image interpretation, which showed the water density of wholeresearch area was increasing year by year, the north and coastal regions had been reduced after the increase, and opposite In central and southwestern. Modified-Combined Index forWater Body Identification (MCIWI) was accepted to analyze the condition of surface water; itshowed that the area owing general moisture occupied absolute advantage, which accountedfor between40%and44%, and the lower area was getting less and less, the artificialconstruction of reservoir and increasing breeding pits were the main cause of the change onsurface water in combination with hydrological data.
The land use information extracting and space-time change were studied using thetechnology such as GIS, RS according to remote sensing images, and based on the spatialpattern of land use, the influence of land use/cover change on soil quality, salinization,surface water were researched, which provided the basis for Rational planning and utilizationto the land and water resources in Yellow River delta.
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