非饱和黄土滑坡失稳机理研究
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摘要
近年来，在黄土高原地区由于农业不合理的灌溉、城市建设过程中管道漏水等因素诱发的滑坡灾害越来越多，其发生时间并不是集中在雨季，危害大，成为我国黄土高原地区典型的滑坡灾害类型。该类滑坡的稳定性评价用非饱和土力学理论更符合实际情况。本文以甘肃东乡由于管道漏水诱发滑坡为典型实例，结合甘肃黑方台灌溉诱发滑坡，通过野外调查、物理力学实验和数值模拟等方法，研究了非饱和黄土的力学特征、滑坡渗流场的变化和稳定性。主要研究成果如下：
（1）对甘肃东乡、黑方台地区马兰黄土进行土水特征曲线测试，分析研究区黄土的吸力范围，针对目前常用的土水特征曲线模型，进行拟合分析，认为常用的土水特征曲线模型Gardner、Van Genuehten和Fredlund and Xing都适用于研究区黄土。根据土水特征曲线模型，估算非饱和渗透系数，并对Gardner和Van Genuehten模型进行吸湿脱湿过程渗透系数不同进行比较分析；
（2）针对黄土的非饱和渗透系数，以甘肃黑方台焦家崖头13号滑坡为例，模拟灌溉造成地下水位上升趋势，对甘肃东乡滑坡进行非饱和-饱和的渗流场模拟，分析了灌溉四十年地下水位的变化，东乡管道漏水坡体内部入渗一年的影响范围；
（3）对甘肃东乡马兰黄土进行控制基质吸力的直剪试验，基质吸力分别为50、100、150和200Kpa，竖向荷载分别为50、100、150和200Kpa，发现该地区的黄土整体呈硬化型，对非饱和强度进行分析，发现随着基质吸力的增加，摩擦角基本不变，基质吸力对强度的贡献在50到100Kpa贡献变化较大，同时对简化Bishop、Fredlund与卢宁强度理论进行分析，发现简化Bishop和Fredlund强度理论较适合研究区黄土；
（4）通过东乡黄土等偏应力增湿非饱和三轴试验，分别控制轴向压力不变，围压不变，吸力逐渐减小过程，土体在剪切过程中发生剪缩，在偏应力较小下，吸力的减小也能使土体发生破坏。在偏应力较大情况下，土体在饱和状态发生应变，随吸力的变化应变和体变变化不明显；
（5）结合甘肃东乡县城滑坡和黑方台焦家崖头13号滑坡滑坡渗流场模拟，对传统的土力学理论与非饱和土力学理论进行稳定性分析，在非饱和状态下非饱和土的强度理论稳定系数大于传统饱和土理论的安全系数，在土体饱和时达到统一。同时，土水特征曲线吸湿脱湿过程两者的不同渗透系数对的稳定性也有一定的影响。
For the past few years, due to the unreasonable agricultural irrigation, pipe leakageduring urban construction and so on, there is an increasing number of landslide hazard occursnot only in the rainy season and is of great danger, which has been a typical landslide hazardin loess plateau in China. As a matter of fact, the theory of unsaturated soil mechanics ismore suitable for its stability estimation. The landslide induced by pipe leakage in Dongxiang,Gansu Province was taken as a representative example in this paper, which combined thelandslide invoked by irrigation in Heifangtai, Gansu Province. Moreover, with field survey,physical mechanics experiments, numerical simulation, etc, this paper studied mechanicalcharacteristics of unsaturated loess, variation of landslide seepage field and the slope stability.
The main research findings are as follows:
（1）The Malan Loess of Dongxiang and Heifangtai, Gansu Province was tested forSoil-Water Characteristic Curve. After analyzing the suction range of loess in study area,fitting analysis was conducted aimed at frequently-used Soil-Water Characteristic Curvemodel. As a result, it is considered that such Soil-Water Characteristic Curve models,including Gardner, Van Genuehten, Fredlund and Xing, were suitable for loess in studyarea. According to the Soil-Water Characteristic Curve model, the unsaturatedconductivity was estimated. Additionally, conductivity of drying and wetting process wascomparatively analyzed for Gardner and Van Genuehten model.
（2）As for the unsaturated conductivity of loess, taking No.13landslide of Jiaotouya inHeifangtai, Gansu Province as an example, the groundwater uptrend was simulated.Additionally, unsaturated-saturated seepage field of Dongxiang landslide in GansuProvince was simulated, and we analyzed not only the variation of groundwater level infour decades owing to the irrigation, but also the influence range of one-year infiltrationinside the slope.
（3）The direct shear test of matric suction was conducted for Malan Loess in Dongxiang,Gansu Province, where the matric suction was respectively50,100,150and200KPa andthe vertical load was respectively50,100,150and200KPa. As a result, the loess here wassclerosing. After analyzing unsaturated intensity, it was found that the frictional angle was constant with the increasing of matric suction. The impact of matric suction variesbetween50and100KPa. In the meanwhile, after analyzing simplified Bishop, Fredlundand Lu Ning strength theory, it is concluded that Bishop and Fredlund strength theory aremore suitable for the loess in study area
（4）Through the deviatoric stress wetting unsaturated triaxial test, when axial pressure andconfining pressure are invariant, the soil was cutting indentation when shearing. The soilmight be destroyed with the decreasing of suction when deviatoric stress was less. Whendeviatoric stress was larger, the soil became strain in saturated condition. What’s more,the variation of strain and dilation were unapparent with the alteration of suction.
（5）Combined with the simulation of Dongxiang landslide and Jiaoyatou seepage field inGansu Province, the slope stability was analyzed by traditional soil mechanics theory andunsaturated soil mechanics theory. The theoretical stability coefficient of unsaturated soilstrength is greater than traditional security coefficient of saturated soil, which achieves aconsistent value when the soil is saturated. The difference of conductivity has a certaineffect on slope stability during drying and wetting process in Soil-Water CharacteristicCurve.
（1）对甘肃东乡、黑方台地区马兰黄土进行土水特征曲线测试，分析研究区黄土的吸力范围，针对目前常用的土水特征曲线模型，进行拟合分析，认为常用的土水特征曲线模型Gardner、Van Genuehten和Fredlund and Xing都适用于研究区黄土。根据土水特征曲线模型，估算非饱和渗透系数，并对Gardner和Van Genuehten模型进行吸湿脱湿过程渗透系数不同进行比较分析；
（2）针对黄土的非饱和渗透系数，以甘肃黑方台焦家崖头13号滑坡为例，模拟灌溉造成地下水位上升趋势，对甘肃东乡滑坡进行非饱和-饱和的渗流场模拟，分析了灌溉四十年地下水位的变化，东乡管道漏水坡体内部入渗一年的影响范围；
（3）对甘肃东乡马兰黄土进行控制基质吸力的直剪试验，基质吸力分别为50、100、150和200Kpa，竖向荷载分别为50、100、150和200Kpa，发现该地区的黄土整体呈硬化型，对非饱和强度进行分析，发现随着基质吸力的增加，摩擦角基本不变，基质吸力对强度的贡献在50到100Kpa贡献变化较大，同时对简化Bishop、Fredlund与卢宁强度理论进行分析，发现简化Bishop和Fredlund强度理论较适合研究区黄土；
（4）通过东乡黄土等偏应力增湿非饱和三轴试验，分别控制轴向压力不变，围压不变，吸力逐渐减小过程，土体在剪切过程中发生剪缩，在偏应力较小下，吸力的减小也能使土体发生破坏。在偏应力较大情况下，土体在饱和状态发生应变，随吸力的变化应变和体变变化不明显；
（5）结合甘肃东乡县城滑坡和黑方台焦家崖头13号滑坡滑坡渗流场模拟，对传统的土力学理论与非饱和土力学理论进行稳定性分析，在非饱和状态下非饱和土的强度理论稳定系数大于传统饱和土理论的安全系数，在土体饱和时达到统一。同时，土水特征曲线吸湿脱湿过程两者的不同渗透系数对的稳定性也有一定的影响。
For the past few years, due to the unreasonable agricultural irrigation, pipe leakageduring urban construction and so on, there is an increasing number of landslide hazard occursnot only in the rainy season and is of great danger, which has been a typical landslide hazardin loess plateau in China. As a matter of fact, the theory of unsaturated soil mechanics ismore suitable for its stability estimation. The landslide induced by pipe leakage in Dongxiang,Gansu Province was taken as a representative example in this paper, which combined thelandslide invoked by irrigation in Heifangtai, Gansu Province. Moreover, with field survey,physical mechanics experiments, numerical simulation, etc, this paper studied mechanicalcharacteristics of unsaturated loess, variation of landslide seepage field and the slope stability.
The main research findings are as follows:
（1）The Malan Loess of Dongxiang and Heifangtai, Gansu Province was tested forSoil-Water Characteristic Curve. After analyzing the suction range of loess in study area,fitting analysis was conducted aimed at frequently-used Soil-Water Characteristic Curvemodel. As a result, it is considered that such Soil-Water Characteristic Curve models,including Gardner, Van Genuehten, Fredlund and Xing, were suitable for loess in studyarea. According to the Soil-Water Characteristic Curve model, the unsaturatedconductivity was estimated. Additionally, conductivity of drying and wetting process wascomparatively analyzed for Gardner and Van Genuehten model.
（2）As for the unsaturated conductivity of loess, taking No.13landslide of Jiaotouya inHeifangtai, Gansu Province as an example, the groundwater uptrend was simulated.Additionally, unsaturated-saturated seepage field of Dongxiang landslide in GansuProvince was simulated, and we analyzed not only the variation of groundwater level infour decades owing to the irrigation, but also the influence range of one-year infiltrationinside the slope.
（3）The direct shear test of matric suction was conducted for Malan Loess in Dongxiang,Gansu Province, where the matric suction was respectively50,100,150and200KPa andthe vertical load was respectively50,100,150and200KPa. As a result, the loess here wassclerosing. After analyzing unsaturated intensity, it was found that the frictional angle was constant with the increasing of matric suction. The impact of matric suction variesbetween50and100KPa. In the meanwhile, after analyzing simplified Bishop, Fredlundand Lu Ning strength theory, it is concluded that Bishop and Fredlund strength theory aremore suitable for the loess in study area
（4）Through the deviatoric stress wetting unsaturated triaxial test, when axial pressure andconfining pressure are invariant, the soil was cutting indentation when shearing. The soilmight be destroyed with the decreasing of suction when deviatoric stress was less. Whendeviatoric stress was larger, the soil became strain in saturated condition. What’s more,the variation of strain and dilation were unapparent with the alteration of suction.
（5）Combined with the simulation of Dongxiang landslide and Jiaoyatou seepage field inGansu Province, the slope stability was analyzed by traditional soil mechanics theory andunsaturated soil mechanics theory. The theoretical stability coefficient of unsaturated soilstrength is greater than traditional security coefficient of saturated soil, which achieves aconsistent value when the soil is saturated. The difference of conductivity has a certaineffect on slope stability during drying and wetting process in Soil-Water CharacteristicCurve.
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