浙江省土壤数据库的建立与应用
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摘要
土壤是人类生活和生产最基本、最广泛、最重要的自然资源。随着全球性的粮食安全、土壤退化、生态环境恶化等问题日益突出,系统、及时、准确地掌握和管理土壤资源信息的需求越来越迫切。“数字土壤”是土壤学融合现代地学和信息科学的产物。建设“数字土壤”是国情所需,也是教学、科研以及农业、国土、水利、环保等职能部门的迫切要求。从目前我国土壤信息化的发展状况看,土壤数据库建设是我国数字土壤急需优先开展的重要基础性工作。本文以第二次土壤普查成果及相关资料为基础,建立覆盖浙江全省的大、中、小系列比例尺土壤数据库,并对当前土壤数据库建设中普遍面临的问题,包括土壤图的数字化修复与更新、不同土壤分类体系的参比等进行分析与探讨。在此基础上,借助相关理论与方法,应用浙江省土壤数据库,分别对土壤分类多样性及景观格局特征、土壤可蚀性K值及分布特征、城区扩张和土壤资源时空动态变化进行分析与评价。主要研究结果如下：
(1)浙江省土壤数据库建立浙江省数据库包括空间数据库和属性数据库两大部分。空间数据库包含1：100万、1：50万、1：25万和1：5万四种比例尺。属性数据库中包含全省2677个剖面数据及表耕层数据。浙江省土壤数据库的建成实现了浙江省第二次土壤普查资料的数字化、信息化,在一定程度上奠定浙江省“数字土壤”的基础。
(2)传统土壤图的数字修复与更新基于浙江省土壤数据库后期完善更新的需要,针对浙江省第二次土壤普查图件中存在的问题,应用遥感与地理信息技术,进行修复和更新传统土壤图的研究。1)传统土壤图修复主要包括三方面内容：数学基础修复解决原有土壤普查图件坐标缺失问题；图斑要素修复是通过判读历史遥感影像解决要素模糊、图件破损、要素编绘不合理等问题：符号注记修复是解决图例符号陈旧和不规范问题。2)土壤图更新从三个方面进行：数学基础更新是将图件地理参考从北京54坐标更新到西安80或国家大地2000坐标系,以匹配测绘、国土等行业空间数据；行政区划更新是将土壤普查图件按现有行政区划进行调整,以满足区域土壤资源管理和使用的需要；图斑要素更新是借助高分辨率遥感影像或土地利用图对土壤普查图件中基础地理信息要素,包括水系、交通、建设用地等要素进行更新。从而,保持土壤图斑的现势性。
(3)浙江省土壤发生分类与土壤系统分类参比利用浙江省1：5万土壤详查数据库,对土壤发生分类土种与中国土壤系统分类亚类进行参比,编制土壤系统分类亚类分布图。结果表明,发生分类基层分类单元归属较为清楚,但高级单元关系较为复杂。99个土属有62个参比归属唯一,277个土种有252个参比归属唯一。通过土壤分类系统参比,将大比例尺土壤普查成果转换成系统分类体系是可行的,可以满足1：10万的系统分类亚类制图要求。浙江省土壤参比后归属于8个土纲,以雏形土土纲面积最大,占总面积的31.3%；人为土土纲次之,占总面积的21.4%,有机土土纲面积最小,土壤区域分布规律较为明显。这些结果对土壤系统分类研究具有一定的参考价值,也为省域范围的系统分类制图与应用提供了范例。
(4)浙江省土壤多样性研究以全省1：5万土壤数据库为基础,利用多样性分析理论与方法,对浙江省不同地市范围的土壤多样性、土壤类型景观分布格局特征、普查土种的稀有程度进行了分析与评价。结果表明,1)土壤分类单元级别是影响土壤多样性评价结果的一个非常重要的因素,区域土壤多样性的评价必须明确土壤分类级别；2)在土种层次,浙江省11个市的多样性指数从高到低依次为绍兴、台州、宁波、杭州、金华、湖州、舟山、温州、衢州、丽水、嘉兴；3)在全省的10个土类中,红壤面积最大,占全省土壤总面积的40.1%；水稻土图斑个数最多,占全省图斑总数的51.3%；黄壤平均图斑面积最大,约为2.85km2；各土类形状指数仍属简单；4)根据斑块个数、分布面积及分布多样性指数分别评选出20个代表性土种及稀有土种,相关结果可作为土壤资源保护与利用的依据。
(5)浙江省土壤可蚀性利用EPIC模型估算了浙江省277个土种的土壤可蚀性K值,编制了全省30m格网分辨率的土壤可蚀性K值分布图。结果表明,1)浙江省277个土种的可蚀性K值变化范围为0.116-0.425；2)红壤可蚀性K值与有机碳含量、砂粒含量呈显著负相关,与粉粒含量呈显著正相关,与黏粒含量的相关性不显著；3)浙江省土壤可蚀性K值以中低侵蚀、中可蚀为主,其土壤面积分别占浙江省土壤总面积的64.2%和26.4%。
(6)城市扩张对土壤资源的影响基于长时间序列历史遥感影像和1：5万土壤数据库,对浙北平原区1969-2009年间,20个城市的主城区扩张占用土壤资源状况进行了分析与评价。结果表明,1)浙北平原主城区面积由1969年的165km2增加到2009年的1171km2,年均扩张25.8km2；2)不同阶段的扩张速度存在一定差异。其中,1995-1999年是谷点,1999年至2005年扩张最快,此6年期间扩张面积占总扩张面积的42.7%；3)1987-2009年间,城区扩张导致土壤资源面积缩减835.6km2,侵占土壤类型以水稻土和潮土为主,113个土种遭受侵占,乌潮土、乌松土和黄松土三个土种消失,不同阶段和不同城市侵占的土壤类型存在一定差异。
本研究证明,浙江省土壤数据库在农业、国土、水利等部门具有极为重要的应用价值。然而,限于时间等因素,在土壤数据库的更新,特别是土壤图斑属性的更新,以便保持数据的现时性等方面还有很长的路要走。作为十分重要的基础数据,土壤数据库的应用也是极为广泛的。本论文仅尝试了在土壤多样性、土壤可蚀性和土壤资源动态等三个方面的应用,还有其他众多领域、学科和部门亟需进行相关的应用研究。
Soil is one of the most fundamental natural resources, which supports varied forms of life on the Earth surface. With the increasing challenges from global food shortage, environment degradation, ecology deterioration, etc., there is an ever urgent demand on managing soil resource in a systematical, efficient, and accurate way. Building digital soils is an inevitable task for integrating traditional soil science, modern earth science, and information technology. At current stage, establishing soil database has the highest priority.
Initiated in1979, China conducted the Second Nation Soil Survey, from which, mega quantity of data and substantial achievements have been obtained. To make better use of the results and also to keep abreast of the development in science and technology, soil database construction emerged as an urgent task. This dissertation reported the establishment of a soil database for Zhejiang Province, which was built on the materials and relative data from the Second National Soil Survey. Then, to improve the quality of database and to extend its applications, this dissertation studied the practice of updating soil map from the Second National Soil Survey and constructing a referencing system between the Genetic Soil Classification of China (GSCC) and Chinese Soil Taxonomy (CST). In the arena of soil database applications, this study evaluated and analyzed the pedo-taxa abundance, soil erodibility and the impact of urbanization on soil resources. Main results are as follows:
(1) Establishment of soil database, Zhejiang Province The soil database of Zhejiang includes two main parts:spatial database and attribute database. Spatial database is comprised of small scale (1:1000000,1:500000), medium scale (1:250000) and large scale (1:50000) soil geographic databases. Attribute database contains2677soil profiles, including typical profiles, statistical profiles and nutrient data of surface layers. The established soil database of Zhejiang generated a seamless provincial-wide digital soil map well-linked to various soil attributes, which to a certain extent lays a solid foundation for the construction of Zhejiang digital soil.
(2) Soil map quality Improvement The Second National Soil Survey was conducted in1980's. Since then, three decades has been passed, substantial science and technology development has been made. By applying remote sensing and geographic information techniques, attempts were made to improve the quality of soil map, which consisted of four aspects,1) mathematic base update, which is used essentially for filling the vacancy of geodetic coordinate system. This further updated the geographic reference of soil map from the Beijing54coordinate system to the National Xi'an80coordinate system or Geodetic Coordinate System2000;2) map unit refinement, which is mainly aimed at problems of vagued feature, missing drawing and unreasonable compilation;3) symbol update, which is used to resolve the problem of outdated map symbol;4) administrative divisions update, which is to update the traditional soil maps with the latest administrative divisions to meet the needs of the regional soil resource management.
(3) Reference system between the Genetic Soil Classification of China and Chinese Soil Taxonomy Based on the soil database of Zhejiang, associations between Soil Species in GSCC and Soil Subgroups in CST were set up, and the distribution of CST Soil Subgroup was compilated. Results showed that at the basic taxon level of GSCC, the reference relationship was relatively clear and certain, but at higher levels, the relationship became complicated. There were a total of99Soil Genus and277Soil Species in GSCC, among which,62Genus and252Species could be uniquely referenced to Soil Subgroup in CST. Therefore, it is feasible to transform the large-scaled soil map of Soil Species under GSCC from the Second National Soil Survey into the Soil Subgroup map of CST at1:100000. With this reference system, the soils of Zhejiang could be sorted into8Soil Orders, of which Cambosols was in dominance, accounting for31.3%, Anthrosols for23.4%, and Histosols had the least percentage in area. At the Order level in CST, soil distribution presented a clear spatial pattern. These findings are of values to soil classification with CST, and they provide examples for CST soil mapping of Zhejiang Province.
(4) Pedodiversity analysis Using the1:50000soil database of Zhejiang, pedodiversity analytical theory was employed to analyze soil landscape pattern, the rarity and representativeness of Soil Species. At Soil Species level, the diversity values of11cities in Zhejiang follow the sequence as Shaoxing> Taizhou> Ningbo> Hangzhou> Jinhua> Huzhou> Zhoushan> Wenzhou> Quzhou> Lishui> Jiaxing. Among the10Soil Groups, Red soils have the largest area, Paddy soils have the maximum number of map units, and Yellow soils show the maximum average size delineation. According to the area, number of map units, spatial distribution diversity of each Species, the representative and rare Species were identified from the277Species, respectively.
(5) Assessment of soil erodibility Soil erodibility is an important indicator for assessing the soil susceptibility to erosion and serves as a major parameter for soil erosion prediction and land use planning. With the attributes from the soil database, the soil erodibility (K) values of277Soil Species, Zhejiang Province were computed with the formula of EPIC (Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator), and the map of K value of Zhejiang was generated. Results showed that the K values ranged from0.116to0.425, which correspond to the Salt flate and Fluvio-sand ridge soil, respectively. By using the method of area weighting factor, K value for each Soil Group was estimated from all affiliated Species. The K value of10Soil Groups follows the sequence as: Coastal saline soil> Fluvio-aquic soil> Purple soil> Paddy soil> Limestone soil> Basic rock soil> Mountain meadow soil> Red soil> Yellow soil> Skel soil. Both the soil texture and soil organic carbon had great influence on the Soil erodibility. The K value of Red soil showed significant negative correlation with soil organic carbon and sand content, while a significant positive correlation with silt content. In the whole area of Zhejiang Province, moderate-low erodible soils covered64.2%, and moderate erodible soils were26.4%.
(6) Urban Sprawl and soil resources dynamic With a case study in the Northern Zhejiang Plain, the impact of urban sprawl on soil resources was evaluated. Using satellite images acquired during1969-2009and the soil database, the urban area of the20cites in the Northern Zhejiang Plain in1969,1987,1995,1999,2005,2007,2009was derived respectively, and soil types occupied by urbanization were identified. Results showed that urban area in the Northern Plain expanded enormously around the initial urban boundary in the past40years, and the urban area of20cities increased1005km2, from165km2in1969to1171km2in2009with an annual increment rate of17%(about25.8km2/year). The increment rate in different periods varied somewhat. From1995to1999, it showed the minimum rate, while from1999to2005it presented the maximum rate, accounting for42.7%of the total expansion area. During the past30+years (1987-2009), urban sprawl occupied835.6km2soil areas, of which Paddy soils accounted for about73.6%and Fluvio-aquic soil19.3%. A total of113Soil Species were utilized by the urbanization process, while Eutric fluvio-aquic soil, Eutric fluvio-marine friable loamy soil, and Yellow-red soil were completely sealed in the region.
With the completion of Zhejiang soil batabase and some examples of application, it demonstrated the great values and application potentials of the database. However, this database is still imperfect. Constrained by the time, a lot of work needs to be done, such as the update of soil database, especially the update of the contents of map units, so that it could provide up-to-date soil information. This study only showed its applications in soil diversity, soil erodbility, and monitoring of soil resources dynamic. It is expected that this database has vast application potentials in agriculture, land resources management, soil and water conservations, and environment etc.
(1)浙江省土壤数据库建立浙江省数据库包括空间数据库和属性数据库两大部分。空间数据库包含1：100万、1：50万、1：25万和1：5万四种比例尺。属性数据库中包含全省2677个剖面数据及表耕层数据。浙江省土壤数据库的建成实现了浙江省第二次土壤普查资料的数字化、信息化,在一定程度上奠定浙江省“数字土壤”的基础。
(2)传统土壤图的数字修复与更新基于浙江省土壤数据库后期完善更新的需要,针对浙江省第二次土壤普查图件中存在的问题,应用遥感与地理信息技术,进行修复和更新传统土壤图的研究。1)传统土壤图修复主要包括三方面内容：数学基础修复解决原有土壤普查图件坐标缺失问题；图斑要素修复是通过判读历史遥感影像解决要素模糊、图件破损、要素编绘不合理等问题：符号注记修复是解决图例符号陈旧和不规范问题。2)土壤图更新从三个方面进行：数学基础更新是将图件地理参考从北京54坐标更新到西安80或国家大地2000坐标系,以匹配测绘、国土等行业空间数据；行政区划更新是将土壤普查图件按现有行政区划进行调整,以满足区域土壤资源管理和使用的需要；图斑要素更新是借助高分辨率遥感影像或土地利用图对土壤普查图件中基础地理信息要素,包括水系、交通、建设用地等要素进行更新。从而,保持土壤图斑的现势性。
(3)浙江省土壤发生分类与土壤系统分类参比利用浙江省1：5万土壤详查数据库,对土壤发生分类土种与中国土壤系统分类亚类进行参比,编制土壤系统分类亚类分布图。结果表明,发生分类基层分类单元归属较为清楚,但高级单元关系较为复杂。99个土属有62个参比归属唯一,277个土种有252个参比归属唯一。通过土壤分类系统参比,将大比例尺土壤普查成果转换成系统分类体系是可行的,可以满足1：10万的系统分类亚类制图要求。浙江省土壤参比后归属于8个土纲,以雏形土土纲面积最大,占总面积的31.3%；人为土土纲次之,占总面积的21.4%,有机土土纲面积最小,土壤区域分布规律较为明显。这些结果对土壤系统分类研究具有一定的参考价值,也为省域范围的系统分类制图与应用提供了范例。
(4)浙江省土壤多样性研究以全省1：5万土壤数据库为基础,利用多样性分析理论与方法,对浙江省不同地市范围的土壤多样性、土壤类型景观分布格局特征、普查土种的稀有程度进行了分析与评价。结果表明,1)土壤分类单元级别是影响土壤多样性评价结果的一个非常重要的因素,区域土壤多样性的评价必须明确土壤分类级别；2)在土种层次,浙江省11个市的多样性指数从高到低依次为绍兴、台州、宁波、杭州、金华、湖州、舟山、温州、衢州、丽水、嘉兴；3)在全省的10个土类中,红壤面积最大,占全省土壤总面积的40.1%；水稻土图斑个数最多,占全省图斑总数的51.3%；黄壤平均图斑面积最大,约为2.85km2；各土类形状指数仍属简单；4)根据斑块个数、分布面积及分布多样性指数分别评选出20个代表性土种及稀有土种,相关结果可作为土壤资源保护与利用的依据。
(5)浙江省土壤可蚀性利用EPIC模型估算了浙江省277个土种的土壤可蚀性K值,编制了全省30m格网分辨率的土壤可蚀性K值分布图。结果表明,1)浙江省277个土种的可蚀性K值变化范围为0.116-0.425；2)红壤可蚀性K值与有机碳含量、砂粒含量呈显著负相关,与粉粒含量呈显著正相关,与黏粒含量的相关性不显著；3)浙江省土壤可蚀性K值以中低侵蚀、中可蚀为主,其土壤面积分别占浙江省土壤总面积的64.2%和26.4%。
(6)城市扩张对土壤资源的影响基于长时间序列历史遥感影像和1：5万土壤数据库,对浙北平原区1969-2009年间,20个城市的主城区扩张占用土壤资源状况进行了分析与评价。结果表明,1)浙北平原主城区面积由1969年的165km2增加到2009年的1171km2,年均扩张25.8km2；2)不同阶段的扩张速度存在一定差异。其中,1995-1999年是谷点,1999年至2005年扩张最快,此6年期间扩张面积占总扩张面积的42.7%；3)1987-2009年间,城区扩张导致土壤资源面积缩减835.6km2,侵占土壤类型以水稻土和潮土为主,113个土种遭受侵占,乌潮土、乌松土和黄松土三个土种消失,不同阶段和不同城市侵占的土壤类型存在一定差异。
本研究证明,浙江省土壤数据库在农业、国土、水利等部门具有极为重要的应用价值。然而,限于时间等因素,在土壤数据库的更新,特别是土壤图斑属性的更新,以便保持数据的现时性等方面还有很长的路要走。作为十分重要的基础数据,土壤数据库的应用也是极为广泛的。本论文仅尝试了在土壤多样性、土壤可蚀性和土壤资源动态等三个方面的应用,还有其他众多领域、学科和部门亟需进行相关的应用研究。
Soil is one of the most fundamental natural resources, which supports varied forms of life on the Earth surface. With the increasing challenges from global food shortage, environment degradation, ecology deterioration, etc., there is an ever urgent demand on managing soil resource in a systematical, efficient, and accurate way. Building digital soils is an inevitable task for integrating traditional soil science, modern earth science, and information technology. At current stage, establishing soil database has the highest priority.
Initiated in1979, China conducted the Second Nation Soil Survey, from which, mega quantity of data and substantial achievements have been obtained. To make better use of the results and also to keep abreast of the development in science and technology, soil database construction emerged as an urgent task. This dissertation reported the establishment of a soil database for Zhejiang Province, which was built on the materials and relative data from the Second National Soil Survey. Then, to improve the quality of database and to extend its applications, this dissertation studied the practice of updating soil map from the Second National Soil Survey and constructing a referencing system between the Genetic Soil Classification of China (GSCC) and Chinese Soil Taxonomy (CST). In the arena of soil database applications, this study evaluated and analyzed the pedo-taxa abundance, soil erodibility and the impact of urbanization on soil resources. Main results are as follows:
(1) Establishment of soil database, Zhejiang Province The soil database of Zhejiang includes two main parts:spatial database and attribute database. Spatial database is comprised of small scale (1:1000000,1:500000), medium scale (1:250000) and large scale (1:50000) soil geographic databases. Attribute database contains2677soil profiles, including typical profiles, statistical profiles and nutrient data of surface layers. The established soil database of Zhejiang generated a seamless provincial-wide digital soil map well-linked to various soil attributes, which to a certain extent lays a solid foundation for the construction of Zhejiang digital soil.
(2) Soil map quality Improvement The Second National Soil Survey was conducted in1980's. Since then, three decades has been passed, substantial science and technology development has been made. By applying remote sensing and geographic information techniques, attempts were made to improve the quality of soil map, which consisted of four aspects,1) mathematic base update, which is used essentially for filling the vacancy of geodetic coordinate system. This further updated the geographic reference of soil map from the Beijing54coordinate system to the National Xi'an80coordinate system or Geodetic Coordinate System2000;2) map unit refinement, which is mainly aimed at problems of vagued feature, missing drawing and unreasonable compilation;3) symbol update, which is used to resolve the problem of outdated map symbol;4) administrative divisions update, which is to update the traditional soil maps with the latest administrative divisions to meet the needs of the regional soil resource management.
(3) Reference system between the Genetic Soil Classification of China and Chinese Soil Taxonomy Based on the soil database of Zhejiang, associations between Soil Species in GSCC and Soil Subgroups in CST were set up, and the distribution of CST Soil Subgroup was compilated. Results showed that at the basic taxon level of GSCC, the reference relationship was relatively clear and certain, but at higher levels, the relationship became complicated. There were a total of99Soil Genus and277Soil Species in GSCC, among which,62Genus and252Species could be uniquely referenced to Soil Subgroup in CST. Therefore, it is feasible to transform the large-scaled soil map of Soil Species under GSCC from the Second National Soil Survey into the Soil Subgroup map of CST at1:100000. With this reference system, the soils of Zhejiang could be sorted into8Soil Orders, of which Cambosols was in dominance, accounting for31.3%, Anthrosols for23.4%, and Histosols had the least percentage in area. At the Order level in CST, soil distribution presented a clear spatial pattern. These findings are of values to soil classification with CST, and they provide examples for CST soil mapping of Zhejiang Province.
(4) Pedodiversity analysis Using the1:50000soil database of Zhejiang, pedodiversity analytical theory was employed to analyze soil landscape pattern, the rarity and representativeness of Soil Species. At Soil Species level, the diversity values of11cities in Zhejiang follow the sequence as Shaoxing> Taizhou> Ningbo> Hangzhou> Jinhua> Huzhou> Zhoushan> Wenzhou> Quzhou> Lishui> Jiaxing. Among the10Soil Groups, Red soils have the largest area, Paddy soils have the maximum number of map units, and Yellow soils show the maximum average size delineation. According to the area, number of map units, spatial distribution diversity of each Species, the representative and rare Species were identified from the277Species, respectively.
(5) Assessment of soil erodibility Soil erodibility is an important indicator for assessing the soil susceptibility to erosion and serves as a major parameter for soil erosion prediction and land use planning. With the attributes from the soil database, the soil erodibility (K) values of277Soil Species, Zhejiang Province were computed with the formula of EPIC (Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator), and the map of K value of Zhejiang was generated. Results showed that the K values ranged from0.116to0.425, which correspond to the Salt flate and Fluvio-sand ridge soil, respectively. By using the method of area weighting factor, K value for each Soil Group was estimated from all affiliated Species. The K value of10Soil Groups follows the sequence as: Coastal saline soil> Fluvio-aquic soil> Purple soil> Paddy soil> Limestone soil> Basic rock soil> Mountain meadow soil> Red soil> Yellow soil> Skel soil. Both the soil texture and soil organic carbon had great influence on the Soil erodibility. The K value of Red soil showed significant negative correlation with soil organic carbon and sand content, while a significant positive correlation with silt content. In the whole area of Zhejiang Province, moderate-low erodible soils covered64.2%, and moderate erodible soils were26.4%.
(6) Urban Sprawl and soil resources dynamic With a case study in the Northern Zhejiang Plain, the impact of urban sprawl on soil resources was evaluated. Using satellite images acquired during1969-2009and the soil database, the urban area of the20cites in the Northern Zhejiang Plain in1969,1987,1995,1999,2005,2007,2009was derived respectively, and soil types occupied by urbanization were identified. Results showed that urban area in the Northern Plain expanded enormously around the initial urban boundary in the past40years, and the urban area of20cities increased1005km2, from165km2in1969to1171km2in2009with an annual increment rate of17%(about25.8km2/year). The increment rate in different periods varied somewhat. From1995to1999, it showed the minimum rate, while from1999to2005it presented the maximum rate, accounting for42.7%of the total expansion area. During the past30+years (1987-2009), urban sprawl occupied835.6km2soil areas, of which Paddy soils accounted for about73.6%and Fluvio-aquic soil19.3%. A total of113Soil Species were utilized by the urbanization process, while Eutric fluvio-aquic soil, Eutric fluvio-marine friable loamy soil, and Yellow-red soil were completely sealed in the region.
With the completion of Zhejiang soil batabase and some examples of application, it demonstrated the great values and application potentials of the database. However, this database is still imperfect. Constrained by the time, a lot of work needs to be done, such as the update of soil database, especially the update of the contents of map units, so that it could provide up-to-date soil information. This study only showed its applications in soil diversity, soil erodbility, and monitoring of soil resources dynamic. It is expected that this database has vast application potentials in agriculture, land resources management, soil and water conservations, and environment etc.
引文
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