自然保护区景观服务及其价值评估研究
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摘要
人地关系一直是地理学、经济学以及景观生态学的核心问题,也是环境管理中重要的内容,景观生态学中主要表现为景观格局和生态服务评估研究。虽然国内外学者针对景观格局空间特征、生态系统服务的评估体系与方法等内容展开了大量研究,但景观系统中结构与服务的关系研究,景观结构-功能-服务的内在机制与联系没有清晰化等一直是待解决的问题。基于此,本文引入景观服务(Landscape Service)的概念,提出景观结构-服务-价值的研究体系。以九寨沟自然保护区为例,以景观生态学理论为基础,综合运用地理信息系统(GIS)和参与式地理信息系统(PGIS)技术,展开景观格局及其动态变化研究,构建九寨沟自然保护区景观服务指标体系,通过参与式调研对景观服务进行评估和空间特征分析,并以游憩服务为例进行价值测算,从而实现景观价值与服务、结构的空间关联分析,从景观视角为自然保护区人地关系研究提供新方法与思路。
本文采用1997年、2004年的TM影像和2012年资源三号多光谱影像三个时相遥感图像进行九寨沟自然保护区景观格局分析,研究发现：1.九寨沟自然保护区景观格局较为稳定,且不同区域结构结构比较均衡,为景观服务评估研究提供了可能。林地景观是最主要的景观类型,且景观优势度非常明显,建设用地的占地面积最小,优势度最低,人类活动对整个格局影响不大。2.不同区域的景观稳定性中,扎如沟和普吉龙里沟的景观格局稳定性最高,树正沟、日则沟和藏马龙里沟的稳定性居中,则查洼沟和丹祖沟的稳定性最低。
其次,构建九寨沟自然保护区景观服务指标体系与评价标准,运用参与式地理信息系统技术进行景观服务评估,研究发现：1.不同景观服务存在一定空间相关性,并且具有较强的集聚现象。居民的景观服务感知主要来自居民点附近,随着与居民点距离的加大,景观服务点的密度逐渐降低。2.景观服务类别在不同区域分布不均衡。树正沟和扎如沟的景观服务分布密集度最大,游憩服务、支持服务、供给服务和生态服务在树正沟分布密度最大,文化服务在扎如沟分布密度最大。不同圈层分布中,核心区的景观服务密度最低。3.景观服务指标的密度分布与离散度呈明显的正相关。整个区域中其他珍稀动物的密度和离散度均为最大,且空间分布离散度最高;精神信仰、污水处理、民俗与节庆活动以及野营旅游的密度最低,且空间离散度低。
论文以游憩服务为例,运用CVM条件价值法,进行九寨沟自然保护区游憩价值测算,在614份有效问卷中,支付意愿率为73%,采用算术平均数得出九寨沟自然保护区2011年游憩价值为7.3207亿元。经过价值分解,高山湖泊、瀑布、滩流,珍稀动物,森林游憩,地质美景、藏族村寨和观赏植物的游憩价值分别为2.26亿元、1.66亿元、1.11亿元、1.15亿元、0.77亿元和0.37亿元。
最后,笔者将游憩价值与服务进行空间关联分析,得出不同游憩服务的单位价值,藏族村寨的单位价值最高,其次是地质美景；从空间位置中,单位价值高的游憩服务点主要集中在树正沟、日则沟、则查洼沟和扎如沟的沿沟谷地带。地理单元的游憩价值分布也是不同土地利用类型的价值分布,实现了景观价值在空间结构的表达。
在我国自然保护区的环境管理中,核心区、缓冲区和实验区一直是分区管理的主要依据。本文景观服务与结构的空间关联以及景观(游憩)价值与服务的空间分析结果可见,自然保护区的功能与服务并非完全从实验区中心向周围扩散的。景观服务与价值强弱的空间分布可以为自然保护区环境管理提供保护与管理的新视角,促进自然保护区环境保护与可持续发展。
Man-land relationship is the core issue of geography, economics and landscape ecology, also is the important content of environment management. which is specially expressed landscape pattern and ecological assessment study in landscape ecology. Although researchers launched a large number of studies about the landscape pattern spatial characteristics, the assessment system and methods of ecosystem services, but the problem about the processes acting on the landscape system service functions and the internal mechanism of the ecosystem construction-value-service contact. This paper introduces the concept of landscape services, and proposes the research system of landscape construction-service-value. Meanwhile, this paper will take Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve as the research object, and take the theory of landscape ecology as a basis. By expanding landscape pattern and its dynamic change research, building the landscape services index system of Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve, analyzing s the spatial characteristics of landscape service, estimating recreation services for the object value in order to achieve expression of spatial correlation construction, which will be the new methods and ideas for landscape construction and function.
This paper analyzed the Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve landscape pattern, using three remote sensing image which are made in different years—1997,2004,2012. The conclusions are following:Ⅰ Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve landscape pattern is more stable and more balanced construction of different regions of the construction. Woodland landscape is the most important type of landscape,whose LPI index is very obvious. The construction land is the smallest footprint whose LPI is the lowest. Ⅱ The Landscape stability in Zharu valley and Pujilongli valley is the highest, while the Landscape stability in Zhawa valley and Danzu valley is the lowest.
Through building the Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve, landscape services index system and evaluation criteria, assessing the system technology landscape in use of participatory geographic information, the conclusions are following:Ⅰ There is a certain space and has a strong agglomeration in Different landscape services. Views of residents perceived mainly from the vicinity of the settlements, landscape service point density decreased with the increased and settlements distance. Ⅱ Landscape Services category unevenly distributed in different regions. The different layer distribution in the core area of the landscape services the lowest density.Ⅲ The density distribution and dispersion of the landscape indicators was a significant positive correlation. Other rare animals density and LSI in the region are the largest, and the space distribution of the highest dispersion, followed by forest recreation and ornamental water body; spiritual beliefs, sewage treatment, folk festivals and camping in the lowest density and spatial cohesion, more even distribution of agglomeration.
This paper take recreation services as example, using CVM, and estimates the recreational value of the Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve. In614valid questionnaires, the willingness to pay is73%and the recreational value of Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve in2011is732million. The recreational value of mountain lakes, waterfalls, beaches flow, rare animals, forest recreation, geology beauty, Tibetan villages and ornamental plants is226million,166million,111million,115million,77million and37million.
Finally, this paper, by analyzing the amusement value, calculate the value of units of different recreation services. The Tibetan villages get the highest unit value, followed by geological beauty. The high unit value of recreation service points mainly concentrated in the valley areas of Shuzheng valley, Rize valley, Zechawa valley and Zharu valley. The distribution of the recreational value of the geographical unit also is the value of the distribution of the different land use types, then achieve the landscape value in the expression of the spatial construction.
The core zone, buffer zone and experimental zone has been the main basis of the partition management for nature reserves in China. The results of landscape structure, landscape services and value (recreation) spatial analysis can be seen that the services and values are not entirely from the experimental zone center to spread around. Landscape services and values distribute a new perspective to the protection and management of environmental management in the nature reserves, to promote nature reserve for environmental protection and sustainable development.
本文采用1997年、2004年的TM影像和2012年资源三号多光谱影像三个时相遥感图像进行九寨沟自然保护区景观格局分析,研究发现：1.九寨沟自然保护区景观格局较为稳定,且不同区域结构结构比较均衡,为景观服务评估研究提供了可能。林地景观是最主要的景观类型,且景观优势度非常明显,建设用地的占地面积最小,优势度最低,人类活动对整个格局影响不大。2.不同区域的景观稳定性中,扎如沟和普吉龙里沟的景观格局稳定性最高,树正沟、日则沟和藏马龙里沟的稳定性居中,则查洼沟和丹祖沟的稳定性最低。
其次,构建九寨沟自然保护区景观服务指标体系与评价标准,运用参与式地理信息系统技术进行景观服务评估,研究发现：1.不同景观服务存在一定空间相关性,并且具有较强的集聚现象。居民的景观服务感知主要来自居民点附近,随着与居民点距离的加大,景观服务点的密度逐渐降低。2.景观服务类别在不同区域分布不均衡。树正沟和扎如沟的景观服务分布密集度最大,游憩服务、支持服务、供给服务和生态服务在树正沟分布密度最大,文化服务在扎如沟分布密度最大。不同圈层分布中,核心区的景观服务密度最低。3.景观服务指标的密度分布与离散度呈明显的正相关。整个区域中其他珍稀动物的密度和离散度均为最大,且空间分布离散度最高;精神信仰、污水处理、民俗与节庆活动以及野营旅游的密度最低,且空间离散度低。
论文以游憩服务为例,运用CVM条件价值法,进行九寨沟自然保护区游憩价值测算,在614份有效问卷中,支付意愿率为73%,采用算术平均数得出九寨沟自然保护区2011年游憩价值为7.3207亿元。经过价值分解,高山湖泊、瀑布、滩流,珍稀动物,森林游憩,地质美景、藏族村寨和观赏植物的游憩价值分别为2.26亿元、1.66亿元、1.11亿元、1.15亿元、0.77亿元和0.37亿元。
最后,笔者将游憩价值与服务进行空间关联分析,得出不同游憩服务的单位价值,藏族村寨的单位价值最高,其次是地质美景；从空间位置中,单位价值高的游憩服务点主要集中在树正沟、日则沟、则查洼沟和扎如沟的沿沟谷地带。地理单元的游憩价值分布也是不同土地利用类型的价值分布,实现了景观价值在空间结构的表达。
在我国自然保护区的环境管理中,核心区、缓冲区和实验区一直是分区管理的主要依据。本文景观服务与结构的空间关联以及景观(游憩)价值与服务的空间分析结果可见,自然保护区的功能与服务并非完全从实验区中心向周围扩散的。景观服务与价值强弱的空间分布可以为自然保护区环境管理提供保护与管理的新视角,促进自然保护区环境保护与可持续发展。
Man-land relationship is the core issue of geography, economics and landscape ecology, also is the important content of environment management. which is specially expressed landscape pattern and ecological assessment study in landscape ecology. Although researchers launched a large number of studies about the landscape pattern spatial characteristics, the assessment system and methods of ecosystem services, but the problem about the processes acting on the landscape system service functions and the internal mechanism of the ecosystem construction-value-service contact. This paper introduces the concept of landscape services, and proposes the research system of landscape construction-service-value. Meanwhile, this paper will take Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve as the research object, and take the theory of landscape ecology as a basis. By expanding landscape pattern and its dynamic change research, building the landscape services index system of Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve, analyzing s the spatial characteristics of landscape service, estimating recreation services for the object value in order to achieve expression of spatial correlation construction, which will be the new methods and ideas for landscape construction and function.
This paper analyzed the Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve landscape pattern, using three remote sensing image which are made in different years—1997,2004,2012. The conclusions are following:Ⅰ Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve landscape pattern is more stable and more balanced construction of different regions of the construction. Woodland landscape is the most important type of landscape,whose LPI index is very obvious. The construction land is the smallest footprint whose LPI is the lowest. Ⅱ The Landscape stability in Zharu valley and Pujilongli valley is the highest, while the Landscape stability in Zhawa valley and Danzu valley is the lowest.
Through building the Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve, landscape services index system and evaluation criteria, assessing the system technology landscape in use of participatory geographic information, the conclusions are following:Ⅰ There is a certain space and has a strong agglomeration in Different landscape services. Views of residents perceived mainly from the vicinity of the settlements, landscape service point density decreased with the increased and settlements distance. Ⅱ Landscape Services category unevenly distributed in different regions. The different layer distribution in the core area of the landscape services the lowest density.Ⅲ The density distribution and dispersion of the landscape indicators was a significant positive correlation. Other rare animals density and LSI in the region are the largest, and the space distribution of the highest dispersion, followed by forest recreation and ornamental water body; spiritual beliefs, sewage treatment, folk festivals and camping in the lowest density and spatial cohesion, more even distribution of agglomeration.
This paper take recreation services as example, using CVM, and estimates the recreational value of the Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve. In614valid questionnaires, the willingness to pay is73%and the recreational value of Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve in2011is732million. The recreational value of mountain lakes, waterfalls, beaches flow, rare animals, forest recreation, geology beauty, Tibetan villages and ornamental plants is226million,166million,111million,115million,77million and37million.
Finally, this paper, by analyzing the amusement value, calculate the value of units of different recreation services. The Tibetan villages get the highest unit value, followed by geological beauty. The high unit value of recreation service points mainly concentrated in the valley areas of Shuzheng valley, Rize valley, Zechawa valley and Zharu valley. The distribution of the recreational value of the geographical unit also is the value of the distribution of the different land use types, then achieve the landscape value in the expression of the spatial construction.
The core zone, buffer zone and experimental zone has been the main basis of the partition management for nature reserves in China. The results of landscape structure, landscape services and value (recreation) spatial analysis can be seen that the services and values are not entirely from the experimental zone center to spread around. Landscape services and values distribute a new perspective to the protection and management of environmental management in the nature reserves, to promote nature reserve for environmental protection and sustainable development.
引文
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