基于景观生态学和空间决策支持系统的新型城乡空间形态研究
|
摘要
改革开放30多年来,我国经济社会迎来了举世瞩目的持续高速发展时期,GDP总量已跃居世界第二。可以预见,以科学发展观为统领,我国创造的经济增长奇迹还将不断延续。伴随着经济社会的迅猛发展,我国的工业化和城市化进程日益加快。据国家统计局统计,我国已经成为世界最大、最具活力的制造大国和新兴经济体；我国的城市化率已经从1949年的7.3%提高到2008年的45.68%,城市个数由建国前的132个增加到2008年的655个,从1978年到2007年,我国城市规模从9386Km2扩展到35469.7Km2,共增加26084Km2。2009年城市化率已达46.6%,城市化率已处在世界中等收入国家的水平。然而,我国的工业化进程尚普遍存在产业结构和布局不合理,工业增长效益不高和用地粗放等问题。城市化进程还普遍存在城乡二元结构分割、协调性较差,城市空间布局和结构形态雷同、特色个性不明显,城镇体系不健全、梯度发展效应不足,重视外延拓展、忽视内在功能完善和人居环境的改善,以及产业支撑缺乏和土地浪费严重等问题。尤其是工业化和城市化进程中的用地粗放问题,既不符合我国人多地少、耕地资源十分稀缺的基本国情,也与科学发展观相悖,工业化和城市化发展必然不可持续。因此,在确保经济社会持续健康发展的同时,我国只能坚持用世界上最严格的制度保护耕地,只能坚持城乡统筹发展,坚定不移地强力推进节约集约用地。
为探索破解我国现阶段工业化和城市化快速发展进程中的各种难题,2007年,国务院批准设立成都市为全国统筹城乡综合配套改革试验区。根据《成都市统筹城乡综合配套改革试验总体方案》,国务院允许成都市在以下九个方面先行先试。一是建立三次产业互动的发展机制；二是构建新型城乡形态；三是创新统筹城乡的管理体制；四是探索耕地保护和土地节约集约利用的新机制；五是探索农民向城镇转移的办法和途径；六是健全城乡金融服务体系；七是健全城乡一体的就业和社会保障体系；八是努力实现城乡基本公共服务均等化；九是建立促进城乡生态文明建设的体制机制。试验区建设的主要目标是,努力把成都试验区建设成为全国深化改革、统筹城乡发展的先行样板、构建和谐社会的示范窗口和推进灾后重建的成功典范,带动四川全面发展,促进成渝经济区、中西部地区协调发展,圆满完成试验区建设任务。把成都建设成为西南物流和商贸中心、金融中心、科技中心及交通枢纽、通信枢纽；把成都建设成为中国重要的高新技术产业基地、现代制造业基地、现代服务业基地和现代农业基地。其中构建新型城乡形态的主要目标是,按照优化布局、突出重点、循序渐进、集约发展的要求,统筹城乡基础设施建设,实现城镇功能向农村延伸和覆盖,促进城镇化健康发展,构建一体化的新型城乡形态。为了构建这一新型城乡形态,2010年成都市进而提出了“建设现代田园城市”的宏伟目标。
本文以此研究背景,基于景观生态学、城市地理学等理论和方法,以城乡自然形态、经济形态和社会形态为基础研究框架,从分析研究新型城乡空间形态的影响因素入手,着重研究涵盖城乡生态格局、产业发展、城镇体系等方面的综合性空间形态,提出基于城乡统筹发展理念和景观生态学等理论,研究构建新型城乡空间形态的理论和方法。
本文充分顾及到理论联系实际的重要性,选择了成都市双流县为具体研究对象,开展了基于景观生态学的新型城乡空间形态实证研究,以景观生态学为指导,充分借助地理信息系统先进技术手段,在对双流县域进行土地利用现状和空间形态现状分析研究的基础上,着重分析研究了双流县空间形态变化规律和城乡空间形态的划分；按照主体功能区理念,按照新型城乡空间形态特点,对双流县全域城乡空间形态进行了研究；建立了以生态敏感性、发展强度、发展潜力三个因素为依据的指标体系；对各个发展分区的功能定位、产业发展方向及空间发展模式进行了布局研究,进而将双流县划分为城乡总体空间形态和发展分区形态,对发展分区的土地有效利用、产业布局提供了参考依据。同时,构建了较完整的新型城乡空间形态研究评价体系与评价空间数据库,构建了评价模型群,建立了基于景观生态学等理论的空间决策支持系统。在此基础上,提出基于景观生态学的构建新型城乡空间形态的研究方法。
通过研究,主要有如下结论：
(1)双流县城镇面积与人口数量的比值为1.16,基本与合理值持平,应保持其平衡状态。“十二五”期间,双流县城市化发展应以发展规模适度、产业集聚的中小城镇体系为重点。
(2)基本农田占双流县辖区面积的49%,应将双流县耕地及其基本农田作为双流县社会、经济与环境的基质,实施最严格的保护制度,为双流县的经济社会可持续发展提供资源保障与生态保护支撑。
(3)双流可构建由龙门山与龙泉山脉以及牧马山蜀风文化旅游走廊和锦绣东山生态观光走廊所构成的生态廊道：构建以江安河、府河、锦江为主体的河流廊道；构建以交通廊道为主导的物质流、人流体系。
(4)以城镇建设用地大型斑块为核心,大幅度提升东升镇、华阳镇、中和镇一圈层城镇的带动能力；以工业集中发展区为中型斑块,培育以IT和物联网等新技术,以及新能源、新材料和现代物流业为主导的高端产业群；以新型农村居民点和现代农业产业园区为小斑块,形成通过廊道相互串接的组合新型城乡空间形态系统。
本文研究的主要创新点：
(1)提出以城乡土地利用特征和分异规律、景观空间结构和景观异质性研究为基础,以“斑块-廊道-基底”为范式的新型城乡空间形态景观分析研究方法。
(2)提出耕地和基本农田的核心生态作用和价值。在构建新型城乡空间形态中,应将耕地和基本农田作为景观生态基质和新行城乡空间形态的本底,将以人为本、严格保护耕地和基本农田作为统筹城乡区域协调可持续发展作为基本前提。
(3)提出依据城乡统筹规划理论,对城市土地利用进行合理性规划,优化城市土地利用空间布局,在保护耕地和基本农田的同时,通过对城镇斑块与工业斑块的优化设计,增强土地利用经济效果,优化配置土地资源的研究方法。
(4)提出城市居住功能区集约水平既与用地类型---居住用地、交通用地、公共用地具有相关性,又与土地空间结构特征指数---多样性指数、优势度指数、聚集度指数有很强的相关性。提高城市土地节约集约利用水平,必须兼顾城市土地用地类型合理配置和土地利用空间结构的优化。
(5)提出了研究建立以生态敏感性、发展强度、发展潜力三个因素为依据的指标体系的方法；
(6)提出了研究构建新型城乡空间形态研究评价体系与评价空间数据库、空间决策支持系统和评价模型群的方法。
由于研究条件和技术水平有限,本论文的研究工作还有许多方面需要进一步改进和提高,许多问题需要进一步深入研究：
(1)景观生态学研究的内容可以概括为：结构-功能-动态。结构与功能侧重于景观的现状,反映目前景观所特有的类型与空间配置,动态则表明景观在结构和功能方面随时间推移发生的变化。由于双流土地利用历史数据不完整,本文虽然对其土地利用空间格局现状进行了深入分析,但是缺乏对土地利用动态变化过程和研究区域土地利用优化方向更深入研究。
(2)尺度是景观生态学另外一个重要研究内容,可以概括为景观的空间维度。由于本次研究的侧重点在于空间异质性规律的探寻,在尺度与城市土地景观指数计算结果的影响方面可能存在某些误差,需要进一步研究论证。
(3)坚持世界上最严格的保护耕地制度保护耕地和坚持节约集约用地是构建新型城乡空间形态的基本前提。研究构建新型城乡空间形态中需要进一步结合土地适宜性评价、建设用地适宜性评价和土地节约集约利用评价指标体系和方法研究。
(4)本文仅以双流县为实证研究对象,并将该研究成果成功应用于成都市新都区、都江堰市的“十二五”规划编制实践中,取得了良好的应用效果,但毕竟本研究的广度和深度不够,研究成果的普适性有待进一步检验。
China is now stepping into a globally-watched, continuing and fast development stage for both economy and society after more than30years' reformation and opening-up, with its GDP ranking second in the world. It can be foreseen that the achievement of our economic growth is to be continued under the guidance of the conception of scientific development. Along with rapid and dynamic social and economic development, the process of industrialization and urbanization in China will be accelerated. China has now become the largest manufacturing country and the most dynamic emerging economic entity in the world. Based on the report by National Bureau of Statistics of China in2009, the level of urbanization in China had increased from7.3%in1949to45.68%in2008; the number of cities had increased to655in2008from132before the establishment of New China; its urban area had been up to35,469.7sq kilometers in2007compared to9,386sq kilometers in1978, totally increasing by26,084sq kilometers; the level of urbanization in2009even reached46.6%, the same level as that in middle-income countries in the world. However, there are still some general problems in the process of industrialization in China, such as irrational industrial structure and layout, low efficiency of industrial economic growth as well as low-quality of land use, etc. As far as the process of urbanization is concerned, there are also some general problems, such as separation of the dual structure in urban and rural areas, bad coordination between urban and rural areas, too much similarity of urban spatial patterns and structures, non-distinctive urban characteristics and features, unsound urban and rural systems, insufficiency of the graded development effect, laying too much stress on urban extension but ignoring the perfection of internal functions and improvement of living environment, lack of support to industrial development besides serious waste of land resources, etc. In particular, low quality of land use in both of the processes of industrialization and urbanization is neither in conformity with the reality of our country-that is vast population but less land (very limited cultivation land), nor in consistent with the concept of scientific development. Thus the advancement of both industrialization and urbanization will be inevitably unsustainable in case that these problems are not to be solved. Therefore, besides ensuring continuing and healthy economic and social development, we shall and have to insist on adopting the strictest possible systems and rules in the world to protect cultivation land resources, as well as adhering to coordinated development in both urban and rural areas and pressing ahead with economic and intensive use of land.
In order to probe and solve various problems encountered in current industrialization and urbanization processes in China, the State Council has approved to establish National Experimental Zone of Comprehensive Coordinated Reforms for Balanced Urban and Rural Development in Chengdu in2007. According to the General Scheme of Experiment of Comprehensive Coordinated Reforms for Balanced Urban and Rural Development in Chengdu, the State Council approves Chengdu to have preliminary trials in following9fields:1) establish interactive development mechanism for the three industries;2) construct new urban-rural patterns;3) innovate management systems on balanced urban-rural development;4) seek new mechanisms on protecting cultivation land and strengthen economic and intensive use of land;5) seek new ways and methods on peasants moving into urban areas;6) improve urban-rural financial service system;7) perfect the integrated urban-rural employment and the social security system;8) endeavor to realize a equally-enjoyed basic public service between urban and rural areas;9) establish related systems and mechanisms to promote the development of urban-rural ecological civilization. The major objectives of establishing experimental zone are to build Chengdu Experimental Zone into a national preceding sample city of intensifying the reform and balancing the urban-rural development, as well as a national demonstrating window of building up harmonious society and a successful model for post-disaster reconstruction; to promote the full development of Sichuan province; to coordinate the development of economic zones in Chengdu and Chongqin as well as the development of the middle and western areas of China and to complete the establishment of Chengdu Experimental Zone satisfactorily. Besides, it is expected to build Chengdu into the logistics and business centre, financial centre, scientific and technological centre as well as transportation and communication centre in Southwestern China. Chengdu is also expected to be built into China major high-tech industrial base, modern manufacturing base, modern service industry base and modern agricultural base. The main objectives for the2) point above are balanced urban-rural infrastructure construction, realizing the urban functions to be delivered into rural areas, promoting the healthy advancement of urbanization as well as building up new forms of urban-rural integration, by meeting with the requirements of optimizing layout, laying stress on key points, making gradual progress and insisting on intensive development. In2010, Chengdu has set forth its magnificent goal-to build modern garden city, as its response to constructing new urban-rural patterns.
Based on above mentioned background and applying theories and methods in landscape ecology and urban geography as well as other fields, with urban-rural natural patterns, economic&social forms as the basic research framework, by analyzing and researching influencing factors of constructing new urban-rural spatial pattern, this study focuses on research on comprehensive spatial pattern covering urban-rural ecological pattern, industry development, urban system and many other aspects. This study also puts forward several theories and methods which are applied in researching the construction of new urban-rural patterns based on urban-rural coordinating developmental theory and landscape ecology.
Having given adequate consideration to the importance of applying theory to reality, this paper selected Shuangliu County as the research object and conducted empirical researches on new urban-rural spatial patterns on the basis of landscape ecology. Guided by landscape ecology and using advanced technical methods of geographical information system, this study focuses on analyzing and researching on the variation/change law of Shuangliu County spatial patterns as well as the division of its urban-rural spatial patterns on the basis of researching and analyzing on current status of land use and present spatial patterns. This study also conducts researches on urban-rural spatial patterns of the whole area of Shuangliu County in accordance with the features of new urban-rural spatial patterns by applying the theory of main-functional zones. There is a three-factor index system created in this study, consisted of Ecological Sensitivity, Development Intensity&Development Potential. This study also carries out layout researches on functional orientation of each development zones, industry development direction and spatial development pattern in Shuangliu County. Besides, it divides Shuangliu County into urban-rural overall spatial form and various development zone spatial patterns, thus it provides a reference to achieve effective use of land and rational industrial layout for each development zones.
Meanwhile, this study creates a complete set of evaluating system, spatial evaluating database, a group of evaluating models, and creates SDSS (Spatial Decision Support System) based on landscape ecology as well on the basis of these, put forword the research methods which could be applied to assessing new urban-rural spatial patterns in this study.
The conclusion has been summarized as follows through research:
(1)The ratio of area to population of Liucheng Town, Shuangliu County is1.16, which is basically the same as the reasonable value. Such balance shall be kept all the time. During "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, Shuangliu County shall focus on development of smaller cities and towns systems with appropriate scale and industrial cluster.
(2) Preliminary farmland accounts for49%of the total area of Shuangliu County, therefore, arable land and the preliminary farmland of Shuangliu County shall be taken as foundations of its society, economy and environment, and put in practice with protection system most strictly, so as to provide resources and ecological protection support for sustainable development of economic society of Shuangliu County.
(3) Shuangliu County may build an ecological corridor consisting of Longmenshan, Longquan Mountain and Muma Mountain tourist corridors with Sichuan Characteristics Culture and the beautiful East Mountain ecotourism corridor; river corridor with Jiang'an River, Fuhe River and Jinjiang River as the main parts; and material flow and crowd flow systems based on the traffic corridor.
(4) With large-sized segment for urban construction as the core, the driving force of such cities and towns as Dongsheng Town, Huayang Town and Zhonghe Town is greatly improved; with industrial concentrating development zone as medium-sized segment, high end industrial clusters focusing on new technologies such as IT and Internet, new energies, new materials and modern logistics industry, are cultivated; with new rural residential area and modern agricultural industrial park as small-sized segment, a new urban and rural spatial patterns system with connection of different corridors is formed.
This paper has proposed the following main innovative points:
(1) Propose the analysis and research method for constructing new urban-rural spatial pattern on the basis of urban-rural land utilization characteristic and the differential regulation, and the pattern of "patch-corridor-matrix" landscape spatial structure and the landscape non-uniformity research as the foundation, take as model new city and countryside space shape landscape tical study method.
(2) Advance core ecological effects and values of arable land and preliminary cultivated land. During the construction of new urban and rural spatial patterns, cultivated land and preliminary farmland shall be taken as the foundations of landscape ecological matrix, taken People First and cultivated land and preliminary farmland protection strictly as the precondition of sustainable and balanced regional development.
(3) Perform reasonable planning for urban land use and optimize spatial distribution for urban land use based on theory of coordinating urban and rural planning. When protecting arable land and preliminary farmland, strengthen the economic effects of land use and optimize the research method on configuration of land resources through the optimal design for patches of cities and towns and industrial patches.
(4) The intensiveness level of residential function in urban areas is closely connected with not only land type, including residential land, land for transportation and public land, but also structure characteristic indices of land space, including diversity index, dominance index and aggregation index. To improve the level of saving to use urban intensive land should take into account both the allocation of land use types and the optimization of land use spatial structure.
(5) Research methods for establishing index system based on the three factors of eco-sensitivity, development strength, and development potential.
(6) Research methods for building evaluation system of new urban spatial patterns research and evaluation spatial database, spatial decision support system and evaluation model group.
Due to the limitation of research conditions and technological capability, the research in this paper remains to be further improved in many aspects. Many questions need deep research.
(1) The research contents of landscape ecology may be concluded as follows: structure-function-trends. Structure and function focus on status of landscape and reflect types and space allocation peculiar to current landscape, while trends indicate the change of landscape in terms of structure and function as time goes on. Because of the incomplete historical data of land use in Shuangliu County, although this paper has performed deeply analysis on space allocation status of land use, it still lacks of further deeply research on changing process of land use trends and optimization of regional land use.
(2) Dimension is another important research content for landscape ecology, which may be generalized as spatial dimensions of landscape. The key point of this research is to seek spatial heterogeneity patterns. There may be some discrepancies in influences caused by calculation results of dimensions and index of urban land use, which requires further research.
(3) Adhering to the strictest cultivated land protection system of the world and saving the intensive land are the basic premise to build new urban and rural spatial pattern. The research on building of new urban and rural spatial pattern requires further combination with land suitability evaluation, construction land suitability evaluation and the saving use of the intensive land evaluation index system and research methods.
(4) This paper has taken Shuangliu County as a demonstration object and meanwhile successfully applied the research findings in the planning preparation of "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" of Xindu District, Chengdu City and Dujiangyan City, which has obtained sound effects. However, because of the limitation of the depth and breadth of this research, the universality of these findings requires further testing.
为探索破解我国现阶段工业化和城市化快速发展进程中的各种难题,2007年,国务院批准设立成都市为全国统筹城乡综合配套改革试验区。根据《成都市统筹城乡综合配套改革试验总体方案》,国务院允许成都市在以下九个方面先行先试。一是建立三次产业互动的发展机制；二是构建新型城乡形态；三是创新统筹城乡的管理体制；四是探索耕地保护和土地节约集约利用的新机制；五是探索农民向城镇转移的办法和途径；六是健全城乡金融服务体系；七是健全城乡一体的就业和社会保障体系；八是努力实现城乡基本公共服务均等化；九是建立促进城乡生态文明建设的体制机制。试验区建设的主要目标是,努力把成都试验区建设成为全国深化改革、统筹城乡发展的先行样板、构建和谐社会的示范窗口和推进灾后重建的成功典范,带动四川全面发展,促进成渝经济区、中西部地区协调发展,圆满完成试验区建设任务。把成都建设成为西南物流和商贸中心、金融中心、科技中心及交通枢纽、通信枢纽；把成都建设成为中国重要的高新技术产业基地、现代制造业基地、现代服务业基地和现代农业基地。其中构建新型城乡形态的主要目标是,按照优化布局、突出重点、循序渐进、集约发展的要求,统筹城乡基础设施建设,实现城镇功能向农村延伸和覆盖,促进城镇化健康发展,构建一体化的新型城乡形态。为了构建这一新型城乡形态,2010年成都市进而提出了“建设现代田园城市”的宏伟目标。
本文以此研究背景,基于景观生态学、城市地理学等理论和方法,以城乡自然形态、经济形态和社会形态为基础研究框架,从分析研究新型城乡空间形态的影响因素入手,着重研究涵盖城乡生态格局、产业发展、城镇体系等方面的综合性空间形态,提出基于城乡统筹发展理念和景观生态学等理论,研究构建新型城乡空间形态的理论和方法。
本文充分顾及到理论联系实际的重要性,选择了成都市双流县为具体研究对象,开展了基于景观生态学的新型城乡空间形态实证研究,以景观生态学为指导,充分借助地理信息系统先进技术手段,在对双流县域进行土地利用现状和空间形态现状分析研究的基础上,着重分析研究了双流县空间形态变化规律和城乡空间形态的划分；按照主体功能区理念,按照新型城乡空间形态特点,对双流县全域城乡空间形态进行了研究；建立了以生态敏感性、发展强度、发展潜力三个因素为依据的指标体系；对各个发展分区的功能定位、产业发展方向及空间发展模式进行了布局研究,进而将双流县划分为城乡总体空间形态和发展分区形态,对发展分区的土地有效利用、产业布局提供了参考依据。同时,构建了较完整的新型城乡空间形态研究评价体系与评价空间数据库,构建了评价模型群,建立了基于景观生态学等理论的空间决策支持系统。在此基础上,提出基于景观生态学的构建新型城乡空间形态的研究方法。
通过研究,主要有如下结论：
(1)双流县城镇面积与人口数量的比值为1.16,基本与合理值持平,应保持其平衡状态。“十二五”期间,双流县城市化发展应以发展规模适度、产业集聚的中小城镇体系为重点。
(2)基本农田占双流县辖区面积的49%,应将双流县耕地及其基本农田作为双流县社会、经济与环境的基质,实施最严格的保护制度,为双流县的经济社会可持续发展提供资源保障与生态保护支撑。
(3)双流可构建由龙门山与龙泉山脉以及牧马山蜀风文化旅游走廊和锦绣东山生态观光走廊所构成的生态廊道：构建以江安河、府河、锦江为主体的河流廊道；构建以交通廊道为主导的物质流、人流体系。
(4)以城镇建设用地大型斑块为核心,大幅度提升东升镇、华阳镇、中和镇一圈层城镇的带动能力；以工业集中发展区为中型斑块,培育以IT和物联网等新技术,以及新能源、新材料和现代物流业为主导的高端产业群；以新型农村居民点和现代农业产业园区为小斑块,形成通过廊道相互串接的组合新型城乡空间形态系统。
本文研究的主要创新点：
(1)提出以城乡土地利用特征和分异规律、景观空间结构和景观异质性研究为基础,以“斑块-廊道-基底”为范式的新型城乡空间形态景观分析研究方法。
(2)提出耕地和基本农田的核心生态作用和价值。在构建新型城乡空间形态中,应将耕地和基本农田作为景观生态基质和新行城乡空间形态的本底,将以人为本、严格保护耕地和基本农田作为统筹城乡区域协调可持续发展作为基本前提。
(3)提出依据城乡统筹规划理论,对城市土地利用进行合理性规划,优化城市土地利用空间布局,在保护耕地和基本农田的同时,通过对城镇斑块与工业斑块的优化设计,增强土地利用经济效果,优化配置土地资源的研究方法。
(4)提出城市居住功能区集约水平既与用地类型---居住用地、交通用地、公共用地具有相关性,又与土地空间结构特征指数---多样性指数、优势度指数、聚集度指数有很强的相关性。提高城市土地节约集约利用水平,必须兼顾城市土地用地类型合理配置和土地利用空间结构的优化。
(5)提出了研究建立以生态敏感性、发展强度、发展潜力三个因素为依据的指标体系的方法；
(6)提出了研究构建新型城乡空间形态研究评价体系与评价空间数据库、空间决策支持系统和评价模型群的方法。
由于研究条件和技术水平有限,本论文的研究工作还有许多方面需要进一步改进和提高,许多问题需要进一步深入研究：
(1)景观生态学研究的内容可以概括为：结构-功能-动态。结构与功能侧重于景观的现状,反映目前景观所特有的类型与空间配置,动态则表明景观在结构和功能方面随时间推移发生的变化。由于双流土地利用历史数据不完整,本文虽然对其土地利用空间格局现状进行了深入分析,但是缺乏对土地利用动态变化过程和研究区域土地利用优化方向更深入研究。
(2)尺度是景观生态学另外一个重要研究内容,可以概括为景观的空间维度。由于本次研究的侧重点在于空间异质性规律的探寻,在尺度与城市土地景观指数计算结果的影响方面可能存在某些误差,需要进一步研究论证。
(3)坚持世界上最严格的保护耕地制度保护耕地和坚持节约集约用地是构建新型城乡空间形态的基本前提。研究构建新型城乡空间形态中需要进一步结合土地适宜性评价、建设用地适宜性评价和土地节约集约利用评价指标体系和方法研究。
(4)本文仅以双流县为实证研究对象,并将该研究成果成功应用于成都市新都区、都江堰市的“十二五”规划编制实践中,取得了良好的应用效果,但毕竟本研究的广度和深度不够,研究成果的普适性有待进一步检验。
China is now stepping into a globally-watched, continuing and fast development stage for both economy and society after more than30years' reformation and opening-up, with its GDP ranking second in the world. It can be foreseen that the achievement of our economic growth is to be continued under the guidance of the conception of scientific development. Along with rapid and dynamic social and economic development, the process of industrialization and urbanization in China will be accelerated. China has now become the largest manufacturing country and the most dynamic emerging economic entity in the world. Based on the report by National Bureau of Statistics of China in2009, the level of urbanization in China had increased from7.3%in1949to45.68%in2008; the number of cities had increased to655in2008from132before the establishment of New China; its urban area had been up to35,469.7sq kilometers in2007compared to9,386sq kilometers in1978, totally increasing by26,084sq kilometers; the level of urbanization in2009even reached46.6%, the same level as that in middle-income countries in the world. However, there are still some general problems in the process of industrialization in China, such as irrational industrial structure and layout, low efficiency of industrial economic growth as well as low-quality of land use, etc. As far as the process of urbanization is concerned, there are also some general problems, such as separation of the dual structure in urban and rural areas, bad coordination between urban and rural areas, too much similarity of urban spatial patterns and structures, non-distinctive urban characteristics and features, unsound urban and rural systems, insufficiency of the graded development effect, laying too much stress on urban extension but ignoring the perfection of internal functions and improvement of living environment, lack of support to industrial development besides serious waste of land resources, etc. In particular, low quality of land use in both of the processes of industrialization and urbanization is neither in conformity with the reality of our country-that is vast population but less land (very limited cultivation land), nor in consistent with the concept of scientific development. Thus the advancement of both industrialization and urbanization will be inevitably unsustainable in case that these problems are not to be solved. Therefore, besides ensuring continuing and healthy economic and social development, we shall and have to insist on adopting the strictest possible systems and rules in the world to protect cultivation land resources, as well as adhering to coordinated development in both urban and rural areas and pressing ahead with economic and intensive use of land.
In order to probe and solve various problems encountered in current industrialization and urbanization processes in China, the State Council has approved to establish National Experimental Zone of Comprehensive Coordinated Reforms for Balanced Urban and Rural Development in Chengdu in2007. According to the General Scheme of Experiment of Comprehensive Coordinated Reforms for Balanced Urban and Rural Development in Chengdu, the State Council approves Chengdu to have preliminary trials in following9fields:1) establish interactive development mechanism for the three industries;2) construct new urban-rural patterns;3) innovate management systems on balanced urban-rural development;4) seek new mechanisms on protecting cultivation land and strengthen economic and intensive use of land;5) seek new ways and methods on peasants moving into urban areas;6) improve urban-rural financial service system;7) perfect the integrated urban-rural employment and the social security system;8) endeavor to realize a equally-enjoyed basic public service between urban and rural areas;9) establish related systems and mechanisms to promote the development of urban-rural ecological civilization. The major objectives of establishing experimental zone are to build Chengdu Experimental Zone into a national preceding sample city of intensifying the reform and balancing the urban-rural development, as well as a national demonstrating window of building up harmonious society and a successful model for post-disaster reconstruction; to promote the full development of Sichuan province; to coordinate the development of economic zones in Chengdu and Chongqin as well as the development of the middle and western areas of China and to complete the establishment of Chengdu Experimental Zone satisfactorily. Besides, it is expected to build Chengdu into the logistics and business centre, financial centre, scientific and technological centre as well as transportation and communication centre in Southwestern China. Chengdu is also expected to be built into China major high-tech industrial base, modern manufacturing base, modern service industry base and modern agricultural base. The main objectives for the2) point above are balanced urban-rural infrastructure construction, realizing the urban functions to be delivered into rural areas, promoting the healthy advancement of urbanization as well as building up new forms of urban-rural integration, by meeting with the requirements of optimizing layout, laying stress on key points, making gradual progress and insisting on intensive development. In2010, Chengdu has set forth its magnificent goal-to build modern garden city, as its response to constructing new urban-rural patterns.
Based on above mentioned background and applying theories and methods in landscape ecology and urban geography as well as other fields, with urban-rural natural patterns, economic&social forms as the basic research framework, by analyzing and researching influencing factors of constructing new urban-rural spatial pattern, this study focuses on research on comprehensive spatial pattern covering urban-rural ecological pattern, industry development, urban system and many other aspects. This study also puts forward several theories and methods which are applied in researching the construction of new urban-rural patterns based on urban-rural coordinating developmental theory and landscape ecology.
Having given adequate consideration to the importance of applying theory to reality, this paper selected Shuangliu County as the research object and conducted empirical researches on new urban-rural spatial patterns on the basis of landscape ecology. Guided by landscape ecology and using advanced technical methods of geographical information system, this study focuses on analyzing and researching on the variation/change law of Shuangliu County spatial patterns as well as the division of its urban-rural spatial patterns on the basis of researching and analyzing on current status of land use and present spatial patterns. This study also conducts researches on urban-rural spatial patterns of the whole area of Shuangliu County in accordance with the features of new urban-rural spatial patterns by applying the theory of main-functional zones. There is a three-factor index system created in this study, consisted of Ecological Sensitivity, Development Intensity&Development Potential. This study also carries out layout researches on functional orientation of each development zones, industry development direction and spatial development pattern in Shuangliu County. Besides, it divides Shuangliu County into urban-rural overall spatial form and various development zone spatial patterns, thus it provides a reference to achieve effective use of land and rational industrial layout for each development zones.
Meanwhile, this study creates a complete set of evaluating system, spatial evaluating database, a group of evaluating models, and creates SDSS (Spatial Decision Support System) based on landscape ecology as well on the basis of these, put forword the research methods which could be applied to assessing new urban-rural spatial patterns in this study.
The conclusion has been summarized as follows through research:
(1)The ratio of area to population of Liucheng Town, Shuangliu County is1.16, which is basically the same as the reasonable value. Such balance shall be kept all the time. During "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, Shuangliu County shall focus on development of smaller cities and towns systems with appropriate scale and industrial cluster.
(2) Preliminary farmland accounts for49%of the total area of Shuangliu County, therefore, arable land and the preliminary farmland of Shuangliu County shall be taken as foundations of its society, economy and environment, and put in practice with protection system most strictly, so as to provide resources and ecological protection support for sustainable development of economic society of Shuangliu County.
(3) Shuangliu County may build an ecological corridor consisting of Longmenshan, Longquan Mountain and Muma Mountain tourist corridors with Sichuan Characteristics Culture and the beautiful East Mountain ecotourism corridor; river corridor with Jiang'an River, Fuhe River and Jinjiang River as the main parts; and material flow and crowd flow systems based on the traffic corridor.
(4) With large-sized segment for urban construction as the core, the driving force of such cities and towns as Dongsheng Town, Huayang Town and Zhonghe Town is greatly improved; with industrial concentrating development zone as medium-sized segment, high end industrial clusters focusing on new technologies such as IT and Internet, new energies, new materials and modern logistics industry, are cultivated; with new rural residential area and modern agricultural industrial park as small-sized segment, a new urban and rural spatial patterns system with connection of different corridors is formed.
This paper has proposed the following main innovative points:
(1) Propose the analysis and research method for constructing new urban-rural spatial pattern on the basis of urban-rural land utilization characteristic and the differential regulation, and the pattern of "patch-corridor-matrix" landscape spatial structure and the landscape non-uniformity research as the foundation, take as model new city and countryside space shape landscape tical study method.
(2) Advance core ecological effects and values of arable land and preliminary cultivated land. During the construction of new urban and rural spatial patterns, cultivated land and preliminary farmland shall be taken as the foundations of landscape ecological matrix, taken People First and cultivated land and preliminary farmland protection strictly as the precondition of sustainable and balanced regional development.
(3) Perform reasonable planning for urban land use and optimize spatial distribution for urban land use based on theory of coordinating urban and rural planning. When protecting arable land and preliminary farmland, strengthen the economic effects of land use and optimize the research method on configuration of land resources through the optimal design for patches of cities and towns and industrial patches.
(4) The intensiveness level of residential function in urban areas is closely connected with not only land type, including residential land, land for transportation and public land, but also structure characteristic indices of land space, including diversity index, dominance index and aggregation index. To improve the level of saving to use urban intensive land should take into account both the allocation of land use types and the optimization of land use spatial structure.
(5) Research methods for establishing index system based on the three factors of eco-sensitivity, development strength, and development potential.
(6) Research methods for building evaluation system of new urban spatial patterns research and evaluation spatial database, spatial decision support system and evaluation model group.
Due to the limitation of research conditions and technological capability, the research in this paper remains to be further improved in many aspects. Many questions need deep research.
(1) The research contents of landscape ecology may be concluded as follows: structure-function-trends. Structure and function focus on status of landscape and reflect types and space allocation peculiar to current landscape, while trends indicate the change of landscape in terms of structure and function as time goes on. Because of the incomplete historical data of land use in Shuangliu County, although this paper has performed deeply analysis on space allocation status of land use, it still lacks of further deeply research on changing process of land use trends and optimization of regional land use.
(2) Dimension is another important research content for landscape ecology, which may be generalized as spatial dimensions of landscape. The key point of this research is to seek spatial heterogeneity patterns. There may be some discrepancies in influences caused by calculation results of dimensions and index of urban land use, which requires further research.
(3) Adhering to the strictest cultivated land protection system of the world and saving the intensive land are the basic premise to build new urban and rural spatial pattern. The research on building of new urban and rural spatial pattern requires further combination with land suitability evaluation, construction land suitability evaluation and the saving use of the intensive land evaluation index system and research methods.
(4) This paper has taken Shuangliu County as a demonstration object and meanwhile successfully applied the research findings in the planning preparation of "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" of Xindu District, Chengdu City and Dujiangyan City, which has obtained sound effects. However, because of the limitation of the depth and breadth of this research, the universality of these findings requires further testing.
引文
1 《中共中央国务院关于加大统筹城乡发展力度进一步夯实农业农村发展基础的若干意见》(2009年12月)
① 葛红林,成都城乡一体化规划的实践与思考,20l0.7
② 陈亦非,统筹城乡发展下的新型城乡空间结构分布研究——以成都市为例,知识经济,2010
[1]FORMANR TT,GODRONM.Landscape Ecology[M].New York:JWiley,1986.
[2]肖笃宁.景观生态学—理论、方法及应用[M].北京：中国林业出版社1991.
[3]赵玉涛,余新晓,关文彬,等.景观异质性研究评述[J].应用生态学报2002,13(4)：496-500.
[4]蔡博峰,于嵘.景观生态学中的尺度分析方法[J].生态学报,2008(2279-2287).
[5]富伟,刘世梁,崔保山等.景观生态学中生态连接度研究进展[J].生态学报,2009(11)：6174-6182.
[6]柳长顺,齐实.土地利用变化研究方法的探讨——以山西吉县80年土地利用变化为例[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(5)：60-66.
[7]曹迎,周波,任茜,等.基于CA模型的内江城市景观格局动态演变研[J].地域研究与开发,2009(5)：73-76.
[8]P.霍尔,邹得慈,金经元译,《城市与区域规划》,中国建筑工业出版社,1985年
[9]胡俊,中国城市：模式与演进,中国建筑工业出版社,1995,3.
[10]凯文著,林庆怡等译,《城市形态》,华夏出版社,2001年.
[11]伊长林,长沙市城市空间形态演变及动态模拟研究[D].中南大学,2008.
[12]姜斌,快速城市化进程中城市居住空间形态演进与发展——以大连市为例[D].辽宁师范大学,2008.
[13]郐艳丽,东北地区城市空间形态研究[D].东北师范大学,2004.
[14]蒙春运,黄耀志,邓春凤,桂林市空间形态演化与临桂新区发展机遇探讨[J].桂林理工大学学报,2010,30(2)：256-261.
[15]李江,郭庆胜.基于句法分析的城市空间形态定量研究[J].武汉大学学报(工学版),2003,(02).
[16]吴成鹏.基于空间句法的城市空间形态定量分析[J].山西建筑,2010,36(25)：48-49.
[17]林颖,龙婵.基于轴线模型的城市空间形态分析——以武汉关山地区为例[J].经济师,2010,9：45-46.
[18]王健,繁荣、失落与回归——从海河的变迁剖析天津城市空间形态的变迁[J].城市规划,2009,S1：71-77.
[19]周庆华,陕北城镇空间形态结构演化及城乡空间模式[J].城市规划,2006,30(2)：42-44.
[20]任云英,朱士光,近代西安城乡居住空间结构及其形态特征初探[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),2005,35(2)：216-219.
[21]郭芸君,“全域成都”下的城乡空间形态变化[J].经营管理者,2009,24：112-113.
[22]夏继红,周明耀.农田灌溉决策支持系统与地理信息系统的集成化研究[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,2002,18(1)：41-45.
[23]郑重；郑丽波;史利江；基于空间决策支持系统的“数字生态”系统研究[J].环境污染与防治,2008,30(3)：94-96.
[24]贾正长；郑丽波;王莹；基于GIS的生态城市建设空间决策支持系统[J].地理空间信息,2008,6(6)：76-78.
[25]刘黎明.土地资源学[M].中国农业大学出版社,2007.
[26]马克思.资本论第3卷[M].北京：人民出版社,1975.
[27]理查德.T.伊利,爱德华.W.莫尔豪斯.土地经济学原理[M].北京：商务印书馆,1982.
[28]董鉴汉.中国城市建设史[M].1989.
[29]傅崇兰.中国运河城市发展史[M].四川人民出版社,1985.
[30]叶晓军.中国都城发展史[M].陕西人民出版社,1988.
[31]俞伟超.中国古代都城的发展阶段性[J].文物,1985(2)：270-275.
[32]武进.中国城市形态[M].江苏科学技术出版社,1990.
[33]张婷婷,李影,允许成都九个方面先行先试[J].《成都日报》,2009,5,22.
[34]李慧芳,孙津.城乡统筹中新型城市形态创制的要素关系[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2008,18(2)：18-22
[35]谭永忠.县级尺度土地利用变化驱动机制及空间格局变化模拟研究.[D].2004.
[36]王良健,何洪林.干旱区土地利用结构调整的SD模型研究：以新疆吐鲁番市为例[J].经济地理,1997(4)：320-327.
[37]许慧,王家骥.景观生态学的理论与应用[M].中国环境科学出版社,1993.
[38]吴次芳.土地资源调查与评价[M].中国农业出版社,2008.
[39]彭补拙,周生路.土地利用规划学[M].东南大学出版社,2003.
[40]杨玉川.生产要素市场结构与运行机制研究[M].经济管理出版社,1998.
[41]Forman R.T, Codron M. Landscape Ecology[M]. New York:Wiley 1986.
[42]埃比尼泽.霍华德.明日的田园城市[M].金经元译.北京：商务印书馆,2000.
[43]贾宝全,杨洁泉.景观生态规划：概念、内容、原则与模型[J].干旱研究,2000,17(2)：70-77.
[44]王厚军,李小玉,何兴元等.辽宁中部城市群城市体系等级规模结构[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(3)：490-496.
[45]李立勋,温锋华,许学强.改革开发以来珠三角城市规模结构及其分形特征[J].热带地理,2007,27(5)：239-244.
[46]王厚军,李小玉,张祖陆等.1979-2006年沈阳市城市空间扩展过程分析[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(12)：2673-2679.
[47]唐子来.西方城市空间结构研究的理论和方法[J].城市规划汇刊,1997,(6)：1-11.
[48]朱强,刘海龙.绿色通道规划研究进展评述[J].城市问题,2006,(5)：11-16.
[49]贾俊.英国绿带政策的起源、发展和挑战[J].中国园林,2005,21(3)：69-72.
[50]车生泉.城市绿色廊道研究[J].城市生态研究,2001,25(11)：44-48.
[51]张虹鸥,岑倩华.国外城市开放空间的研究进展[J].城市规划学刊,2007,(5)：78-82.
[52]倪文岩,刘智勇.英国绿环政策及其启示[J].城市规划,2006,30(2)：64-67.
[53]刘滨谊,余畅.美国绿道网络规划的发展与启示[J].中国园林,2001,(6)：77-81.
[54]华晨.兰斯塔德的城市发展和规划[J].城市规划,1996,(6)：16-25.
[55]顾传辉,陈桂珠.城市景观生态特点与建设途径-以佛山市为例[J].城市环境与城市生态,2002,15(1)：56-58.
[56]马本荣,郑树贵,双流——一座正在崛起的空港现代田园大城市[J].《人民政协报》2010,3.07
[57]谷凯.北美的城市蔓延与规划对策及其启示[J].城市规划,2002,26(12)：67-71.
[58]张怀振,姜卫兵.环城绿带在欧洲的发展与应用[J].城市发展研究,2005,12(6)：34-38.
[59]广东省城市规划指引《环城绿带规划指引》(试行)GDPG - 004[S].2003.
[60]刘东云,周波.景观规划的杰作-从“翡翠项圈”到新英格兰地区的绿色通道规划.中国园林,2001,(3)：59-61.
[61]潘海啸,汤锡等.中国“低碳城市”的空间规划策略[J].城市规划学刊,2008,(6)：57-64.
[62]吕红峰,王静爱,岳耀杰等.土地利用结构优化图谱研究—以科尔沁沙地典型样区为例[J].地球信息科学,2005(4)：328-332.
[63]李晓娟,倪晋仁,李振山等.土地利用结构与土地生产力的关系研究[J].自然资源学报,2005,20(3)：340-346.
[64]李光录,高存劳.黄土高原南部土地生产力及其与侵蚀的关系[J].干旱地区农业研究,2007,25(4)：42-46.
[65]熊利亚,夏朝宗,常斌.基于RS和GIS的土地生产力与人口承载量-以向家坝库区为例[J].2004,23(1)：10-17.
[66]马克思.资本论第3卷[M].北京：人民出版社,1975.
[67]理查德.T.伊利,爱德华.W莫尔豪斯.土地经济学原理[M].北京：商务印书馆,1982.
[68]陶志红.城市土地集约利用几个基本问题探讨[J].中国土地科学,2000,14(5)：l-5.
[69]毕宝德.土地经济学[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2006：67-70.
[70]于振汉.工业布局与环境保护[M].北京：科学出版社,1981：48-51.
[71]黄朝永,顾朝林,徐海贤等.深圳东部工业组团可持续发展规划研究[J].经济地理,2001,21(2)：165-168.
[72]吴永铭,倪兆球.珠江三角洲地区工业布局特点与类型的研究[M].北京：科学出版社,1986：169-189.
[73]邬翊光.北京工业结构域布局调整建议[J].地理学报,1987,42(1)：42-50.
[74]马耘秀,贺斌.太原市土地利用数量及空间结构分析[J].山西农业大学学报,2008,28(2)：121-124.
[75]贾科利,张俊华,常庆瑞.基于信息熵与分形理论的土地利用景观格局变化研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(5)：235-239.
[76]李茂刚,陈松林.基于分形理论的福州市土地利用空间格局变化研究[J].聊城大学学报,2006,19(4)：60-63.
[77]陆大道.中国工业布局的理论与实践[M].北京：科学出版社,1991.
[78]邬江.北京市工业布局规划研究[J].规划研究,2000(5)：33-35.
[79]曾刚.上海市工业布局调整初探[J].地理研究,2001,20(3)：330-337.
[80]范群杰,徐启新,张名成等.城市化进程中工业用地置换的生态环境影响初探[J].地理世界研究,2005,14(4)：86-91.
[81]张干,夏艺.重庆城市土地置换问题研究[J].重庆工商大学学报(自然科学版),2004,21(6)：604-607.
[82]赵沁娜,杨凯.城市土地置换过程中的土壤环境影响评价探讨[J].环境科学研究,2006,19(1)：6-91.
[83]何书金,鲁奇,苏光全等.开发区建设中的土地开发利用问题与对策[J].地理科学进展,1999,18(4)：338-345.
[84]吴旭芬,孙军.开发区土地集约利用的问题初探[J].中国土地,2000,14(2)：18-19.
[85]龙花楼,蔡运军,万军.开发区土地利用的可持续性评价—以江苏昆山经济技术开发区为例[J].地理学报,2000,55(6)：719-728.
[86]张晓平,刘卫东.开发区与我国城市空间结构演讲及其动力机制[J].地理科学,2003,23(2)：143-149.
[87]王兴平,崔功豪.中国城市开发区的空间规模与效益研究[J].城市规划,2003,27(9)：6-11.
[88]卢玲.黑河流域景观结构与景观变化研究[D]-中国科学院,2000.
[89]龙花楼,蒙吉军.中国开发区土地资源优化配置研究[M].长春：吉林人民出版社,2004.
[90]王缉慈.创新的空间：企业集群与区域发展[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2001.
[91]王兴平.中国城市新产业空间-发展机制与空间组织[M].北京：科学出版社,2005.
[92]王世营,蔡军.产业集群对中小城市空间形态的影响研究-以长江三角洲地区中小城市为例[J].城市规划,2006,30(7)：42-47.
[93]陈前虎.浙江小城镇工业用地形态结构演化研究[J].城市规划汇刊,2000(6)：48-55.
[94]卢晓玲,杨钢桥.小城镇工业用地空间扩张的方式与特征[J].国土资源科技管理,2005,22(3)：12-17.
[95]卢晓玲,杨钢桥,王玮.小城镇工业用地扩张机理研究-以湖北通城县、仙桃市为例[J].地域研究与开发,2006,25(2)：96-100.
[96]吴兵,王铮,邓悦.基于GIS的上海城市中心区工业用地空间解构[J].东北测绘,2002,25(1)：20-27.
[97]周婕,王玲.城市中心区工业用地形成与调整[J].武汉大学学报(工学版),2004,37(2)：142-145.
[98]王永慧,严金明,张丽.土地集约利用潜力和机制分析[J].观察与思考,2006(5)：37-39.
[99]国务院办公厅.国办发[2005]32号文件[Z].
[100]黄进勇,高旺盛,吴大付.土地生产力的内涵、系统观与可持续技术[J].农业现代化研究,1998(3)：158-161.
[101]吴承伦,袁涛.土地开发整理规划理论方法与实践[M].北京：中国大地出版社,2003.
[102]傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明等.景观生态学原理及应用[M].科学出版社,北京：2001.
[103]邬建国.景观生态学-概念与理论[J].生态学杂志,2000,19(1)：42-52.
[104]肖笃宁,李秀珍.当代景观生态学的进展和展望[J].地理科学,1997,17(4)：356-364.
[105]李国盛,肖笃宁.国外景观生态学研究的最新动向及进展[J].资源生态环境网络动态研究,1997,8(2)：20-26.
[106]俞孔坚,李迪华.城乡与区域规划的景观生态模式[J].国外城市规划,1997,3：27-31.
[107]角媛梅,肖笃宁,郭明.景观与景观生态学的综合研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2003,19(1)：91-95.
[108]陈遐林,汤腾方.景观生态学应用与研究进展[J].经济林研究,2003,21(2)：54-57.
[109]陈彦光,刘继生.城市土地利用结构和形态的定量描述：从信息熵到分维数[J].地理研究,2001,20(2)：146-152.
[110]凌怡莹.城市土地利用结构及其演变的非线性研究-以上海市为例[D].华东师范大学,2004.
[111]刘耀林,刘艳芳,梁勤欧.城市环境分析[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,1999.
[112]曾钢,焦霄黎.信息熵与分形理论在城市土地利用结构合理性分析中的应用[J].学术研究,2007(4)：7-8.
[113]Robbins C.S., Dawson D.K., and Dowell B.A., habitat area requirements of breeding forest birds of the middle Atlantic states. Wildl.Monogr,1989,103.
[114]肖笃宁.景观生态学研究进展[M].湖南科学技术出版社,1999：35-39.
[115]傅伯杰,陈利顶.景观多样性的类型及其生态意义[J].地理学报,1996,51(5)：454-462.
[116]朱凤武,彭补拙.温州市土地利用空间格局研究[J].经济地理,2001,21(1)：101-104.
[117]王万茂.土地利用规划学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2002.
[118]周炳中,陈浮,包浩生等.长江三角洲土地利用分类研究[J].资源科学,2002,24(2)：88-92.
[119]杨京平,田光明.生态设计与技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2006.
[120]杨志峰,徐琳瑜.城市生态规划学[M].北京：北京师范大学出版社,2008.
[121]杨京平.生态工程学导论[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005.
[122]刘晓丽,方创琳,王发曾.中原城市群的空间组合特征与整合模式[J].地理研究,2008,27(2)：409-420.
[123]杨国安,甘国辉.基于分形理论的北京市土地利用空间格局变化研究[J].系统工程理论与实践,2004,10：131-137.
[124]何丙回,徐霞,辜世贤.潼南县土地利用景观格局特征分析[J].水土保持研究,2005,12(5)：130-133.
[125]王娟,陈绍愿,林建平.汕头市土地利用空间格局的景观生态学分析[J].热带地理,2006,26(3)：223-228.
[126]盖新敏,彭彪,陈东立,魏招云.福建省古田翠屏湖森林景观格局研究[J].福建林学院学报,2008,28(2)：140-145.
[127]邬建国.景观生态学-格局、过程、尺度与等级[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2000.
[128]史培军,江源,王静爱等.土地利用/覆盖变化与生态安全响应机制[M].北京：科学出版社,2004.
[129]扬吾扬,梁进社.高等经济地理学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1997.
[130]吴启焰.城市空间结构研究的回顾与展望[J].地理学与国土研究,2001,17(2)：46-48.
[13l]朱翔.城市地理学[M].长沙：湖南教育出版社,2003.
[132]范瑛.试论城市空间结构的历史演变[J].天府新论：2001,3：78-80.
[133]朱晓华,蔡运龙.中国土地利用空间分形结构及其机制[J].地理科学,2005,25(6)：671-677.
[134]徐士珺.郑州市城市土地利用结构优化研究[D].四川农业大学,2007.
[135]侯伟.烟台市城市景观空间格局分析[D].山东师范大学,2002.
[136]夏敏.农地适宜性评价空间决策支持系统研究[D].南京农业大学,2007.
[137]曹月娥.基于GIS技术的县级土地利用总体规划研究[D].新疆大学,2010.
[138]曾钢,焦霄黎.信息熵与分形理论在城市土地利用结构合理性分析中的应用[J].学术研究,2007,4：7-8.
[139]乔美华.基于GIS的大同市土地利用景观格局研究[D].中国科学院,2005.
[140]匡文慧,张树文.长春市百年城市土地利用空间结构演变的信息熵与分形机制研究[J].中国科学院研究生学院学报,2007,24(1)：73-80.
[141]耿红,唐旭,马玲.基于信息熵的城市土地利用结构合理性分析[J].国土资源科技管理,2006,01：84-88.
[142]Shannon C and Weaver W.The mathematical theory of communication. Univ. Illinois Press, Urbana,1949.
[143]Forman, R. T. T. and M. Godron. Landscape Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.1986.
[144]Pickett, S. T. A. and M. L. Cadenasso. Land-scape ecology:spatial heterogeneity in ecological systems.Science,1995,269:331-334.
[145]Wu, J. and O. L. Loucks. From balance of nature to hierarchical patch dynamics:aparadigm shift in ecology.Q. Rev. Biol.,1995,70(4):439-466.
[146]Forman, R. T. T. Landscape Mosaics:The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.1995.
[147]Risser, P. G. et al. Landscape ecology:directions and approaches. Special Pub. No.2. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign.1984.
[148]Turner, M. G and R. H. Gardner(eds). Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology. Springer Verlag, New York.1991.
[149]Frohn, R. C. Remote Sensing for Landscape Ecology:New Metric Indicators for Monitoring,Modeling, and Assessment of Ecosystems. CRC Press,Boca Raton.1997.
[150]O'Neill, R. V. et al. AHierarchical Conceptof Ecosystems. Princeton University Press, Princeton.1986.
[151]Dramstad, W. E. et al. Landsape Ecology Principles in landscape Architecture and Land-Use Planning. Island Press, Washington, DC.1996.
[152]Watt, A. S. Pattern and process in the plant community.J. Ecol.,1947,35:1-22.
[153]Pickett, S. T. A. et al. Patch dynamics and the ecology of disturbed ground. In:L. R. Walker(ed.), Ecosystems of the World:Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground. Elsevier Science Publishers.1999.
[154]P A Barrough.Principles of Geographical Information System for land Resources Assessment.Oxfor:Clavendon Press,1986
[155]Henry T. The Spatial Data Transfer Standard. Cartotraph and Geographic Information System,1994;21(3)
[156]Ziarko,W(Ed).Rough Sets.Fuzzy Sets and Knowledge discovery. Spring-Verlag,1994
[157]Star J,Estes J.Georaphic Information System. Prentile Hall,1989.
[158]Mekeown D M. The Role of Artifieial Intelligence in the Integration of Remotely sensed Data with Geographic Information System.IEEE Transaction on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1987,GE-25(3).
[159]George K C.Management Information System.Perrocells books Inc,1985,NewYork.
① 葛红林,成都城乡一体化规划的实践与思考,20l0.7
② 陈亦非,统筹城乡发展下的新型城乡空间结构分布研究——以成都市为例,知识经济,2010
[1]FORMANR TT,GODRONM.Landscape Ecology[M].New York:JWiley,1986.
[2]肖笃宁.景观生态学—理论、方法及应用[M].北京：中国林业出版社1991.
[3]赵玉涛,余新晓,关文彬,等.景观异质性研究评述[J].应用生态学报2002,13(4)：496-500.
[4]蔡博峰,于嵘.景观生态学中的尺度分析方法[J].生态学报,2008(2279-2287).
[5]富伟,刘世梁,崔保山等.景观生态学中生态连接度研究进展[J].生态学报,2009(11)：6174-6182.
[6]柳长顺,齐实.土地利用变化研究方法的探讨——以山西吉县80年土地利用变化为例[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(5)：60-66.
[7]曹迎,周波,任茜,等.基于CA模型的内江城市景观格局动态演变研[J].地域研究与开发,2009(5)：73-76.
[8]P.霍尔,邹得慈,金经元译,《城市与区域规划》,中国建筑工业出版社,1985年
[9]胡俊,中国城市：模式与演进,中国建筑工业出版社,1995,3.
[10]凯文著,林庆怡等译,《城市形态》,华夏出版社,2001年.
[11]伊长林,长沙市城市空间形态演变及动态模拟研究[D].中南大学,2008.
[12]姜斌,快速城市化进程中城市居住空间形态演进与发展——以大连市为例[D].辽宁师范大学,2008.
[13]郐艳丽,东北地区城市空间形态研究[D].东北师范大学,2004.
[14]蒙春运,黄耀志,邓春凤,桂林市空间形态演化与临桂新区发展机遇探讨[J].桂林理工大学学报,2010,30(2)：256-261.
[15]李江,郭庆胜.基于句法分析的城市空间形态定量研究[J].武汉大学学报(工学版),2003,(02).
[16]吴成鹏.基于空间句法的城市空间形态定量分析[J].山西建筑,2010,36(25)：48-49.
[17]林颖,龙婵.基于轴线模型的城市空间形态分析——以武汉关山地区为例[J].经济师,2010,9：45-46.
[18]王健,繁荣、失落与回归——从海河的变迁剖析天津城市空间形态的变迁[J].城市规划,2009,S1：71-77.
[19]周庆华,陕北城镇空间形态结构演化及城乡空间模式[J].城市规划,2006,30(2)：42-44.
[20]任云英,朱士光,近代西安城乡居住空间结构及其形态特征初探[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),2005,35(2)：216-219.
[21]郭芸君,“全域成都”下的城乡空间形态变化[J].经营管理者,2009,24：112-113.
[22]夏继红,周明耀.农田灌溉决策支持系统与地理信息系统的集成化研究[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,2002,18(1)：41-45.
[23]郑重；郑丽波;史利江；基于空间决策支持系统的“数字生态”系统研究[J].环境污染与防治,2008,30(3)：94-96.
[24]贾正长；郑丽波;王莹；基于GIS的生态城市建设空间决策支持系统[J].地理空间信息,2008,6(6)：76-78.
[25]刘黎明.土地资源学[M].中国农业大学出版社,2007.
[26]马克思.资本论第3卷[M].北京：人民出版社,1975.
[27]理查德.T.伊利,爱德华.W.莫尔豪斯.土地经济学原理[M].北京：商务印书馆,1982.
[28]董鉴汉.中国城市建设史[M].1989.
[29]傅崇兰.中国运河城市发展史[M].四川人民出版社,1985.
[30]叶晓军.中国都城发展史[M].陕西人民出版社,1988.
[31]俞伟超.中国古代都城的发展阶段性[J].文物,1985(2)：270-275.
[32]武进.中国城市形态[M].江苏科学技术出版社,1990.
[33]张婷婷,李影,允许成都九个方面先行先试[J].《成都日报》,2009,5,22.
[34]李慧芳,孙津.城乡统筹中新型城市形态创制的要素关系[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2008,18(2)：18-22
[35]谭永忠.县级尺度土地利用变化驱动机制及空间格局变化模拟研究.[D].2004.
[36]王良健,何洪林.干旱区土地利用结构调整的SD模型研究：以新疆吐鲁番市为例[J].经济地理,1997(4)：320-327.
[37]许慧,王家骥.景观生态学的理论与应用[M].中国环境科学出版社,1993.
[38]吴次芳.土地资源调查与评价[M].中国农业出版社,2008.
[39]彭补拙,周生路.土地利用规划学[M].东南大学出版社,2003.
[40]杨玉川.生产要素市场结构与运行机制研究[M].经济管理出版社,1998.
[41]Forman R.T, Codron M. Landscape Ecology[M]. New York:Wiley 1986.
[42]埃比尼泽.霍华德.明日的田园城市[M].金经元译.北京：商务印书馆,2000.
[43]贾宝全,杨洁泉.景观生态规划：概念、内容、原则与模型[J].干旱研究,2000,17(2)：70-77.
[44]王厚军,李小玉,何兴元等.辽宁中部城市群城市体系等级规模结构[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(3)：490-496.
[45]李立勋,温锋华,许学强.改革开发以来珠三角城市规模结构及其分形特征[J].热带地理,2007,27(5)：239-244.
[46]王厚军,李小玉,张祖陆等.1979-2006年沈阳市城市空间扩展过程分析[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(12)：2673-2679.
[47]唐子来.西方城市空间结构研究的理论和方法[J].城市规划汇刊,1997,(6)：1-11.
[48]朱强,刘海龙.绿色通道规划研究进展评述[J].城市问题,2006,(5)：11-16.
[49]贾俊.英国绿带政策的起源、发展和挑战[J].中国园林,2005,21(3)：69-72.
[50]车生泉.城市绿色廊道研究[J].城市生态研究,2001,25(11)：44-48.
[51]张虹鸥,岑倩华.国外城市开放空间的研究进展[J].城市规划学刊,2007,(5)：78-82.
[52]倪文岩,刘智勇.英国绿环政策及其启示[J].城市规划,2006,30(2)：64-67.
[53]刘滨谊,余畅.美国绿道网络规划的发展与启示[J].中国园林,2001,(6)：77-81.
[54]华晨.兰斯塔德的城市发展和规划[J].城市规划,1996,(6)：16-25.
[55]顾传辉,陈桂珠.城市景观生态特点与建设途径-以佛山市为例[J].城市环境与城市生态,2002,15(1)：56-58.
[56]马本荣,郑树贵,双流——一座正在崛起的空港现代田园大城市[J].《人民政协报》2010,3.07
[57]谷凯.北美的城市蔓延与规划对策及其启示[J].城市规划,2002,26(12)：67-71.
[58]张怀振,姜卫兵.环城绿带在欧洲的发展与应用[J].城市发展研究,2005,12(6)：34-38.
[59]广东省城市规划指引《环城绿带规划指引》(试行)GDPG - 004[S].2003.
[60]刘东云,周波.景观规划的杰作-从“翡翠项圈”到新英格兰地区的绿色通道规划.中国园林,2001,(3)：59-61.
[61]潘海啸,汤锡等.中国“低碳城市”的空间规划策略[J].城市规划学刊,2008,(6)：57-64.
[62]吕红峰,王静爱,岳耀杰等.土地利用结构优化图谱研究—以科尔沁沙地典型样区为例[J].地球信息科学,2005(4)：328-332.
[63]李晓娟,倪晋仁,李振山等.土地利用结构与土地生产力的关系研究[J].自然资源学报,2005,20(3)：340-346.
[64]李光录,高存劳.黄土高原南部土地生产力及其与侵蚀的关系[J].干旱地区农业研究,2007,25(4)：42-46.
[65]熊利亚,夏朝宗,常斌.基于RS和GIS的土地生产力与人口承载量-以向家坝库区为例[J].2004,23(1)：10-17.
[66]马克思.资本论第3卷[M].北京：人民出版社,1975.
[67]理查德.T.伊利,爱德华.W莫尔豪斯.土地经济学原理[M].北京：商务印书馆,1982.
[68]陶志红.城市土地集约利用几个基本问题探讨[J].中国土地科学,2000,14(5)：l-5.
[69]毕宝德.土地经济学[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2006：67-70.
[70]于振汉.工业布局与环境保护[M].北京：科学出版社,1981：48-51.
[71]黄朝永,顾朝林,徐海贤等.深圳东部工业组团可持续发展规划研究[J].经济地理,2001,21(2)：165-168.
[72]吴永铭,倪兆球.珠江三角洲地区工业布局特点与类型的研究[M].北京：科学出版社,1986：169-189.
[73]邬翊光.北京工业结构域布局调整建议[J].地理学报,1987,42(1)：42-50.
[74]马耘秀,贺斌.太原市土地利用数量及空间结构分析[J].山西农业大学学报,2008,28(2)：121-124.
[75]贾科利,张俊华,常庆瑞.基于信息熵与分形理论的土地利用景观格局变化研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(5)：235-239.
[76]李茂刚,陈松林.基于分形理论的福州市土地利用空间格局变化研究[J].聊城大学学报,2006,19(4)：60-63.
[77]陆大道.中国工业布局的理论与实践[M].北京：科学出版社,1991.
[78]邬江.北京市工业布局规划研究[J].规划研究,2000(5)：33-35.
[79]曾刚.上海市工业布局调整初探[J].地理研究,2001,20(3)：330-337.
[80]范群杰,徐启新,张名成等.城市化进程中工业用地置换的生态环境影响初探[J].地理世界研究,2005,14(4)：86-91.
[81]张干,夏艺.重庆城市土地置换问题研究[J].重庆工商大学学报(自然科学版),2004,21(6)：604-607.
[82]赵沁娜,杨凯.城市土地置换过程中的土壤环境影响评价探讨[J].环境科学研究,2006,19(1)：6-91.
[83]何书金,鲁奇,苏光全等.开发区建设中的土地开发利用问题与对策[J].地理科学进展,1999,18(4)：338-345.
[84]吴旭芬,孙军.开发区土地集约利用的问题初探[J].中国土地,2000,14(2)：18-19.
[85]龙花楼,蔡运军,万军.开发区土地利用的可持续性评价—以江苏昆山经济技术开发区为例[J].地理学报,2000,55(6)：719-728.
[86]张晓平,刘卫东.开发区与我国城市空间结构演讲及其动力机制[J].地理科学,2003,23(2)：143-149.
[87]王兴平,崔功豪.中国城市开发区的空间规模与效益研究[J].城市规划,2003,27(9)：6-11.
[88]卢玲.黑河流域景观结构与景观变化研究[D]-中国科学院,2000.
[89]龙花楼,蒙吉军.中国开发区土地资源优化配置研究[M].长春：吉林人民出版社,2004.
[90]王缉慈.创新的空间：企业集群与区域发展[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2001.
[91]王兴平.中国城市新产业空间-发展机制与空间组织[M].北京：科学出版社,2005.
[92]王世营,蔡军.产业集群对中小城市空间形态的影响研究-以长江三角洲地区中小城市为例[J].城市规划,2006,30(7)：42-47.
[93]陈前虎.浙江小城镇工业用地形态结构演化研究[J].城市规划汇刊,2000(6)：48-55.
[94]卢晓玲,杨钢桥.小城镇工业用地空间扩张的方式与特征[J].国土资源科技管理,2005,22(3)：12-17.
[95]卢晓玲,杨钢桥,王玮.小城镇工业用地扩张机理研究-以湖北通城县、仙桃市为例[J].地域研究与开发,2006,25(2)：96-100.
[96]吴兵,王铮,邓悦.基于GIS的上海城市中心区工业用地空间解构[J].东北测绘,2002,25(1)：20-27.
[97]周婕,王玲.城市中心区工业用地形成与调整[J].武汉大学学报(工学版),2004,37(2)：142-145.
[98]王永慧,严金明,张丽.土地集约利用潜力和机制分析[J].观察与思考,2006(5)：37-39.
[99]国务院办公厅.国办发[2005]32号文件[Z].
[100]黄进勇,高旺盛,吴大付.土地生产力的内涵、系统观与可持续技术[J].农业现代化研究,1998(3)：158-161.
[101]吴承伦,袁涛.土地开发整理规划理论方法与实践[M].北京：中国大地出版社,2003.
[102]傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明等.景观生态学原理及应用[M].科学出版社,北京：2001.
[103]邬建国.景观生态学-概念与理论[J].生态学杂志,2000,19(1)：42-52.
[104]肖笃宁,李秀珍.当代景观生态学的进展和展望[J].地理科学,1997,17(4)：356-364.
[105]李国盛,肖笃宁.国外景观生态学研究的最新动向及进展[J].资源生态环境网络动态研究,1997,8(2)：20-26.
[106]俞孔坚,李迪华.城乡与区域规划的景观生态模式[J].国外城市规划,1997,3：27-31.
[107]角媛梅,肖笃宁,郭明.景观与景观生态学的综合研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2003,19(1)：91-95.
[108]陈遐林,汤腾方.景观生态学应用与研究进展[J].经济林研究,2003,21(2)：54-57.
[109]陈彦光,刘继生.城市土地利用结构和形态的定量描述：从信息熵到分维数[J].地理研究,2001,20(2)：146-152.
[110]凌怡莹.城市土地利用结构及其演变的非线性研究-以上海市为例[D].华东师范大学,2004.
[111]刘耀林,刘艳芳,梁勤欧.城市环境分析[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,1999.
[112]曾钢,焦霄黎.信息熵与分形理论在城市土地利用结构合理性分析中的应用[J].学术研究,2007(4)：7-8.
[113]Robbins C.S., Dawson D.K., and Dowell B.A., habitat area requirements of breeding forest birds of the middle Atlantic states. Wildl.Monogr,1989,103.
[114]肖笃宁.景观生态学研究进展[M].湖南科学技术出版社,1999：35-39.
[115]傅伯杰,陈利顶.景观多样性的类型及其生态意义[J].地理学报,1996,51(5)：454-462.
[116]朱凤武,彭补拙.温州市土地利用空间格局研究[J].经济地理,2001,21(1)：101-104.
[117]王万茂.土地利用规划学[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2002.
[118]周炳中,陈浮,包浩生等.长江三角洲土地利用分类研究[J].资源科学,2002,24(2)：88-92.
[119]杨京平,田光明.生态设计与技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2006.
[120]杨志峰,徐琳瑜.城市生态规划学[M].北京：北京师范大学出版社,2008.
[121]杨京平.生态工程学导论[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005.
[122]刘晓丽,方创琳,王发曾.中原城市群的空间组合特征与整合模式[J].地理研究,2008,27(2)：409-420.
[123]杨国安,甘国辉.基于分形理论的北京市土地利用空间格局变化研究[J].系统工程理论与实践,2004,10：131-137.
[124]何丙回,徐霞,辜世贤.潼南县土地利用景观格局特征分析[J].水土保持研究,2005,12(5)：130-133.
[125]王娟,陈绍愿,林建平.汕头市土地利用空间格局的景观生态学分析[J].热带地理,2006,26(3)：223-228.
[126]盖新敏,彭彪,陈东立,魏招云.福建省古田翠屏湖森林景观格局研究[J].福建林学院学报,2008,28(2)：140-145.
[127]邬建国.景观生态学-格局、过程、尺度与等级[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2000.
[128]史培军,江源,王静爱等.土地利用/覆盖变化与生态安全响应机制[M].北京：科学出版社,2004.
[129]扬吾扬,梁进社.高等经济地理学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1997.
[130]吴启焰.城市空间结构研究的回顾与展望[J].地理学与国土研究,2001,17(2)：46-48.
[13l]朱翔.城市地理学[M].长沙：湖南教育出版社,2003.
[132]范瑛.试论城市空间结构的历史演变[J].天府新论：2001,3：78-80.
[133]朱晓华,蔡运龙.中国土地利用空间分形结构及其机制[J].地理科学,2005,25(6)：671-677.
[134]徐士珺.郑州市城市土地利用结构优化研究[D].四川农业大学,2007.
[135]侯伟.烟台市城市景观空间格局分析[D].山东师范大学,2002.
[136]夏敏.农地适宜性评价空间决策支持系统研究[D].南京农业大学,2007.
[137]曹月娥.基于GIS技术的县级土地利用总体规划研究[D].新疆大学,2010.
[138]曾钢,焦霄黎.信息熵与分形理论在城市土地利用结构合理性分析中的应用[J].学术研究,2007,4：7-8.
[139]乔美华.基于GIS的大同市土地利用景观格局研究[D].中国科学院,2005.
[140]匡文慧,张树文.长春市百年城市土地利用空间结构演变的信息熵与分形机制研究[J].中国科学院研究生学院学报,2007,24(1)：73-80.
[141]耿红,唐旭,马玲.基于信息熵的城市土地利用结构合理性分析[J].国土资源科技管理,2006,01：84-88.
[142]Shannon C and Weaver W.The mathematical theory of communication. Univ. Illinois Press, Urbana,1949.
[143]Forman, R. T. T. and M. Godron. Landscape Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.1986.
[144]Pickett, S. T. A. and M. L. Cadenasso. Land-scape ecology:spatial heterogeneity in ecological systems.Science,1995,269:331-334.
[145]Wu, J. and O. L. Loucks. From balance of nature to hierarchical patch dynamics:aparadigm shift in ecology.Q. Rev. Biol.,1995,70(4):439-466.
[146]Forman, R. T. T. Landscape Mosaics:The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.1995.
[147]Risser, P. G. et al. Landscape ecology:directions and approaches. Special Pub. No.2. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign.1984.
[148]Turner, M. G and R. H. Gardner(eds). Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology. Springer Verlag, New York.1991.
[149]Frohn, R. C. Remote Sensing for Landscape Ecology:New Metric Indicators for Monitoring,Modeling, and Assessment of Ecosystems. CRC Press,Boca Raton.1997.
[150]O'Neill, R. V. et al. AHierarchical Conceptof Ecosystems. Princeton University Press, Princeton.1986.
[151]Dramstad, W. E. et al. Landsape Ecology Principles in landscape Architecture and Land-Use Planning. Island Press, Washington, DC.1996.
[152]Watt, A. S. Pattern and process in the plant community.J. Ecol.,1947,35:1-22.
[153]Pickett, S. T. A. et al. Patch dynamics and the ecology of disturbed ground. In:L. R. Walker(ed.), Ecosystems of the World:Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground. Elsevier Science Publishers.1999.
[154]P A Barrough.Principles of Geographical Information System for land Resources Assessment.Oxfor:Clavendon Press,1986
[155]Henry T. The Spatial Data Transfer Standard. Cartotraph and Geographic Information System,1994;21(3)
[156]Ziarko,W(Ed).Rough Sets.Fuzzy Sets and Knowledge discovery. Spring-Verlag,1994
[157]Star J,Estes J.Georaphic Information System. Prentile Hall,1989.
[158]Mekeown D M. The Role of Artifieial Intelligence in the Integration of Remotely sensed Data with Geographic Information System.IEEE Transaction on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1987,GE-25(3).
[159]George K C.Management Information System.Perrocells books Inc,1985,NewYork.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |