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基于过程交互的复杂动态群体决策方法研究
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摘要
对于那些有关国计民生的重大决策问题,由于涉及到多方面的利益,需要兼顾到决策的公平性和民主性。为了避免个体判断的失误带来决策上的重大风险,通常都由决策相关各方指派的代表或委员会通过群体决策方式来完成。作为一种抉择的手段,群体决策可以兼顾多方面的利益,可以克服决策个体的知识经验、能力和信息等方面的不足,是处理重大定性定量决策问题的有力工具,其研究结果必将影响现代经济、管理组织等多个应用领域,有效促进决策过程科学化。
     现实生活中,对于那些复杂的重大决策问题,为了提高决策结果的准确性而减少决策失败的风险,需要经过多轮的决策交互过程,充分获取决策信息和决策知识。此时,就需要从决策过程交互的视角分析整个群体决策过程,如何对多个阶段的属性权重进行测度,必然成为今后复杂的多阶段多属性群体决策问题研究的新领域。目前对于过程交互式群体决策过程的复杂性、过程演化、交互冲突、交互协同以及过程交互式群体决策方法的研究相对较少,缺乏系统性。因此,深入研究这类复杂动态群体决策问题的理论与方法具有非常重要的意义。
     本文在系统分析了过程交互式群体决策的复杂性构成、复杂群体决策交互的跃迁与演化的基础上,详细研究了几类多阶段交互式动态群体决策模型,对群体决策交互过程的冲突与协调、柔性与协同等问题展开分析与探讨,并将以上研究成果应用与重大工程项目决策过程分析中。具体研究内容和创新点如下:
     (1)过程交互式群体决策复杂性分析。首先对复杂决策模式新范式进行阐述,分析群体决策交互过程的复杂性,总结出决策交互过程复杂性的构成包括横向过程交互复杂性和纵向过程交互复杂性等两个大类;然后基于复杂性科学理论,构建了复杂群体决策交互过程的复杂性横向旋进演化和纵向交互演化机制,并提出决策交互过程复杂性的控制策略。
     (2)复杂群体决策交互的跃迁与演化分析。首先基于涌现生成理论和元系统跃迁理论,对群体决策系统问题进行探讨,分析总结了系统思维下的复杂群体决策交互过程;然后详细讨论了复杂群体决策交互过程的涌现性,研究了群体决策交互系统的跃迁和演化机理,并以重大工程决策交互为例,分析和验证复杂群体决策交互的元系统跃迁问题。
     (3)多阶段交互式动态群体决策模型构建。首先对动态适应性决策、权变决策和渐进式决策等动态化决策理论进行梳理和分析,详细阐述了群体决策的过程交互特征,提出了交互式动态群体决策模型。分析了判断相似度相关理论,构建了基于决策共识度的多阶段动态专家权重群体决策方法。对信息熵和熵权相关理论进行分析,构建了基于熵权理论的多阶段动态属性权重群体决策方法。结合偏好距离理论,构建了基于偏好距离的多阶段判断矩阵交互群体决策方法。最后对一类区间数偏好形式的群体决策问题,构建了基于动态专家权重和动态属性权重的多阶段多属性群体决策方法,并以实例进行了分析和验证。
     (4)群体决策交互过程的冲突与协调分析。首先对冲突理论、冲突分析理论进行阐述与分析,探讨群体决策交互过程中的冲突问题,提出利益冲突模式下和认知冲突模式下的两类群体决策交互冲突过程;然后,针对不同类型的决策冲突问题,提出群体决策过程的认知冲突测度模型和利益冲突测度模型,并以实例进行分析与验证;最后结合冲突协调理论探讨了群体决策交互过程冲突的协调方法,提出群体决策的冲突协调框架。
     (5)群体决策交互过程的柔性与协同分析。首先对决策环和决策流的概念进行阐述,分析群体决策交互过程的融合问题,提出决策流下的复杂决策过程融合模型;然后结合柔性理论和决策柔性理论,详细分析了群体决策交互的柔性特征,提出群体决策过程柔性的STC三维度模型,并给出决策柔性测度的算例;最后基于协同理论探讨了协同决策的内涵,总结了决策过程交互协同的四种类型,研究了多层次群体决策交互问题的主从递阶协同优化模型,并提出群体决策过程的主从递阶协同优化模型框架。
In general, the implementation process of those major decision-making(DM) problem, related to national economy and people's livelihood, must consider two factors:fairness and democracy, because these problems are involved in various benefits. In order to avoid great risk of DM from the faults of individual judgment, the way of group decision-making(GDM) may be carried out. In the decision process, decision groups can be composed of delegates of stakeholder. For a means of DM, the mode of GDM can take account of various benefits, and overcome the shortages of individual judgment, such as knowledge, experience, ability and information. Thus, GDM method is a powerful tool to settle those major decision-making problems by qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results of these researches may have more influences in many application fields, and promote the scientific DM process.
     For those complex and major decision-making problems in real life, DM process may go through multiple stages of interaction to gain more information of DM. By this means, veracity of decision results can be enhanced and risks of decision failure can be reduced. And then, the whole GDM process should be analyzed from the insight of decision process interaction to discuss how to measure the weight of attributes in multiple stages in complex and multi-stage and multi-attribute GDM problems, which are new fields of GDM research. At present, the research achievement on many problems about process-interacted GDM is lesser and, such as complexity of decision process, evolutionary process, interactive conflict, interactive collaborative and DM methods. Thus, the in-depth research on the methods of complex and dynamic GDM problems is very meaningful.
     This dissertation mainly analyzes the constitutional complexity of process-interacted GDM, transition and evolution of GDM interaction process, and discusses several types of multi-stage and dynamic GDM mode. And then, some problems, existed in the interactive process of GDM, such as conflict, coordination, flexibility and cooperation, are discussed respectively. The results of research are applied for the analysis of major project decision-making process. The concrete research content and innovation points are stated as follows:
     (1)The analysis of complexity of process-interacted GDM. The new paradigm of complex DM mode is described in order to analyze the constitutional complexity of interactive process of GDM, which is composed of horizontal process complexity and vertical process complexity. Based on complexity scientific theory, the evolutionary mechanisms of horizontal spiral-combining propulsion and vertical interactive propulsion can be built to discuss the control strategies of interactive complexity of DM process.
     (2)The analysis of transition and evolution of interactive process of GDM. Based on emerging generative theory and meta-system transition theory, this dissertation discusses the problem of GDM in detail, and analyzes the interactive process of complex GDM under systemic view. And then, the emergent phenomena in interactive decision process is discusses in order to generalize the transition and evolution mechanism of group interactive DM. Furthermore, an example of major project decision-making interaction is analyzed to test the meta-system transition mechanism.
     (3)The construction of multi-stage, interactive and dynamic GDM model. This dissertation analyzes some dynamic DM methods such as dynamic adaptive decision, contingency decision and gradual decision, and states the process-interacted character of GDM, and presents four types of interactive and dynamic GDM model. Based on the analysis of judgment similarity method, this dissertation constructs a method of multi-stage GDM considered dynamic experts' weight by using the model of consensus degree of DM. After the theoretical analyzing for comentropy and entropy weight, a method of multi-stage GDM considered dynamic attributes' weight, based on entropy weight theory. Combined the method of preference distance, this dissertation constructs a way of multi-stage GDM considered the interaction of judgment matrix. And then, aimed at a class of interval-number GDM problem, this dissertation constructs a model of multi-stage and multi-attribute GDM, considered both dynamic experts' weight and dynamic attribute weight. These methods, mentioned above, have been proved to be effective by the analysis of examples.
     (4)The analysis of conflict and coordination for process-interacted GDM. After stating conflict theory and conflict analysis theory, this dissertation discusses the conflict problems in interactive GDM process, and sum up two types of interactive conflict of GDM under interest conflict mode and cognitive conflict mode. And then, two measure models of interest conflict and cognitive conflict in GDM process are presented to settle different type of decision conflict. Based on conflict coordination theory, this dissertation discusses the coordinating method for interactive conflict of GDM process, and proposes a conflict coordination framework of GDM.
     (5) The analysis of flexibility and collaborative for process-interacted GDM. This dissertation analyzes the problem of interaction process fusion of GDM, and proposes a fusion model of complex DM under decision flow theory. Based on decision flexibility theory, the flexible character of GDM interactive process may be analyzed, and a three-dimension model of GDM process flexibility. And then, this dissertation states a model framework of master-slave hierarchical collaborative optimization in GDM process.
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