优秀女子500m速度滑冰运动员速度节奏及专项力量肌肉用力特征研究
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摘要
研究目的：1）速度节奏是影响体能主导类竞速项目运动成绩的关键因素，且体能分配不合理已成为制约我国短距离速度滑冰快速发展的瓶颈。优秀运动员全程速度节奏特征是该项目的重要制胜因素，研究和把握该因素是提高运动成绩的快速途径。为充实我国女子短距离速度滑冰速度节奏训练理论，提高训练实践的科学性和实效性，促进项目的快速发展，研究了优秀女子500米速度滑冰全程速度节奏特征；2）专项力量的训练水平在很大程度上影响了短距离速度滑冰运动员的竞技能力，未抓住和把握速度滑冰专项力量的肌肉用力特征致使力量训练实践出现盲目和低效问题。为了提高力量训练的专项性、针对性和实效性以促进项目的快速发展，研究了我国女子短距离速度滑冰运动员的专项力量肌肉用力特征。
研究方法：通过数字滑冰场测试和国际滑联官方网站查询了短距离速度滑冰运动员的分段比赛数据，在数理统计和理论分析的基础上研究了优秀女子500m速度滑冰运动员全程速度节奏特征。运用ME6000肌电测试系统和高清摄像机Panasonic，同步采集我国优秀女子500m速度滑冰运动员冰上专项和陆地模仿下肢蹬冰过程的专项力量肌肉用力特征。原始肌电由ME6000自带软件MEGWIN分析处理，导出RMS、iEMG和均方根肌电图。RMS肌电幅值标准化和时间归一，以及肌电模型互相关和肌电模型图在matlab7.0中完成。肌肉做功百分比图和肌肉激活强度图在origin7.0中完成。研究结论：
1.优秀女子500m速度滑冰运动员全程速度节奏具有较强的规律性，其节奏特征是：外道滑行时，第一直段快速加速，第一弯道稳定增速，第二直段缓慢增速后维持高速滑行，第二弯道明显降速后维持速度滑行，第三直段调整后努力维持速度滑行；内道滑行时，前100米快速加速，112米分段降低加速节奏，第一弯道保持速度稳定增长；出第一弯道后速度增长放慢，然后在入第二弯道前匀速前进；第二弯道仍然保持较稳定的速度节奏，出第二弯道后适时降速缓冲，然后努力维持高速滑进。
2.在女子500m速度滑冰中，前100米成绩和最大速度能力是获取优异运动成绩的基础，加速节奏和维持高速滑跑能力对运动成绩有较大影响；合理控制入第一弯内道和第二弯内道速度，出第二弯道应适时主动缓冲，不宜强行加速。
3.我国优秀女子500m速度滑冰运动员支撑腿动作技术稳定，且肌肉用力特征相似：胫骨前肌和股前群肌是主要做功肌群，胫骨前肌的屈过程激活程度更大，而股前群肌是蹬伸过程的激活程度更大，胫骨前肌着冰前就处于持续发力状态，蹬冰时灭活，股前群肌着冰前出现预激活，离冰时灭活。构建的个体及集体肌电模型均具有较高参考借鉴价值。
4.陆地直道模仿与冰上直道支撑腿肌肉用力特征相似，该练习具有较高的专项力量训练价值，但在肌肉激活强度、屈伸时程比和胫骨前肌做功时程方面需改善；陆地弯道牵引与冰上弯道支撑腿肌肉用力特征存在一定差异，需在动作速度、外界负荷、支撑条件等方面加以改善，以进一步提高力量训练的专项性。
Purpose:1) Pacing strategy has great impaction on the performance of energy-orientedspeed programs,and the unreasonable distribution of energy has become the bottleneckto affect the rapid development of China 's short-distance speed skating. To a largeextent, the pacing of excellent Athlete reveals the rule to win,research and grasp thisrule is the rapid way to improve performance. In order to enrichment the pacingtraining theory, improve the scientific and effectiveness of the training practice, andpromote the rapid development of the project,this article studied the pacing of excellentwomen in500m speed skating;2) The level of special forces has great affection onathletic ability in short distance speed skating, lnot seize and grasp the muscle forcescharacteristics of the special strength cause blindly and inefficient in strength trainingpractice. In order to improve the special, targeted and effective in strength training,soas to promote the rapid development of the project,the article researched the muscleforces characteristics of special strength of China 's women's short distance speedskater.
Methods: Base on digital rink testing and ISU inquiring sub-game data, throughmathematical statistics and theoretical analysis, this article study the pacing of elitefemale speed skaters in500m. Use of ME6000and Panasonic camera synchronizationacquisition of elite female500m athletes lower limb muscle strength characteristics onice speciality and land imitation exercise.Raw iEMG processing by MEGAVIN,andexport RMS, iEMG and RMS emg. The RMS standardization and the time normalized,cross-correlation of EMG model and the EMG model diagram complete inmatlab7.0.The map of muscles working percentage and muscle activation intensitydone in Origin7.0.
Conclusion:
1. The pacing of elite500m skater is regularity, the outer can be summarized: fastacceleration in the first straight and stable growth in the first curve, slowly growth inthe second straight and then maintain high-speed,lost speed sharply in the secong curveand then maintain high-speed,adjustment in the third straight and then maintain thespeed;the inner can be summarized: fast acceleration in the first100meters andreduced acceleration pacing in112meters, maintain stable growth in the first curve andthen reduced acceleration pacing, keeping speed before the second curve, remainedrelatively stable pace in the second curve and deceleration after outing, and thenmaintain high-speed sliding.
2. The acceleration ability in the first100meters is the base of the excellentperformance in female500m speed skating, the ability to accelerate and maintain highspeed has great impaction on perfomace;the speed into the first and second inner curveshould be controlled reasonably,when outing the second curve should timely buffer,and should not to accelerate.
3.The supporting technology of Chinese female500m skater athletes is stable and thecharacteristics of muscle strength is similar: anterior tibial and quadriceps femoris isthe major working muscle groups, the activation level of tibialis anterior muscle isgreater in flexion;while the quadriceps femoris is in extension; tibialis anterior muscleis constantly in power before landing on ice and inactivate when pushing, quadriceps femoris is activate in advance before landing and inactivated when off ice. Theindividual and average model has high representative, can provide powerful referencefor the future strength training and technical evaluation.
4. The characteristic of muscle strength in supporting leg is similar between the straightspeciality and the land straight imitation,and it has high specific strength training value,but the level muscle activation, schedule between flexion and extension, and tibialisanterior muscle work schedules were need to be perfect;there are some differencebetween land curve imitation and curve speciality in supporting muscle strengthcharacteristics, in order to enhance the special of strength training, the action speed,external load and supporting conditions need to be improved.
研究方法：通过数字滑冰场测试和国际滑联官方网站查询了短距离速度滑冰运动员的分段比赛数据，在数理统计和理论分析的基础上研究了优秀女子500m速度滑冰运动员全程速度节奏特征。运用ME6000肌电测试系统和高清摄像机Panasonic，同步采集我国优秀女子500m速度滑冰运动员冰上专项和陆地模仿下肢蹬冰过程的专项力量肌肉用力特征。原始肌电由ME6000自带软件MEGWIN分析处理，导出RMS、iEMG和均方根肌电图。RMS肌电幅值标准化和时间归一，以及肌电模型互相关和肌电模型图在matlab7.0中完成。肌肉做功百分比图和肌肉激活强度图在origin7.0中完成。研究结论：
1.优秀女子500m速度滑冰运动员全程速度节奏具有较强的规律性，其节奏特征是：外道滑行时，第一直段快速加速，第一弯道稳定增速，第二直段缓慢增速后维持高速滑行，第二弯道明显降速后维持速度滑行，第三直段调整后努力维持速度滑行；内道滑行时，前100米快速加速，112米分段降低加速节奏，第一弯道保持速度稳定增长；出第一弯道后速度增长放慢，然后在入第二弯道前匀速前进；第二弯道仍然保持较稳定的速度节奏，出第二弯道后适时降速缓冲，然后努力维持高速滑进。
2.在女子500m速度滑冰中，前100米成绩和最大速度能力是获取优异运动成绩的基础，加速节奏和维持高速滑跑能力对运动成绩有较大影响；合理控制入第一弯内道和第二弯内道速度，出第二弯道应适时主动缓冲，不宜强行加速。
3.我国优秀女子500m速度滑冰运动员支撑腿动作技术稳定，且肌肉用力特征相似：胫骨前肌和股前群肌是主要做功肌群，胫骨前肌的屈过程激活程度更大，而股前群肌是蹬伸过程的激活程度更大，胫骨前肌着冰前就处于持续发力状态，蹬冰时灭活，股前群肌着冰前出现预激活，离冰时灭活。构建的个体及集体肌电模型均具有较高参考借鉴价值。
4.陆地直道模仿与冰上直道支撑腿肌肉用力特征相似，该练习具有较高的专项力量训练价值，但在肌肉激活强度、屈伸时程比和胫骨前肌做功时程方面需改善；陆地弯道牵引与冰上弯道支撑腿肌肉用力特征存在一定差异，需在动作速度、外界负荷、支撑条件等方面加以改善，以进一步提高力量训练的专项性。
Purpose:1) Pacing strategy has great impaction on the performance of energy-orientedspeed programs,and the unreasonable distribution of energy has become the bottleneckto affect the rapid development of China 's short-distance speed skating. To a largeextent, the pacing of excellent Athlete reveals the rule to win,research and grasp thisrule is the rapid way to improve performance. In order to enrichment the pacingtraining theory, improve the scientific and effectiveness of the training practice, andpromote the rapid development of the project,this article studied the pacing of excellentwomen in500m speed skating;2) The level of special forces has great affection onathletic ability in short distance speed skating, lnot seize and grasp the muscle forcescharacteristics of the special strength cause blindly and inefficient in strength trainingpractice. In order to improve the special, targeted and effective in strength training,soas to promote the rapid development of the project,the article researched the muscleforces characteristics of special strength of China 's women's short distance speedskater.
Methods: Base on digital rink testing and ISU inquiring sub-game data, throughmathematical statistics and theoretical analysis, this article study the pacing of elitefemale speed skaters in500m. Use of ME6000and Panasonic camera synchronizationacquisition of elite female500m athletes lower limb muscle strength characteristics onice speciality and land imitation exercise.Raw iEMG processing by MEGAVIN,andexport RMS, iEMG and RMS emg. The RMS standardization and the time normalized,cross-correlation of EMG model and the EMG model diagram complete inmatlab7.0.The map of muscles working percentage and muscle activation intensitydone in Origin7.0.
Conclusion:
1. The pacing of elite500m skater is regularity, the outer can be summarized: fastacceleration in the first straight and stable growth in the first curve, slowly growth inthe second straight and then maintain high-speed,lost speed sharply in the secong curveand then maintain high-speed,adjustment in the third straight and then maintain thespeed;the inner can be summarized: fast acceleration in the first100meters andreduced acceleration pacing in112meters, maintain stable growth in the first curve andthen reduced acceleration pacing, keeping speed before the second curve, remainedrelatively stable pace in the second curve and deceleration after outing, and thenmaintain high-speed sliding.
2. The acceleration ability in the first100meters is the base of the excellentperformance in female500m speed skating, the ability to accelerate and maintain highspeed has great impaction on perfomace;the speed into the first and second inner curveshould be controlled reasonably,when outing the second curve should timely buffer,and should not to accelerate.
3.The supporting technology of Chinese female500m skater athletes is stable and thecharacteristics of muscle strength is similar: anterior tibial and quadriceps femoris isthe major working muscle groups, the activation level of tibialis anterior muscle isgreater in flexion;while the quadriceps femoris is in extension; tibialis anterior muscleis constantly in power before landing on ice and inactivate when pushing, quadriceps femoris is activate in advance before landing and inactivated when off ice. Theindividual and average model has high representative, can provide powerful referencefor the future strength training and technical evaluation.
4. The characteristic of muscle strength in supporting leg is similar between the straightspeciality and the land straight imitation,and it has high specific strength training value,but the level muscle activation, schedule between flexion and extension, and tibialisanterior muscle work schedules were need to be perfect;there are some differencebetween land curve imitation and curve speciality in supporting muscle strengthcharacteristics, in order to enhance the special of strength training, the action speed,external load and supporting conditions need to be improved.
引文
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