咏春拳典型动作生物力学分析
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摘要
研究目的：
咏春拳技术体系庞杂、动作路线多变、技击含义多样，而且传统武术一向提倡“体悟”，讲究“功到自然成”，教学方法太过个性化，使得咏春拳教学难以呈现“标准”和“规范”，阻碍其传播与发展。本课题研究目的主要有两个：解析出咏春拳典型动作的生物力学特征，为制定动作规范提供科学依据；分析出咏春拳典型动作的劲力特征，为动作教学提供客观、有力的支撑。
研究方法：
运用测力台、VICON、EMG三机同步采集信号，从动力学、运动学、神经肌肉学对5名咏春拳男性教练日字冲拳的生物力学特征进行分析。以外，选取16名无武术格斗项目训练经验年龄在20±1的女大学生以中线冲拳和前冲拳两种不同动作分别从腰间出拳和肘关节150°出拳击打中国功夫测力工程人，取胸骨柄和心脏处加速度传感器所获得数据进行比较，研究咏春拳典型动作的技击效果。
研究结果：
（1）典型动作日字冲拳过程的实验研究：受试者拳速峰值最高达到6m/s的一人，超过5.5m/s的三人。拳速陡然增大出现大致在整个动作时间的65%，达到拳速峰值约为日字冲拳动作时间85%，随后拳速突然下降，直至结束时拳速降至为零。冲拳侧膝关节具有“先曲后伸”的现象，但膝关节角度变化的范围在10°之内，是一个很小的“抖动”动作。肩髋转动角，也有称之为“躯干转动角”。受试者中马X的肩髋转动角度变化最大，然后依次为杰X、曾XX、王X，变化最小的吴XX。两肩点位移变化呈现时间同步、方向相反的特征。日字冲拳肘关节角度最为明显，5人的肘关节角度变化趋势大体相似，约在冲拳环节70%至80%降至最小度数，随即快速升至为180°。5位受试者在做冲拳时垂直向下的蹬地力变化都不大，呈现小幅度波动状，较为符合“弹动式”发力的特征。实验发现，上肢远端肌肉先激活，近端肌肉随后激活，体现出咏春拳“稍节领劲”发力特点。（2）咏春拳典型日字冲拳击打效果研究：在常规距离下二字钳羊马中线冲拳（日字冲拳）和向肩膀正前方冲拳击打中国功夫测试工程人心口处撞击力造成的胸骨柄和心脏处加速度峰值都没有统计学意义上的差异。在肘关节150°预备情况下二字钳羊马姿势中线冲拳明显比向肩膀正前方冲拳大且差异具有高度统计学意义（显著水平p<0.001），但心脏处加速度峰值没有明显差异。
研究结论：
（1）本次对日字冲拳运动学分析发现：第一，下肢并非不动，膝关节有微小的蹬伸动作。第二，肩髋转动角度变化不大，两肩有对拉动作，只是幅度很小，肉眼难以观察。第三，虽然动作幅度小，但仍符合自下而上的顺序：下肢膝关节先蹬伸为“引”，腰髋随之小幅拧转是“顺”，两肩稍对拉成“送”，最后肘关节迅速伸直是“发”。（2）日字冲拳髋关节水平转动有转动圆心在髋关节中点和偏向对侧髋点两种方式。同样大小的转动力后一种转动方式产生的转动力矩更大，更有利于冲拳发力，而这种转动方式有助于理解“咏春快拳”的实质，对传统武术整体劲和寸劲的理论分析与实验验证具有重要意义。（3）测试获得日字冲拳拳速峰值比前人所测拳击的要低，日字冲拳给人“迅猛”的印象可能与连续日字冲拳路线短，在相同时间中完成冲拳次数较多有关，属于典型的“以空间换时间”现象。（4）日字冲拳下肢垂直向下蹬伸力值变化很小，呈“弹动式”发力；向两侧的蹬伸力值小，是二字钳羊马平衡与转变步型的诀窍；没有明显的向后蹬伸力，有利于在冲拳末期保持身体平衡和变化动作。（5）日字冲拳神经肌电特征：上肢远端肌肉最先激活，体现传统武术理论中的“稍节领劲”的发力特点；冲拳过程上肢对侧肌肉适度参与协调，也为咏春拳高级阶段左右分别进行不同动作打好基础；冲拳末期（即肘关节接近伸直）身体下肢、躯干、上肢多处肌肉共激活，通过增大击打目标瞬间传递给对方的有效质量来提高击打效果。（6）本次实验证明二字钳羊马姿势腰间出拳向中线冲拳（日字冲拳）与向肩膀正前方冲拳（与日字冲拳相似，路线稍有不同）击打工程假人效果没有差异，肘关节150°出拳向中线冲拳撞击瞬间造成工程假人受击部位（胸骨柄）加速度明显比肘关节150°出拳前冲拳的大，但工程人心脏处加速度两者没有明显差异，说明在极短距离内出拳击打对方中线具有优势。
Research Purpose
The numerous Wing Chun technical system, ever changing action route anddiverse meanings of martial arts, couple with the fact that the traditional Wu Shu hasalways advocate the ‘awareness’ and ‘everything takes its natural way’, as well as theteaching method is too personified, make it difficult for teaching of Wing Chunbecomes ‘standard’ and ‘normal’, and therefore hindering its spread and development.There are two major research purposes: dissecting the biomechanical characteristicsof typical Wing Chun actions, and providing scientific basis for the formulation ofstandard action; analyzing the strength characteristics of typical Wing Chun action, inorder to provide an objective, and powerful support for teaching.Research Methods:
By using force measurement machine, VICON compressors, EMGsynchronously to collect signal, this paper makes an analysis of biomechanicalcharacteristics of five Wing Chun male coaches Rizi punching from the perspective ofdynamics, kinematics and neuromuscular. Besides,16martial arts-inexperiencedfemale university students between20±1years old are selected, with boxing from thecenter line and pediment, they are required to strike the Chinese martial artsdynamometer engineering people from the waist punches and elbow150°punches.Then the data gained at the acceleration sensor of sterna and heart is compared tostudy the typical Wing Chun striking effect.
Research Findings
(1) Experimental study on the typical action Rizi punching process: one subjectreaching the punching speed up to6m/s, and three more than5.5m/s. the boxingspeed increasing suddenly accounts for65%of the time, roughly85%of the timespending for Rizi punching to reach the maximum speed, and then the punching speedsees a sudden drop, until zero at the end of the boxing. Punch ipsilateral knee jointpresent a phenomenon " first flex and then extension", but with the knee joint angleschanging range within10°, which is a very small" jitter" action. As to the Shoulderand hip rotation angle, which is also called the "torso rotation angle", shoulder and hiprotation angle change of subjects Ma is the biggest, followed by Jay, Zeng, Wang,with the minimal changes in Wu. Two shoulder point displacement variation show thecharacteristic of time synchronization, and direction opposite. The elbow joint anglein Rizi punching most obvious, with the change tendency of the5subjects more orless the same, approximately70%to80%in the punch process. Even when reduced tothe minimum degree, it then quickly rose to180°. The vertically downward pedalingfertility of5subjects in punch only slightly changed, appearing small fluctuations inshape, which is quite in line with the force characteristics of the "bouncing type". TheExperiment discovered that distal upper limb muscles was activate first, and with the proximal muscle activated subsequently, reflecting "slightly Festival brought vigor",which is known as the force characteristics of Wing Chun. The research on thestriking effect of Wing Chun typical Rizi punching: in the conventional distance, thereis no statistic difference between the maximum acceleration of manubrium and heartcaused by hitting the Chinese Kung Fu test engineering people’s heart with Erzi Qianstance midline punch (Rizi punching) and to punch right in front of shoulder. But Inthe preparatory of150°of the elbow joint, Erzi Qian stance midline punch isobviously longer than that of right front of shoulder, and of high statisticsignificance(with the prominent level p<0.001), but the acceleration maximum ofheart did not differ significantly.
Research Conclusion:
(1) Through the analysis on Rizi punching kinematic, we find that: first, thelower limb is not fixed, and there is a slight pedaling action at the knee joint.Second, the shoulder and hip rotation angle changes little, the two shoulders show amutual pulling, but it is so slightly and the naked eye is difficult to observe. Third,despite the small range of motion, it is still in line with bottom-up order: lowerextremity knee kicking first as the "lead", waist and hip twisting slightly along with itshows "smooth", the shoulders slightly pulling constitute the "sending " and finallyelbow joint quickly straightening out presents "rapidly".(2) During the Rizi punching,hip horizontal rotation presents in the ways of rotation center in hip midpoint and biasof contra lateral hip point. With the same rotation force, the rotational torquegenerated by the later rotating mode is greater, and more convenient to punch.Besides, this rotating mode can help better understand "fast Wing Chun" essence, andis of important significance to the theoretical analysis and experimental verificationon the overall and specific strength of traditional Wushu.(3) The maximum punchspeed measured by this text is lower than it is done by the predecessor, the "rapid andpowerful" impression of punch may be associated with short route of continuouspunch, and many times of it completed at the same period of time, which belongs totypical "trading space for time" phenomenon.(4) In the course of punch, the lowerlimb downward vertically and pedaling force value changes little, presenting a"bouncing type" force; is smallness of pedal force toward the sides is the knack ofErzi Qian stance balance and transformation of step type; without the obviousbackward pedaling force, it is beneficial in keeping body balance and movementshifting in the end of punch.(5) The nerve electromyography characteristics ofpunch: distal upper extremity muscle was first activated, embodying the forcecharacteristics of traditional martial art theory "slight separation brought strength";the moderate involvement and coordination of contra lateral muscles spurred by theupper limb during the punch process also lay a good foundation to the differentactions made from the left and right respectively in the senior stage of Wing Chun; inthe last punch stage (i.e., elbow close to extension) many muscles in lower limb,trunk, upper limb of body were activated simultaneously, and by expanding the hittarget and instantly delivering the effective quality to the opposite, the hitting effect is improved.(6) This experiment proves that there is no difference between the effectsof punching from the waist in the Erzi Qian stance posture whether hitting toward thecentral line or hitting toward the right front of the shoulder (similar to Rizi punching,though slightly different in route) when hitting the engineering people. Theacceleration of the hit part (the sternal manubrium) of the engineering dummy isbigger when the elbow joint punches at150°toward the midline than it does towardthe front, but the acceleration in the heart place does not show any obvious difference,which demonstrates that it is advantageous to punch the midline of the opponent in ashort distance.
咏春拳技术体系庞杂、动作路线多变、技击含义多样，而且传统武术一向提倡“体悟”，讲究“功到自然成”，教学方法太过个性化，使得咏春拳教学难以呈现“标准”和“规范”，阻碍其传播与发展。本课题研究目的主要有两个：解析出咏春拳典型动作的生物力学特征，为制定动作规范提供科学依据；分析出咏春拳典型动作的劲力特征，为动作教学提供客观、有力的支撑。
研究方法：
运用测力台、VICON、EMG三机同步采集信号，从动力学、运动学、神经肌肉学对5名咏春拳男性教练日字冲拳的生物力学特征进行分析。以外，选取16名无武术格斗项目训练经验年龄在20±1的女大学生以中线冲拳和前冲拳两种不同动作分别从腰间出拳和肘关节150°出拳击打中国功夫测力工程人，取胸骨柄和心脏处加速度传感器所获得数据进行比较，研究咏春拳典型动作的技击效果。
研究结果：
（1）典型动作日字冲拳过程的实验研究：受试者拳速峰值最高达到6m/s的一人，超过5.5m/s的三人。拳速陡然增大出现大致在整个动作时间的65%，达到拳速峰值约为日字冲拳动作时间85%，随后拳速突然下降，直至结束时拳速降至为零。冲拳侧膝关节具有“先曲后伸”的现象，但膝关节角度变化的范围在10°之内，是一个很小的“抖动”动作。肩髋转动角，也有称之为“躯干转动角”。受试者中马X的肩髋转动角度变化最大，然后依次为杰X、曾XX、王X，变化最小的吴XX。两肩点位移变化呈现时间同步、方向相反的特征。日字冲拳肘关节角度最为明显，5人的肘关节角度变化趋势大体相似，约在冲拳环节70%至80%降至最小度数，随即快速升至为180°。5位受试者在做冲拳时垂直向下的蹬地力变化都不大，呈现小幅度波动状，较为符合“弹动式”发力的特征。实验发现，上肢远端肌肉先激活，近端肌肉随后激活，体现出咏春拳“稍节领劲”发力特点。（2）咏春拳典型日字冲拳击打效果研究：在常规距离下二字钳羊马中线冲拳（日字冲拳）和向肩膀正前方冲拳击打中国功夫测试工程人心口处撞击力造成的胸骨柄和心脏处加速度峰值都没有统计学意义上的差异。在肘关节150°预备情况下二字钳羊马姿势中线冲拳明显比向肩膀正前方冲拳大且差异具有高度统计学意义（显著水平p<0.001），但心脏处加速度峰值没有明显差异。
研究结论：
（1）本次对日字冲拳运动学分析发现：第一，下肢并非不动，膝关节有微小的蹬伸动作。第二，肩髋转动角度变化不大，两肩有对拉动作，只是幅度很小，肉眼难以观察。第三，虽然动作幅度小，但仍符合自下而上的顺序：下肢膝关节先蹬伸为“引”，腰髋随之小幅拧转是“顺”，两肩稍对拉成“送”，最后肘关节迅速伸直是“发”。（2）日字冲拳髋关节水平转动有转动圆心在髋关节中点和偏向对侧髋点两种方式。同样大小的转动力后一种转动方式产生的转动力矩更大，更有利于冲拳发力，而这种转动方式有助于理解“咏春快拳”的实质，对传统武术整体劲和寸劲的理论分析与实验验证具有重要意义。（3）测试获得日字冲拳拳速峰值比前人所测拳击的要低，日字冲拳给人“迅猛”的印象可能与连续日字冲拳路线短，在相同时间中完成冲拳次数较多有关，属于典型的“以空间换时间”现象。（4）日字冲拳下肢垂直向下蹬伸力值变化很小，呈“弹动式”发力；向两侧的蹬伸力值小，是二字钳羊马平衡与转变步型的诀窍；没有明显的向后蹬伸力，有利于在冲拳末期保持身体平衡和变化动作。（5）日字冲拳神经肌电特征：上肢远端肌肉最先激活，体现传统武术理论中的“稍节领劲”的发力特点；冲拳过程上肢对侧肌肉适度参与协调，也为咏春拳高级阶段左右分别进行不同动作打好基础；冲拳末期（即肘关节接近伸直）身体下肢、躯干、上肢多处肌肉共激活，通过增大击打目标瞬间传递给对方的有效质量来提高击打效果。（6）本次实验证明二字钳羊马姿势腰间出拳向中线冲拳（日字冲拳）与向肩膀正前方冲拳（与日字冲拳相似，路线稍有不同）击打工程假人效果没有差异，肘关节150°出拳向中线冲拳撞击瞬间造成工程假人受击部位（胸骨柄）加速度明显比肘关节150°出拳前冲拳的大，但工程人心脏处加速度两者没有明显差异，说明在极短距离内出拳击打对方中线具有优势。
Research Purpose
The numerous Wing Chun technical system, ever changing action route anddiverse meanings of martial arts, couple with the fact that the traditional Wu Shu hasalways advocate the ‘awareness’ and ‘everything takes its natural way’, as well as theteaching method is too personified, make it difficult for teaching of Wing Chunbecomes ‘standard’ and ‘normal’, and therefore hindering its spread and development.There are two major research purposes: dissecting the biomechanical characteristicsof typical Wing Chun actions, and providing scientific basis for the formulation ofstandard action; analyzing the strength characteristics of typical Wing Chun action, inorder to provide an objective, and powerful support for teaching.Research Methods:
By using force measurement machine, VICON compressors, EMGsynchronously to collect signal, this paper makes an analysis of biomechanicalcharacteristics of five Wing Chun male coaches Rizi punching from the perspective ofdynamics, kinematics and neuromuscular. Besides,16martial arts-inexperiencedfemale university students between20±1years old are selected, with boxing from thecenter line and pediment, they are required to strike the Chinese martial artsdynamometer engineering people from the waist punches and elbow150°punches.Then the data gained at the acceleration sensor of sterna and heart is compared tostudy the typical Wing Chun striking effect.
Research Findings
(1) Experimental study on the typical action Rizi punching process: one subjectreaching the punching speed up to6m/s, and three more than5.5m/s. the boxingspeed increasing suddenly accounts for65%of the time, roughly85%of the timespending for Rizi punching to reach the maximum speed, and then the punching speedsees a sudden drop, until zero at the end of the boxing. Punch ipsilateral knee jointpresent a phenomenon " first flex and then extension", but with the knee joint angleschanging range within10°, which is a very small" jitter" action. As to the Shoulderand hip rotation angle, which is also called the "torso rotation angle", shoulder and hiprotation angle change of subjects Ma is the biggest, followed by Jay, Zeng, Wang,with the minimal changes in Wu. Two shoulder point displacement variation show thecharacteristic of time synchronization, and direction opposite. The elbow joint anglein Rizi punching most obvious, with the change tendency of the5subjects more orless the same, approximately70%to80%in the punch process. Even when reduced tothe minimum degree, it then quickly rose to180°. The vertically downward pedalingfertility of5subjects in punch only slightly changed, appearing small fluctuations inshape, which is quite in line with the force characteristics of the "bouncing type". TheExperiment discovered that distal upper limb muscles was activate first, and with the proximal muscle activated subsequently, reflecting "slightly Festival brought vigor",which is known as the force characteristics of Wing Chun. The research on thestriking effect of Wing Chun typical Rizi punching: in the conventional distance, thereis no statistic difference between the maximum acceleration of manubrium and heartcaused by hitting the Chinese Kung Fu test engineering people’s heart with Erzi Qianstance midline punch (Rizi punching) and to punch right in front of shoulder. But Inthe preparatory of150°of the elbow joint, Erzi Qian stance midline punch isobviously longer than that of right front of shoulder, and of high statisticsignificance(with the prominent level p<0.001), but the acceleration maximum ofheart did not differ significantly.
Research Conclusion:
(1) Through the analysis on Rizi punching kinematic, we find that: first, thelower limb is not fixed, and there is a slight pedaling action at the knee joint.Second, the shoulder and hip rotation angle changes little, the two shoulders show amutual pulling, but it is so slightly and the naked eye is difficult to observe. Third,despite the small range of motion, it is still in line with bottom-up order: lowerextremity knee kicking first as the "lead", waist and hip twisting slightly along with itshows "smooth", the shoulders slightly pulling constitute the "sending " and finallyelbow joint quickly straightening out presents "rapidly".(2) During the Rizi punching,hip horizontal rotation presents in the ways of rotation center in hip midpoint and biasof contra lateral hip point. With the same rotation force, the rotational torquegenerated by the later rotating mode is greater, and more convenient to punch.Besides, this rotating mode can help better understand "fast Wing Chun" essence, andis of important significance to the theoretical analysis and experimental verificationon the overall and specific strength of traditional Wushu.(3) The maximum punchspeed measured by this text is lower than it is done by the predecessor, the "rapid andpowerful" impression of punch may be associated with short route of continuouspunch, and many times of it completed at the same period of time, which belongs totypical "trading space for time" phenomenon.(4) In the course of punch, the lowerlimb downward vertically and pedaling force value changes little, presenting a"bouncing type" force; is smallness of pedal force toward the sides is the knack ofErzi Qian stance balance and transformation of step type; without the obviousbackward pedaling force, it is beneficial in keeping body balance and movementshifting in the end of punch.(5) The nerve electromyography characteristics ofpunch: distal upper extremity muscle was first activated, embodying the forcecharacteristics of traditional martial art theory "slight separation brought strength";the moderate involvement and coordination of contra lateral muscles spurred by theupper limb during the punch process also lay a good foundation to the differentactions made from the left and right respectively in the senior stage of Wing Chun; inthe last punch stage (i.e., elbow close to extension) many muscles in lower limb,trunk, upper limb of body were activated simultaneously, and by expanding the hittarget and instantly delivering the effective quality to the opposite, the hitting effect is improved.(6) This experiment proves that there is no difference between the effectsof punching from the waist in the Erzi Qian stance posture whether hitting toward thecentral line or hitting toward the right front of the shoulder (similar to Rizi punching,though slightly different in route) when hitting the engineering people. Theacceleration of the hit part (the sternal manubrium) of the engineering dummy isbigger when the elbow joint punches at150°toward the midline than it does towardthe front, but the acceleration in the heart place does not show any obvious difference,which demonstrates that it is advantageous to punch the midline of the opponent in ashort distance.
引文
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