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畲族聚居区居民生命质量与传统体育健身行为的特征及关系
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摘要
人类社会发展的最终目标就是要实现人的全面发展,即充分满足人的物质和精神文化的需要,改善生活水平,保护人的生命、健康、尊严等价值,促进人生命质量的提高。而按照世界卫生组织的定义,生命质量是指:“不同文化和价值体系中的个体对与他们的目标、期望、标准以及所关心的事情有关的生存状况的体验”。因此,生命质量不仅包括维持生命、保持躯体的健康完好,而且强调生活的多彩、与社会的和谐,以及自身价值的实现和对社会的作用。其中,维持生命、保持躯体的完好,即保持健康,是实现人自身价值,人与社会和谐互动的基础,因而关注健康,提高人的生命质量是实现人全面发展,以及推动现代社会发展的根本动力。
     中国是一个多民族国家,少数民族人口众多,然而,由于少数民族发展历史的原因,以及当今中国社会与经济发展失衡造成少数民族聚居区医疗资源稀缺,医疗保障制度不健全,经济收入过低等问题导致聚居区居民的健康滑坡,“看病难”,“看病贵”问题极为突出。因此,关注少数民族地区居民的健康问题、改善生存条件,促进健康水平,降低少数民族地区群众医疗支出,提高生活质量,维护民族地区社会和谐的发展具有重要意义。
     体育是促进人体健康,丰富娱乐生活的重要手段,也是人类健康文明生活的重要标志。随着体育多元化功能的发展,其内涵也不断得以丰富,成为我们现实生活中不可缺少的重要内容和改善生命质量的重要手段。同样,少数民族传统体育作为体育运动的重要组成部分,来源于少数民族群众的生产劳动、民族抗侵、宗教礼仪等社会活动,是娱乐民族生活、维护民族健康的重要手段,在促进广大少数民族聚居地区居民身心健康、生命质量和社会发展等方面也着其特殊的重要价值。因此,在当前我国社会主义新农村建设和实施农民体育健身工程的有利环境下,因地适宜,在少数民族聚居地区开展民族传统体育健身活动,不但有利于有利于增强少数民族群众的健康,减少医疗支出,促进生命质量提高,而且还可以拓展少数民族传统体育群众基础,保护民族传统体育项目不致流失。
     为此,本研究选择“生命质量理论”为视角,以七个畲族聚居乡镇1450名居民为调查对象,运用文献资料法、问卷调查法、量表法、实验法以及数理统计等方法,观察在当前少数民族聚居地区社会经济与生命质量发展失衡,政府积极推进社会主义和谐社会建设的背景下,畲族聚居区居民生命质量和体育健身行为的基本特征;分析畲族聚居区居民生命质量与体育健身行为之间的关系;探讨我国少数民族地区居民传统体育健身活动促进居民身体健康,减少医疗费用、提升生命质量,以及维护民族地区社会和谐发展的影响作用,以期为政府制订少数民族聚居地区公共服务政策及健康促进策略提供参考依据,同时也希望能够唤醒少数民族群众参与体育健身锻炼的意识,尤其是能够认识到参与传统体育健身能够促进健康、减少医疗费用,提高生命质量的价值。
     本文由导论、正文、结论和附录等内容组成,其中正文部分主要由“畲族聚居区居民生命质量的综合特征”、畲族聚居居民传统体育健身行为的综合特征、“畲族聚居区居民生命质量和传统体育健身行为的关系”和“少数民族传统体育与生命质量及社会发展”等章节组成,主要研究结果有:
     (1)七个畲族聚居乡镇1450名居民(20岁以上)生命质量得分在生理功能(PF)、生理职能(RP)、躯体疼痛(BP)和社会功能(SF)4个维度得分低于四川城乡居民生命质量的参评值,而在总体健康(GH)、活力(VT)、情感职能(RE)、精神健康(MH)维度得分上略高于参评值。另外,在对634名畲族居民生命质量与聚居区居民总体生命质量的比较中发现,畲族居民生理功能(PF)、生理职能(RP)、躯体疼痛(BP)和总体健康(GH)四个维度得分均低于聚居区1450名居民生命质量平均得分,其中,生理职能(RP)、躯体疼痛(BP)维度得分与聚居民居民平均得分差异有显著或非常显著性。但是,畲族居民在活力(VT)、社会功能(SF)、情感职能(RE)和精神健康(MH)维度得分要高于聚居地区居民生命质量平均得分,且在活力(VT)、社会功能(SF)差异有显著性意义。
     (2)不同年龄、性别、文化程度、收入、疾病和健康行为(体育锻炼)对畲族聚居区居民生命质量八个维度的得分均有不同程度的影响,且在一些维度得分差异上有显著或非常显著性的意义。总体来看,畲族聚居区老年居民、女性居民、低收入群众、慢性病患病人群以及缺乏健康行为(如体育锻炼)人群生命质量较低。
     (3)畲族聚居区1450名居民中,无健身行为居民有1165人,占所有对象的80.3%,其中尚处于无意识阶段558人,为所有研究对象的38.5%;已经实施健身行为居民总人数为285人,约占所有调查对象的19.7%,其中122人(8.4%)处于行为保持阶段,实施具体健身行为达到6个月以上。此外,本研究调查的634名畲族居民中有体育健身行为畲族居民为91人,其中行动阶段52人,行动保持阶段39人,所占比例仅为8.2%和6.2%,而且本研究还发现,畲族老年居民、女性居民、低收入人群、患慢性病人群及农民更是缺乏体育锻炼,处于体育健身行为无意识阶段人群比例较高,这部分居民恰好也是生命质量得分较低的人群。可见,畲族聚居地区居民缺乏体育健身锻炼意识,锻炼参与率较低。
     (4)畲族居民在长期的社会、文化和教育发展过程中,创造了许多本民族特有的传统体育项目,它具有原始性、民族性、山地性和节庆性的特点,而且有强身健体、丰富生活、传承民族文化、凝聚民族情感和促进地方经济等价值,在畲族聚居地区有关广泛的群众基础,本研究调查的134名居民中,就有不同性别、年龄、文化程度程度、职业和民族的居民参加,说明畲族传统体育如同其它体育形式一样,具有广泛的可参与性,适合各类人群参与锻炼。但是,遗憾的是43.7%参与畲族传统体育健身锻炼的居民仅仅把畲族传统体育当作为可以为其带来经济收入的途径或者出于增加经济收入的目的而参与锻炼、训练或表演,并没有认识到传统体育锻炼增进身体健康、丰富生活的价值。
     (5)不同体育健身行为阶段对畲族聚居区居民生命质量八个维度得分有着不同程度的影响,无意识阶段随着体育健身行为阶段的转变,畲族聚居区居民生命质量各维度得分均有提高趋势,部分维度得分差异有显著性意义。而且,在体育健身行为阶段第一阶段转变(无意识到有意识阶段)和第四阶段转变(行动和行动保持阶段)过程中,生命质量多个维度得分显著提高。此外,研究也发现,不同畲族传统体育健身行为阶段对生命质量各维度得分也有显著提升生命质量的作用,经过三个月畲族传统体育锻炼的6名畲族患高血压老年居民的血压水平比实验前、对照组,血压水平明显降低,而且用于购买降压药物的费用也有所减少,生命质量生理职能、情感职能等维度得分显著提高。
     (6)少数民族传统体育(包括畲族传统体育)作为体育运动的重要组成部分,在促进广大少数民族聚居地区居民身心健康,减少医疗费用,提升和保持生命质量,以及维护少数民族地区社会的和谐、稳定、发展等方面有着重要的价值。
     因此,本研究建议民族地区各级政府应当转变的社会发展观念,重视经济发展与民族地区的医疗、教育及文化体育等民生问题的协调发展;有针对性地制订少数民族聚居地区居民健康促进政策或策略,重点解决少数民族群众,尤其是常年患病居民、老年居民、农民及低收入居民的健康问题,促进其生命质量的提升,以维护民族地区家庭、社会的和谐与稳定;建议体育行政部门将少数民族传统体育纳入全民健身计划,在新农村建设和农民健身工程中,扶持民族传统体育,因地制宜,建设民族传统体育健身路径,开展民族传统健身能够促进身体健康、减少医疗费用等价值教育,以壮大民族传统体育健身人群。
The ultimate goal of development of human society is to realize the all-arounddevelopment of the people, namely the full satisfying the people's material andcultural needs and better living standards, protecting the life, health, dignity and value,and promoting the improvement of the quality of life. And according to the worldhealth organization, the definition of the quality of life is to point to:"different cultureand value systems of the individual with their goals, expectations, standards andconcerns about the survival conditions of experience". Therefore, the quality of lifenot only maintain life, keep good health of body, and emphasize the spice of life, andsocial harmony, and their own value realization and the role of society. Among them,maintain life, keep body in good condition, namely to keep healthy, is to realizepeople their own values, man and society harmonious interaction foundation, thus thefocus on health, improve the quality of life of people is to realize the all-rounddevelopment of people, and promote the development of modern society basic power.
     China is a multi-ethnic country, the large minority population, however, due tothe development of minority historical reason, and in China's social and economicdevelopment imbalance, the ghettoes of medical resources are scarce, the medicalsecurity system is not perfect, the economy too low income community problems maylead to the health of the residents of the landslide,"the difficulty of getting medicalcare "," high expensive of getting medical care " problem is very outstanding.Therefore, pay attention to the health of the residents in national minority areas,improve the living conditions, to promote health level, reduce the minority people inareas of medical expenses, improve the quality of life, safeguard social harmoniousdevelopment in national regions is of great significance.
     Sports is to promote human body health, rich entertainment living importantmethod, also is the human health of civilized life important symbol. Along with thedevelopment of the sports diversified functions, its connotation is rich was constantly,we become the real life indispensable important content and improve the quality oflife of the important means. Also, a traditional minority national sports as animportant part of the sport, comes from minority nationalities of production, nationalresistance to invade, religious rituals and other social activities, is life, safeguardnational entertainment national health the important means to promote the ethnicminorities live in physical and mental health, life quality residents and socialdevelopment and the important value of its special. Therefore, in the present societyof our country socialism new rural construction and implementation of the sportsfitness project a favorable environment, because is appropriate, in the ethnicminorities areas to develop the national tradition sports fitness activities, not onlybenefit to the minority nationalities to strengthen health, and to reduce medicalspending, promote the improvement of life quality, but also can expand the traditionalminority national sports mass base, protecting national traditional sports from erosion.
     Therefore, this study choice "life quality theory" as the Angle of view, withseven inhabited the She-nationality township1450residents for investigation objectby using the literature data method, questionnaire survey method, scale method,experimental method and mathematical statistics method, observed in the currentminority ethnic groups in economic and social development of the quality of life ofimbalance, the government actively promote the construction of socialist harmonioussociety background, minority communities and the quality of life of people the basiccharacteristics of the sports fitness behavior; Minority community residents lifequality analysis and physical exercise behavior relationship; Discussion of China'sethnic minority areas residents traditional sports activities to promote residentshealthy body, reduce the cost, improve the quality of life of medical treatment, as wellas maintenance national regions the effect of the harmonious development of thesociety, so as to make the government ethnic minorities live in public service policyand health promotion strategies provide a reference basis, also hope to awakenminority nationalities to take part in physical exercise the consciousness of theexercise, especially to know to participate in the traditional sports fitness can promotehealth, reduce the medical expenses, improving the quality of life of value.
     This paper mainly have introduction, text, conclusions and the supplements ofcontent, including text consists of four parts, the main research results:
     (1) Seven inhabited the She-nationality township1450residents (more than20years old) life quality score in the physiological function (PF), physiological functions(RP), and physical pain (BP) and social function (SF) four dimension scores belowthe urban and rural residents in Sichuan province prize of quality of life value, and thedifference is significant, and in general health (GH), energy (VT), emotional functions(RE), mental health (MH) dimension scores slightly higher than the value of the prize,difference also has significance. In addition, to634residents in the she life qualityand community residents in the comparison of the overall quality of life, found thatresidents of the she physiological function (PF), physiological functions (RP), andphysical pain (BP) and general health (GH) four dimension scores were lower thanthat of the1450residents ghetto life quality scoring average, among them, thephysiological function (RP), and physical pain (BP) dimension scores and gatherresidents have significant or residents scored an average of very significant difference.But, in the She-nationality residents energy (VT), social function (SF), emotionalfunctions (RE) and mental health (MH) dimension scores higher than residents live inlife quality scoring average, and in energy (VT), social function (SF) have significantdifferences.
     (2)Different age, gender, education, income, disease and health behavior (sports)file ghetto life quality residents eight dimension of scoring all has the influence ofdifferent level, and in some dimension scores have significant differences or verysignificant differences. In general, the elderly residents, the She-nationality ghettofemale residents, low-income people, chronic illnesses and the lack of a crowd healthbehavior (such as physical exercise) people life quality is low.
     (3) The She-nationality ghetto1450residents, no fitness behavior residents is1165, accounting for80.3%of all objects, which is still in the unconscious stage558, to all the research object of38.5%; Already implemented fitness behavior residentstotal number of285people, accounts for about19.7%of all respondents, of which122(8.4%) in behavior keep stage, implement specific fitness behavior reach sixmonths or more. In addition, this research survey of634residents in theShe-nationality sports fitness behavior for91people she residents, including actionstage52, action keep stage39people, only8.2%and6.2%, and the study also foundthat elderly residents, the She-nationality female residents, low-income people,chronic disease groups and farmers is lack of physical exercise, physical exercisebehavior in the proportion of the unconscious stage higher, this part of the residentsare also lives just quality score lower the crowd. Visible, the She-nationality minoritygroups of areas inhabited in the lack of sports fitness exercise consciousness, exercisethe participation rate is low.
     (4) The She-nationality in the long-term residents social, cultural and educationdevelopment process, create a lot of this nationality unique traditional sports, it hasbeing original, nationality, and mountain sex and the festival and characteristic of, andthere are physical fitness, rich life, inheriting the national culture, condenses thenational emotion and promote local economic value, live in concentrated communitiesin the she related extensive mass base, this study survey of134residents, the differentgender, age, education level, professional and national residents out of that minoritytraditional sports like other forms of sports, with wide and participation, suitable forall kinds of people involved in exercise. But unfortunately,43.7%minority traditionalsports and exercise in the inhabitants of the traditional sports when she just as can leadto their economic income way of increasing economic income or the purpose of theexercise, training or participate in performance, and don't recognize the traditionalphysical exercise to improve health, to enrich the life value.
     (5) Different sports fitness behavior stage to the quality of life of theShe-nationality ghetto residents eight dimension scores of different effects,unconscious stage along with the change of physical exercise behavior stage, the sheghetto life quality residents the dimension scores were increased trend, part of thedimension scores significantly different. And, in the sports fitness behavior stage thefirst stage transition (unconscious to conscious stage) and the fourth phase transition(action and action to keep stage) process, the quality of life of multiple dimensionscores significantly enhanced. In addition, the study also found that differenttraditional sports fitness behavior She-nationality stage to the quality of life of thedimension scores have improved the quality of life of the role, after three monthsShe-nationality sports exercise of traditional six elderly residents the She-nationalitysuffers from high blood pressure of the blood pressure level than before, the controlgroup, the blood pressure level reduced significantly, and used to buy the cost ofmedication is also reduced, physiological functions, emotional life quality functionand so on dimension scores significantly enhanced.
     (6)Traditional sports of minorities as an important part of physical education andsports, physical and mental health in the promotion of broad masses of residents inminority areas, reduce medical costs, improve and maintain the quality of life, and themaintenance of a harmonious society in minority areas, stability, and development has an important value.
     Therefore, this research suggests that the governments at various levels shallchange in national regions before "only economy" social development view, payattention to the medical treatment of the area, the national education and culture andsports and people's solution of the problems; Targeted to decide where ethnicminorities live in health promotion policies or strategy residents, focus on minoritynationalities, especially sick elderly residents, perennial residents, farmers and thehealth problems of low-income residents, promote its increased quality of life, inorder to safeguard national regions family, social harmony and stability; Suggestedthat sports administrative departments will be a traditional minority national sportsinto the national fitness program, in the new rural construction and fitness engineering,national traditional sports support, adjust measures to local conditions, theconstruction of the national tradition sports fitness path, and carry out the traditionalnational fitness can promote body health, reduce the medical expenses valueeducation, to expand its national traditional sports fitness crowd.
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