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前拉斐尔派艺术家罗塞蒂绘画的时间景观
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摘要
但丁·加百列·罗塞蒂(Dante Gabriel Rossetti)是19世纪前拉斐尔派的领军人物,他的作品带上了维多利亚时代的烙印。对其绘画时间景观的研究,是众多个案研究中的一个新视角,结合其作品形式所展现的时间意味、作品内核中所蕴藏的时间体验,以及其绘画中时间表达方式和观念对后世的影响,探索绘画这一空间艺术所凝结的时间意义。
     本文梳理了罗塞蒂绘画三种时间景观:一是时间的回溯化,通过对现在时间的重新演绎,打破时间的封闭性,进行时间序列向过去的回归,在绘画作品中再现过去的旧图景,打造回望式的往昔情境。罗塞蒂通过复古手段,在旧题新作、昨日重现、回归经典三种图像模式中,获得当下时间压力的转移和对现代工业文明的逃避。二是时间的凝固化,通过时间序列的阻断,时间被浓缩至某一奇点,在这一冰冻的瞬间,时间高度密集,孕育着一种静中藏动的丰富审美魅力,瞬间永恒的意义取消了时间的向度,忘却了不可逆转的时间之矢带来的紧迫压力。罗塞蒂对性感女子、自然花草等生命主角的歌颂,就是吟唱青春的挽歌,在静态化时间中获得假想存在的轻松感。三是时间的空间化,结合多种艺术形态,整合儿种时间艺术的资源,在空间艺术中创造时间四处扩散、奔突的姿态,世界变成一个可以任意穿行的迷宫,从而在这个敞开的艺术之境中找到驾驭时间的力量。罗塞蒂将设计、文学、音乐等艺术的效果和时间的意味引入到绘画空间,开启交互影响的多元时空镜像,建构时间超越性的系统。
     罗塞蒂案例的特点主要体现在:第一,罗塞蒂在绘画中表达了人类的时间意识和时间体验,通过绘画的空间形式,寄寓了与时间概念相关的各种命题。第二罗塞蒂绘画中多种时间景观的纷呈,融合了造型类静态性视觉艺术表现时间意味的许多技巧。在内核、形式等不同方面,通过文化记忆的唤醒、想象力的置入、静中藏动的处理、象征隐喻的双关、形式张力的暗示、图像叙事的引导、诗画转换的互涉、视觉音乐的通感等方式,给予审美接受、视觉思维、心理经验更多时间变化的印象。第三,罗塞蒂绘画的时间景观,将时间艺术和空间艺术进行了交互,实践了时间和空间始终不能完全分离的理念,并赋予时空关系这一对复杂概念生动而形象的解读。本论文以罗塞蒂绘画为蓝本,研究其空间中的时间性,并梳理了这一表达方式在后世的继承传播状况,以期全景全息地探索绘画艺术的时间性问题。
Dante Gabriel Rossetti was a leader of the Pre-Raphaelite in Nineteenth Century, whose works accompanied with a mark of Victorian Age. One of the new research perspectives is the time scenery in Rossetti's paintings, which explores the time meaning reflected by his paintings as a space art by combining the time meanings in the form of his works, the artist's time experiences lying in the core massage of his works and the express way and idea of time in his paintings, which affects others in later ages.
     The thesis cleans out three unique time sceneries in Rossetti's paintings:The first one is the retrospection of time. By representing the past things, Rossetti breaks the limitation of time which regress the time series to the past. Thus, by representing the past things in paintings, Rossetti rebuilds the past sceneries. Rossetti gets a transformation of current time pressure and an escape of modern industrial civilization through retrospective means, such as three image patterns:a new expression of old subject, yesterday once more and the return of classical. The second is the solidification of time. When the time series blocked, time is concentrated to a singularity. During the frozen moment, time is in highly intensive and rich in aesthetic charming with act reservoir in still. Thus, instantaneous eternal significance abolishes the time dimension, which let people forget the pressure form the irreversible time. Rossetti giving praises to the sexy woman, natural plants and other symbols of life is to sing the elegy for youth and obtain the imaginary relief in the still time. The last is the spatialization of time. Combining with varieties of art forms and integrating several time art resources, Rossetti creates a posture of time spreading and rushing in the space art. The world changes into a free maze in space art. Thus people find the control strength of time in the open arts habitat. Rossetti introduces design, literature, music and other artistic effect and time means into paintings, opens interactive influence and diversified time and space scene, constructs transcend time system.
     The characteristic of Rossetti's paintings lie in:firstly, in his paintings, Rossetti expresses time consciousness and time experience. He uses the space form of painting to place time concepts related to various proposition. Secondly, three time sceneries in Rossetti's paintings integrate many techniques of time expression means in visual still art. In different respects of the contents and forms, the paintings give the aesthetic acceptance, visual thinking, psychological experience and more impressions with time change by waking up the cultural memory, putting in the imagination, settling activity in still, using the pun of symbol and metaphor, the suggestion of the form tension, the guide of image narration, the conversion show of poetry and painting, the synaesthesia of visual music and so on. Thirdly, the time scenery of Rossetti's Paintings interact time art and space art practicing the idea that time and space couldn't be separated and endowing space-time relationship the complicated concept with active explain. The thesis takes the paintings of Rossetti as chief source to study the time problem in space, and card its state of spread and inherit, in order to explore paintings'time questions in a full and holographic view.
引文
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    1 William Tirebuck, Dante Gabriel Rossetti[M]. His Work and Influence. London:Elliot Stock,1882:26.
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    1 Edouard Rod. The English Pre-Raphaelites. First Article[J]. The Connoisseur, Vol.2, No.3 (Mar. 1888):109-123.
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    3 工朝闻.工朝闻集(第一卷)[M].成都:四川美术出版社,1989:184
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    2 龙迪刃.空间问题的凸显与空间叙事学的兴起[J].上海师范大学学报,2008(11):69-70.
    3 吴国盛.时间的观念[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1996:229.
    4 钱钟书.读《拉奥孔》[A].钱钟书论学文选(第6卷)[C].广州:花城出版社,1990.
    1 Jan Marsh. Collected Writings of Dante Gabriel Rossetti:All the poetry andmore[C]. New Amsterdam Books. Chicago,2000:册页
    2 double work of art有多种解释:1、指的是诗歌和绘画两种艺术的创作;2、指的是意大利诗歌和英文诗歌两种语言艺术;3、同一名称的绘画有两幅或省更多的变体画:4、指的是罗塞蒂绘画的两种类型:一类是历史画(包括有文学色彩的作品),一类是当代绘画(现实题材的作品)。5、布莱克有'composite art"指引导人们将诗画联合起来对读,而double work of art"双重艺术强调的是罗塞蒂诗画同题作品之间的差异性,因为他的同名诗画之间各有相当的独立性,各自的意象完整,创作时间间隔久远,各自体现各自艺术形式的魅力。6、诗画之间的鸿沟是必然存在的,但是同名诗画之间的关系又是有迹可循的,双重艺术指的就是其同名诗歌绘画作品之间的紧密关系,因为罗塞蒂诗歌当中的质感、画面感经常会在同名绘画中找到对应意象,并且罗塞蒂现存的绘画作品,很多的画框上或者背面,就留下了罗塞蒂同题诗歌片段的手迹。7、指的是罗塞蒂的个性,带着文学气质的画家.追求艺术和爱互相协调、物质和精神互相纠缠、想法和行功的互相混合:本文倾向于最后一种解释。
    1 陈文忠.论富于孕育性的顷刻——绘画情境叙事艺术抒情意境[J].艺术研究.1994(6):146.
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    2 http://www.rossettiarchive.org/racs/bio-exhibit/index.html.
    Grows and is quiet. Till, one dawn at home/She woke in her white bed, and had no fear/At all,--yet wept till sunshine, and felt awed/Because the fullness of the time was come.
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    2 http://www.rossettiarchive.org/racs/bio-exhibit/index.html.
    2 陈嘉.英国文学史[M].上海:商务印书馆,1996:317.
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    2 E. Winternitz. "Leonardo and Music". in:L. Reti ed…, The Unknow Leonardo[M], New York,1974
    A. Alfassa. "L' Origine de la latter de Poussin sur les modes d'apres un travail recent" [J].Bull. Sco.Hist. A.Fra.,1933:125-143.
    4 See "Music and art" in:The Dictionary of Art[C]. Grove,1996.
    5 Walter Pater. The Renaissance[M]. London,1961:129.
    James Mcneil Whistler. Lettr to The Word[J].22 May 1878;Reprinted in Whistler. The Gentle Art of Making Enemies. New York,1967:127-128.
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    1 W. M. Rossetti. Dante Gabriel Rossetti:His Family letters[C]. Boston Roberts Brothers,1895:87-89.
    1 W. M. Rossetti. Dante Gabriel Rossetti:His Family letters[C]. Boston Roberts Brothers,1895:91.
    2[英]贡布里希著.“天空是界限”[A].范景中选编.贡布里希论设计[C].长沙:湖南科技出版社,2001:133.
    1 Stephens. 1865:545.转引自(UK) Julian Treuherz. Elizabeth Prettejohn. Edwin Becker. Dante Gabrie. Rossetti[C]. Thames & Hudson,2003:80.
    2 Cahiers G. L. M. Guy Levis-Mano[M]. Fata Morgana, 1982:5.
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    4 王智慧.绘画艺术的运动感表达[D].河北师范大学硕士学位论文.2008.
    1 在罗塞蒂的诗歌《肉体之美》中描述女主角利莉思是一个女巫.是亚当爱上夏娃之前的第一任妻子Body's Beauty:Of Adam's first wife, Lilith, it is told/(The witch he loved before the gift of Eve,)/That, ere the snake's, her sweet tongue could deceive,/And her enchanted hair was the first gold./And still she sits.young while the earth is old,/And, subtly of herself contemplative,/Draws men to watch the bright web she can weave,/Till heart and body and life are in tis hold.//The rose and poppy are her flowers;for where/Is he not found,0 Lilith, whom shed scent/And soft-shed kisses and soft sleep shall snare?/Lo!as that youth's eyes burned at thine, so went/Thy spell through him, and left his straight neck bent/And round his heart one strangling golden hair
    2 [英]贡布里希著.面i具和面孔[A].范景中选编贡布里希论设计[C].长沙:湖南科技出版社,2001:99.
    3 [意]达·芬奇著.达·芬奇论绘画[M].戴勉译.北京:人民美术出版社,1979:26-27.
    4 傅松雪.时间美学导论[M].济南:山东人民出版社, 2009:297.
    1 傅松雪.时间美学导论[M].济南:山东人民出版社,2009:297.
    2 W. M. Rossetti. Dante Gabriel Rossetti:His Family letters[C]. Boston Roberts Brothers,1895:53.
    1 1882年法国批评家埃内斯特·谢诺(Ernest Chesneau)在他很有影响力的书籍《19世纪英国绘画勐(The 19th-century English Painting)中评价:罗塞蒂的作品和前拉斐尔派的整体风格一样,不仪缺乏艺术创新的技巧,而且画面上有数不尽的细节很难懂,这是后来的油画很少再见到的。
    2 罗伯特·德拉·西茨曼(Robert de la Sizmann)只因看过罗塞蒂的《卢克雷齐亚·博尔贾》(Lucrezia Borgia),就被当中惊人的细节迷住了。例如背景中的镜子,他试图辨析那些象征符号,并用一对一比较的方法,不带主观性地解剖罗塞蒂象征层的真正意义,但发现越深入越困惑,因为罗塞蒂是按照自己的历史观来描绘博尔贾家庭的,而不是客观的历史事实。
    4 像画家扬·韦(Jan Veth)曾经刻印了一幅罗塞蒂的肖像画,他很喜欢自画像和为出版物做插图,他被西德尔的脸庞吸引,盛赞“美的、杰出的,我从来没有见过那么深情的眼睛,从神秘的脸上看着你。”查德·罗兰·霍尔斯特(Richard Roland Holst)作为社会政治艺术的支持者,将个性的罗塞蒂看成是反抗现代文明和主流社会的代表,认为罗塞蒂肖像画的“美具有一种绝对的力量,高高的凌驾于或者远离人群,只顺服于诗歌……”他没有强调罗塞蒂画作的性感,而是强调了他人物形象的固定化:她们的外形看起来像梦或者记忆。
    1 鲁道夫·卡斯纳(Rudolf Kassner)读了罗塞蒂的十四行诗歌,看了西德尔站在窗边的铅笔画,也创作了一幅类似的作品。
    一理夏德·米特尔(Richard Muther)在《近代绘画的历史》(History of Modern Painting)中强调了罗塞蒂绘画性感的一而。
    Richard Muther. Studien. ed[J]. Hans Rosenhagen. Berlin,1925:287.
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    W.M. Rossetti. Dante Gabriel Rossetti:His Family letters[C]. Boston Roberts Brothers, 1895:179.
    John Ruskin. The Lamp of Beauty[M]Joan Evans Ithaca, N. Y. :Cornell University Press, 1980:158
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    [1]Robert Ross. Rossetti:An Observation Rossetti[M]. The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol. 13, No. 62 (May,1908):116-123.
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    [5]Maggie Berg. Reviewed work(s) : Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Jane Morris: Their Correspondence by John Bryson[J]. The Review of English Studies, New Series, Vol. 28, No. 112 (Nov. , 1977) : 515-516.
    [6]John Bryson Reviewed work(s) :The Letters of Dante Gabriel Rossetti by Oswald Doughty[J]. The Review of English Studies, New Series, Vol. 19, No. 74 (May,1968):224-226.
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    [8]Joan Rees. Reviewed work(s): The Letters of Dante Gabriel Rossetti by Dante Gabriel Rossetti;Oswald Doughty;J. R. Wahl[J].The Modern Language Review, Vol.64, No. 2 (Apr. , 1969) : 409-411.
    [9]Randall Davies. Rossetti's Earliest Drawings[J].The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol. 76, No.442(Jan.,1940):22-23.
    [10]David Sonstroem. Reviewed work(s): Letters of Dante Gabriel Rossetti by Dante Gabriel Rossetti[J];John Robert Wahl;Oswald Doughty. Victorian Studies, Vol. 10, No. 2 (Dec., 1966): 220-222.
    [11]Ronald W. Johnson. Dante Rossetti's Beatrice Beatrix and the New Life[J]. The Art Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 4(Dec., 1975) :548-558.
    [12]Clyde de L. Ryals, Clyde de L. Ryals .Reviewed work(s) : Letters of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Vol. Ⅲ:1871-1876 by Oswald Doughty;John Robert Wahl;Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Letters of Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Vol. Ⅳ: 1877-1882 by Oswald Doughty;John Robert Wahl;Dante Gabriel Rossetti[J]. Modern Philology, Vol. 66, No. 4(May,1969):386-390.
    [13]William E. Fredeman Reviewed work(s):Letters of Dante Gabriel Rossetti:Volume Ⅲ:1871-1876 by John Robert Wahl;Dante Gabriel Rossetti; Letters of Dante Gabriel Rossetti:Volume Ⅳ: 1877-1882 by Oswald Doughty;Dante Gabriel Rossetti[J]. Victorian Studies, Vol. 12, No.1 (Sep., 1968):104-108.
    [14]George P. Hayes. Reviewed work(s) : Dante Gabriel Rossetti, the Blessed Damozel :The Unpublished Manuscript, Texts and Collation by Dante Gabriel Rossetti[J]. South Atlantic Bulletin,Vol.4,No.1 (Apr., 1938):8.
    [15]Helene E. Roberts. The Dream World of Dante Gabriel Rossetti[J]. Victorian Studies, Vol. 17, No. 4(Jun. , 1974) :371-393.
    [16]Shirley Bury. Rossetti and His Jewellery[J]. The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 118, No. 875(Feb. , 1976):94-102.
    [17]Jan Marsh. Rossetti's 'Nativity' and 'The Seed of David'[J]. The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 141, No.1159(Oct.,1999):606-612.
    [18]Virginia Surtees."Portrait Head of Jane Morris" by Dante Gabriel Rossetti[J]. Philadelphia Museum of Art Bulletin, Vol. 73, No. 317(Jun., 1977):13-17.
    [19]Gail S. Weinberg. An Irish Maniac':Ruskin, Rossetti, and Francis McCracken[J]. The Burlington Magazine,Vol.143,No. 1181(Aug., 2001):491-493.
    [20]Virginia Surtees. 'Beauty and the Bird' :A New Rossetti Drawing[J]. The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 115, No. 839, The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Ford Madox Brown, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Brett, Edward Burne-Jones(Feb., 1973):84-87.
    [21]William E. Fredeman. Rossetti's Impromptu Portraits of Tennyson Reading 'Maud'[J]. The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 105, No. 720(Mar., 1963):117-116.
    [22]Catherine Golden. Dante Gabriel Rossetti's TwoSided Art[J]. Victorian Poetry, Vol. 26, No. 4(Winter, 1988):394-402.
    [23]Andrew M. Stauffer, D. G. Rossetti;Five Letters from D. G. Rossetti to John Payne[J]. The Huntington Library Quarterly, Vol. 66, No. 1/2 (2003): 177-189.
    [24]Jerome McGann. The Complete Writings and Pictures of Dante Gabriel Rossetti:A Hypermedia Research Archive[J]. Victorian Literature and Culture,Vol. 22, (1994):223-232.
    [25]janet Camp Troxell. Reviewed work(s):Letters of Dante Gabriel Rossetti to Fanny Cornforth. by Paull Franklin Baum[J]. Modern Language Notes, Vol. 56, No. 5 (May, 1941) : 399-400.
    [26]Alistair Grieve. Reviewed work(s) :Dante Gabriel Rossetti: Painter and Poet by Jan Marsh[J]. The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 142, No. 1164 (Mar. ,2000):178-179.
    [27]Richard L. Stein. Reviewed work(s):Dante Gabriel Rossetti and the Limits of Victorian Vision by David G. Riede[J]. Comparative Literature, Vol. 38, No. 2(Spring, 1986) :207-208.
    [28]F. G. Stephens.H. C. M. Reviewed work (s): Dante Gabriel Rossetti [J].The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol. 12, No. 56(Nov. , 1907) : 114.
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    [3]http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/dgr/index.html(维多利亚官方网)
    [4]http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/rossetti/(法国巴黎网上图书馆)
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    [20]http://www.emule.com/poetry/?page=overview&author=50(诗歌艺术网)
    [21]http://www.answers.com/topic/dante-gabriel-rossetti(回答网)
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