亚当·斯密修辞学思想研究
摘要
尽管国外对于亚当·斯密修辞学思想已有了广泛而深入的研究,却鲜有我国学者(无论是在修辞学界还是经济学界)涉足这一主题。鉴于国内对亚当·斯密修辞学思想的了解几乎是空白的现状,本论文首先拟就亚当·斯密《修辞学和文学讲义》主旨及其国际上的研究现状做一简要的介绍和解读。然后将斯密的修辞学思想与其修辞实践相联系(以《道德情操论》为例),探讨从修辞角度能为斯密思想的解读提供怎样的洞见。接着通过解读斯密在其他著作(如《道德情操论》和《国富论》)中与修辞相关的论述,更为深入系统地探讨斯密所持有的修辞观。最后,讨论斯密的修辞学思想对我国修辞学发展现状所具有的启示和意义。全文一共分为五章,具体如下：
第一章主要回顾了斯密修辞学思想国内外的研究现状及其有待进一步深入研究的方向,并在此基础上,提出本文的研究内容和目标。
第二章在简要地介绍了《修辞学和文学讲义》的时代背景后,首先针对修辞学讲义中斯密生前就已公开出版的《语言》一文的主旨及其意义进行了探讨,指出在这一文章中斯密建立一个语言发展的模型,即阐述了一个以人类的天性作为其论述的出发点,强调语言是随着人类社会的发展,为满足人类“需求”,而与人的认知能力共生演化的这样一个过程。在这基础上,本文还介绍了不同学者对这一模型所做的不同解读。接着分“通过话语交流思想的途径”和“不同种类文本中的说服或愉悦原理”两部分介绍了《修辞学和文学》其他主要内容,并对这一讲义的影响和意义进行了简要的评价。
第三章将斯密的修辞学思想与其修辞实践(文体风格)相联系(以《道德情操论》为例),探讨斯密著作中的文体特色及其在斯密的理论建构中所发挥的作用,主要关注了《道德情操论》的题目内涵、文中不同叙述视角之间的互动以及"Life is theater"暗喻等。此外,为了刻画斯密在这一文本中所致力于塑造的“修辞人格”,本文就斯密文中的模糊限制语使用特色及其所达到的语用效果进行了深入细致的分析和研究。
第四章讨论了斯密在《道德情操论》、《国富论》等著作中与修辞相关的论述,以便更全面系统地探讨斯密所持有的修辞观。斯密在其道德哲学思想的相关论述中充分体现了他对于修辞认知性特点的把握,而在其政治经济思想的相关论述中则展现了斯密对于修辞作为人类天性及其在政治经济领域所发挥的根本性作用的深入洞见。这些讨论不仅可以拓宽并加深我们对斯密所持有的修辞观的认识,并且为我们理解修辞在斯密整个思想体系中所发挥的作用提供了新的视角。
第五章联系我国当代修辞学发展现状,探讨斯密的修辞学思想能为我们提供的启示。斯密所持有的广义的修辞观可以帮助我们重新反省中国的修辞哲学及其整个理论体系,以便从更综合与宽广的角度去考察人类的修辞行为,实现真正意义上的修辞学多学科交叉发展。最后,以斯密所建构的同情共感机制对语言礼貌现象(语言的间接性)的动因机制所具备的独特解释力为例,进一步阐述了这种启示的意义所在。
Although extensive and profound researches have been carried out abroad concerning the topic of Adam Smith's rhetoric thoughts, in China few scholars (whether in the field of rhetoric or economics) have studied this topic. Owing to the fact that little is known about Adam Smith's rhetoric thoughts in China, this thesis attempts to first give a brief review of the main ideas of LRBL and related researches that so far have been done on it. Then by relating Smith's rhetoric thoughts to his rhetoric practice (TMS is taken as an example), this thesis attempts to explore what unique insights could be provided for understanding Smith's works from the rhetorical perspectives. Following that, Smith's relevant remarks on rhetoric in his other works, such as TMS and WN, have been dicussed for a more thorough and systematic grasp of Smith's philosophy of rhetoric. Finally, the implications of Smith's rhetoric thoughts on current development of rhetoric in China have been suggested. The whole dissertation consists of five chapters as follows:
Chapter1is mainly a review of the previous studies on Adam Smith's rhetoric thoughts, together with their achievements and shortcomings. Based on these discussions, the research objectives for this dissertation have been raised.
Chapter2first gives a brief introduction on the background information of LRBL. Then attention has been drawn to Smith's openly published thesis named "Considerations Concerning the First Formation of Languages", which was originally just one part of LRBL. Based on the main ideas of this thesis, it has been pointed out that in this thesis Smith has constructed a language developmental model, with human principles as its foothold, and language development as a symbiotic evolutionary process together with human's cognitive capacities to meet the demands of social development and the "desires" of human being. The different interpretations of different scholars concerning this model have been introduced as well. Then the main ideas of the other lectures in LRBL have been introduced by classifying them into two parts:"an examination of the several ways of communicating our thoughts by speech" and "an attention to the principles of those literary compositions which contribute to persuasion or entertainment".
Chapter3relates Smith's rhetoric thoughts to his rhetorical practice (TMS is taken as an example), with a purpose to illustrate Smith's stylistic characteristics and their functions in constructing his thoughts. The main focuses have been put on the connotation of the title; the interaction of different narrative views; the metaphor of "Life is theater", etc. In order to portray the rhetorical character which Smith aims to construct in TMS, a more detailed study on hedging devices employed in TMS has been carried out.
Chapter4discusses the relevant illustrations on rhetoric in Smith's other works, such as TMS and WN, in order to have a more thorough understanding of Smith's philosophy of rhetoric. These relevant illustrations have shown that Smith has grasped the epistemological characteristic of rhetoric, and rhetoric has been taken by Smith as one of the human natural principles, which plays a very important role in human's social life. With these insights, it is hoped that we could have a more thorough understanding of Smith's philosophy of rhetoric and its status in the whole system of Smith's thoughts.
Chapter5puts forward the implications of Smith's philosophy of rhetoric for current problems faced by the rhetoric studies in China. Smith's philosophy of rhetoric has taken rhetoric in its broad-sense, which could help us reexamine our Chinese philosophy of rhetoric and its whole theoretical framework so that we could approach rhetoric from a more comprehensive and broader perspective. Only in this way could we really achieve cross-disciplinary studies in the field of rhetoric. Finally, a specific example (a theoretical account for the motivation of politeness based on the theory of sympathy) has been given to further illustrate what such cross-disciplinary rhetoric studies would be exactly like.
第一章主要回顾了斯密修辞学思想国内外的研究现状及其有待进一步深入研究的方向,并在此基础上,提出本文的研究内容和目标。
第二章在简要地介绍了《修辞学和文学讲义》的时代背景后,首先针对修辞学讲义中斯密生前就已公开出版的《语言》一文的主旨及其意义进行了探讨,指出在这一文章中斯密建立一个语言发展的模型,即阐述了一个以人类的天性作为其论述的出发点,强调语言是随着人类社会的发展,为满足人类“需求”,而与人的认知能力共生演化的这样一个过程。在这基础上,本文还介绍了不同学者对这一模型所做的不同解读。接着分“通过话语交流思想的途径”和“不同种类文本中的说服或愉悦原理”两部分介绍了《修辞学和文学》其他主要内容,并对这一讲义的影响和意义进行了简要的评价。
第三章将斯密的修辞学思想与其修辞实践(文体风格)相联系(以《道德情操论》为例),探讨斯密著作中的文体特色及其在斯密的理论建构中所发挥的作用,主要关注了《道德情操论》的题目内涵、文中不同叙述视角之间的互动以及"Life is theater"暗喻等。此外,为了刻画斯密在这一文本中所致力于塑造的“修辞人格”,本文就斯密文中的模糊限制语使用特色及其所达到的语用效果进行了深入细致的分析和研究。
第四章讨论了斯密在《道德情操论》、《国富论》等著作中与修辞相关的论述,以便更全面系统地探讨斯密所持有的修辞观。斯密在其道德哲学思想的相关论述中充分体现了他对于修辞认知性特点的把握,而在其政治经济思想的相关论述中则展现了斯密对于修辞作为人类天性及其在政治经济领域所发挥的根本性作用的深入洞见。这些讨论不仅可以拓宽并加深我们对斯密所持有的修辞观的认识,并且为我们理解修辞在斯密整个思想体系中所发挥的作用提供了新的视角。
第五章联系我国当代修辞学发展现状,探讨斯密的修辞学思想能为我们提供的启示。斯密所持有的广义的修辞观可以帮助我们重新反省中国的修辞哲学及其整个理论体系,以便从更综合与宽广的角度去考察人类的修辞行为,实现真正意义上的修辞学多学科交叉发展。最后,以斯密所建构的同情共感机制对语言礼貌现象(语言的间接性)的动因机制所具备的独特解释力为例,进一步阐述了这种启示的意义所在。
Although extensive and profound researches have been carried out abroad concerning the topic of Adam Smith's rhetoric thoughts, in China few scholars (whether in the field of rhetoric or economics) have studied this topic. Owing to the fact that little is known about Adam Smith's rhetoric thoughts in China, this thesis attempts to first give a brief review of the main ideas of LRBL and related researches that so far have been done on it. Then by relating Smith's rhetoric thoughts to his rhetoric practice (TMS is taken as an example), this thesis attempts to explore what unique insights could be provided for understanding Smith's works from the rhetorical perspectives. Following that, Smith's relevant remarks on rhetoric in his other works, such as TMS and WN, have been dicussed for a more thorough and systematic grasp of Smith's philosophy of rhetoric. Finally, the implications of Smith's rhetoric thoughts on current development of rhetoric in China have been suggested. The whole dissertation consists of five chapters as follows:
Chapter1is mainly a review of the previous studies on Adam Smith's rhetoric thoughts, together with their achievements and shortcomings. Based on these discussions, the research objectives for this dissertation have been raised.
Chapter2first gives a brief introduction on the background information of LRBL. Then attention has been drawn to Smith's openly published thesis named "Considerations Concerning the First Formation of Languages", which was originally just one part of LRBL. Based on the main ideas of this thesis, it has been pointed out that in this thesis Smith has constructed a language developmental model, with human principles as its foothold, and language development as a symbiotic evolutionary process together with human's cognitive capacities to meet the demands of social development and the "desires" of human being. The different interpretations of different scholars concerning this model have been introduced as well. Then the main ideas of the other lectures in LRBL have been introduced by classifying them into two parts:"an examination of the several ways of communicating our thoughts by speech" and "an attention to the principles of those literary compositions which contribute to persuasion or entertainment".
Chapter3relates Smith's rhetoric thoughts to his rhetorical practice (TMS is taken as an example), with a purpose to illustrate Smith's stylistic characteristics and their functions in constructing his thoughts. The main focuses have been put on the connotation of the title; the interaction of different narrative views; the metaphor of "Life is theater", etc. In order to portray the rhetorical character which Smith aims to construct in TMS, a more detailed study on hedging devices employed in TMS has been carried out.
Chapter4discusses the relevant illustrations on rhetoric in Smith's other works, such as TMS and WN, in order to have a more thorough understanding of Smith's philosophy of rhetoric. These relevant illustrations have shown that Smith has grasped the epistemological characteristic of rhetoric, and rhetoric has been taken by Smith as one of the human natural principles, which plays a very important role in human's social life. With these insights, it is hoped that we could have a more thorough understanding of Smith's philosophy of rhetoric and its status in the whole system of Smith's thoughts.
Chapter5puts forward the implications of Smith's philosophy of rhetoric for current problems faced by the rhetoric studies in China. Smith's philosophy of rhetoric has taken rhetoric in its broad-sense, which could help us reexamine our Chinese philosophy of rhetoric and its whole theoretical framework so that we could approach rhetoric from a more comprehensive and broader perspective. Only in this way could we really achieve cross-disciplinary studies in the field of rhetoric. Finally, a specific example (a theoretical account for the motivation of politeness based on the theory of sympathy) has been given to further illustrate what such cross-disciplinary rhetoric studies would be exactly like.
引文
3 参见"Accounts of the Life and Writings of Adam Smith LL.D”《道德情操论》(Bohn Library edit.; London,1871)前言,xxxiv
8 参见郭若兮译《亚当·斯密的语言类型学观念》,《国外语言学》1986年第2期：63—67。
13 参见罗卫东,《老调重弹：研究型翻译的重要性：从亚当·斯密的<道德情操论>说起》,《学术评论》,2005年第3期。
17 参见Smith, A (1976), TMS The Theory of Moral Sentiments, edited by D.D.Raphael and A.L. Macfie as vol. I of The Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith, Oxford:Oxford University Press; reprinted by Liberty Press (1982), p18.
18 文本版本David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, The Philosophical Works of David Hume (in four volumes), vol. IV, Edinburgh,1826; Francis Hutcheson, An essay on the nature and conduct of the passions and affections:with illustrations on the moral sense Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,2002; Francis Hutcheson, An inquiry into the original of our ideas of beauty and virtue:in two treatises, edited by Wolfgang Leidhold, Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,2004.
20 将sentiments译为“情感”也会与西方哲学的语言学转向后形成的“情感主义”(emotivism)发生混淆,参见刘科,马庆,Sentiments与Emotion—-道德感情理论与情感主义的辨析,现代哲学,2009第6期。
26 参考文本分别选白David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, The Philosophical Works of David Hume (in four volumes), vol. IV, Edinburgh,1826; Francis Hutcheson, An essay on the nature and conduct of the passions and affections:with illustrations on the moral sense Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,2002; Francis Hutcheson, An inquiry into the original of our ideas of beauty and virtue:in two treatises, edited by Wolfgang Leidhold, Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,2004; Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1909; Bernard Mandeville. The Fable of the Bees or Private Vices, Publick Benefits,2 vols. Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,1988.
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8 参见郭若兮译《亚当·斯密的语言类型学观念》,《国外语言学》1986年第2期：63—67。
13 参见罗卫东,《老调重弹：研究型翻译的重要性：从亚当·斯密的<道德情操论>说起》,《学术评论》,2005年第3期。
17 参见Smith, A (1976), TMS The Theory of Moral Sentiments, edited by D.D.Raphael and A.L. Macfie as vol. I of The Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith, Oxford:Oxford University Press; reprinted by Liberty Press (1982), p18.
18 文本版本David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, The Philosophical Works of David Hume (in four volumes), vol. IV, Edinburgh,1826; Francis Hutcheson, An essay on the nature and conduct of the passions and affections:with illustrations on the moral sense Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,2002; Francis Hutcheson, An inquiry into the original of our ideas of beauty and virtue:in two treatises, edited by Wolfgang Leidhold, Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,2004.
20 将sentiments译为“情感”也会与西方哲学的语言学转向后形成的“情感主义”(emotivism)发生混淆,参见刘科,马庆,Sentiments与Emotion—-道德感情理论与情感主义的辨析,现代哲学,2009第6期。
26 参考文本分别选白David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, The Philosophical Works of David Hume (in four volumes), vol. IV, Edinburgh,1826; Francis Hutcheson, An essay on the nature and conduct of the passions and affections:with illustrations on the moral sense Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,2002; Francis Hutcheson, An inquiry into the original of our ideas of beauty and virtue:in two treatises, edited by Wolfgang Leidhold, Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,2004; Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1909; Bernard Mandeville. The Fable of the Bees or Private Vices, Publick Benefits,2 vols. Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,1988.
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