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基于重组自交系的小麦光温生产效率特点及品种选育与栽培策略研究
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摘要
适应气候变化,提高小麦产量是当今小麦育种的重要目标。近年来通过株型改良、增强综合抗性、提高收获指数等措施使小麦产量得到大幅度提高,进一步提高小麦的产量难度增加。面对不断变化的气候,如何提高小麦对光温资源的利用效率,提高小麦单产已成为科研工作者的研究热点。
     本研究利用回归分析、聚类分析等统计学的方法对多环境条件下内乡188/偃展1号重组自交系群体小麦光温生产效率特点与主要农艺性状的关系进行分析;阐明了小麦光温生产效率的遗传特点与生物学性状的关系,为高光温生产效率小麦品种的选育提供了理论依据;同时利用分子标记辅助选育高光温生产效率小麦新品种。
     本研究表明小麦的光温生产效率受遗传影响,成穗数是决定光温生产效率的主要因素,穗粒数对光温生产效率的贡献率次之,培育出高光温生产效率小麦新品系中焦1号,光温生产效率和分蘖成穗数的分子标记可以在小麦分子标记辅助育种中加以应用。具体结果如下:
     1、研究表明,小麦的光温生产效率与单株成穗数、穗粒数、株高、平均灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率呈高度正相关,小麦的单株成穗数与光温生产效率关联度最大,穗粒数次之;而与小麦的千粒重、灌浆时间和生育期相关性较低。研究认为高光温生产效率小麦具有单位面积(每公顷)成穗数在700万以上,平均穗粒数35粒以上,平均每千粒灌浆速率≥1.5g/d的特点。
     2、研究表明,1D、2A、2B、2D、3A、3B、4B、5A、6A、6D、7A和7B共12条染色体上发现有影响小麦光温生产效率的位点,位于2A的wmc474、3A上的barc218和5A短臂上Xwmc327-Xbarc56标记在对小麦光温生产效率起重要作用。通过QTL分析,在5个环境下共检测到15个与光温生产效率相关的QTL位点,单个QTL能够解释表型变异的13-35%;位于2A,3A,1D,4B上的QTL位点同时与光能和温度生产效率相关,其中在2A染色体位于Wmc474-CWM121、3A染色体上barc218位点附近的QTL在两个环境中重复检测到,且对光温生产效率的贡献率较高。对405个标记进行关联分析发现在内乡188/偃展1号RIL群体5A短臂上Xwmc327-Xbarc56约25cM区段存在与小麦光温生产效率显著相关,同时影响小麦穗长和产量。
     3、研究表明,高光温效率小麦品种能有效利用冬春季低温阶段光温资源,提高小麦的分蘖数和成穗数。高光温效率小麦品种中焦1号分蘖能力强,成穗率高,在相同播种密度下最高分蘖比豫麦49平均多415万/hm2,高出23.3%;在光热资源不足情况下多213万/hm2,高出16.9%;中焦1号的成穗数显著高于中焦2号和豫麦49,分别多104万/hm2和77万/hm2,高出17.8%和12.6%;在光温资源供给不足情况下,中焦1号的成穗数高达597万/hm2,比中焦2号和豫麦49分别高31.0%和16.1%。
     4、研究表明,高光温生产效率品种对高温适应性强,灌浆速度快。中焦1号在灌浆前1周的灌浆速度不如豫麦49快,但随着气温的升高其灌浆速度迅速加快,平均灌浆速度比豫麦49高13.56%,虽大灌浆速度高12.7%,明显高于豫麦49。
     5、研究表明,高光温生产效率品种能适应当前气候变化,提高单产水平。本研究选育出具有高产、高光温生产效率新品系中焦1号,与黄淮麦区大面积推广的中焦2号、豫麦49相比产量提高5%,光能生产效率高9%和10.7%,温度生产效率高11%和13.5%,差异均达到极显著水平。
     6、研究表明,高光温生产效率小麦品种需要较少的光温资源获得较高产量,在应对特殊气候条件和特定栽培模式中更有优势,能充分体现其高光温生产效率的品种特性,为确保粮食生产提供了技术支撑。
The main goal of wheat breeding is to adapt to the climatic change and develop new wheat vultivars with high yield. Recently, by improving the plant architecture, and increasing of resistance and index of harvest, the yield of wheat was significantly increased. Therefore, further improvement of wheat yield is becoming harder and harder. Facing the climatic change, how to improve the temperature production efficiency in wheat and the yield has become a hot topic for research workers.
     Using statistic methods such as regression analysis and cluster analysis, we analyzed the relationship between both photosynthetic and temperature production efficiency characters and yield, based on recombinant inbred lines populations for Neixiang188/Yanzhan No.1under multiple environments and important agronomic traits. The relevance between wheat temperature production efficiency characters and biology characters was clarified, and the theoretical basis in selective breeding of wheat high photosynthetic and temperature production efficiency was also presented. Meanwhile, molecular marker-assisted selection has been used to in breeding the wheat new varieties.
     1. Results showed that there was a positive correlation between P&TPE and spikes per plant, grain number per spike, plant height, average filling rate, the maximum filling rate of wheat. The correlation level between spikes per plant and P&TPE is the highest, and that of the grain number per spike is less. We believe that wheat high P&TPE have7million spikes per unit area,35%above in average grain number per spike and filling rate per thousand grain number>1.5g/d.
     2. Previous studies showed that loci which affected photosynthetic-thermal efficiency located on12chromosomes(1D,2A,2B,2D,3A,3B,4B,5A,6A,6D,7A and7B).Molecular markers wmc474, barc218and Xwmc327-Xbarc56(located on chromosome2A,3A and short arm of5A, respectively) played an important role in photosynthetic-thermal efficiency. We detected15QTL loci related to photosynthetic-thermal efficiency under five environments by QTL analysis. Each QTL can account for13-35%of phenotypic variation. The QTL loci located on chromosome2A,3A,1D and4B were associated with photosynthetic efficiency and thermal efficiency simultaneously. QTLs near Wmc474(located on chromosome2A) and barc218(located on chromosome3A) were repeated detected under two environments and contributed great in photosynthetic-thermal efficiency. Using RILs derived from Yanzhanl and Neixiang188, association analysis was conducted based on405molecular markers. We found that Xwmc327-Xbarc56which located on short arm of5A showed significant correlation with photosynthetic-thermal efficiency, it affected spike length and yields as well.
     3. Researches showed that wheat variety with high P&TPE can highly utilize P&T resource in spring and winter, and increase the tiller number and spikes. Zhongjiao No.1(ZJ1) with high P&TPE has high ability of tiller number and spike rate. Under the same density of planting, the tiller number is higher415million/ha than Yumai49(YM49), by23.3%. Under the deficient photosynthetic and heat resource,213m/ha, by16.9%. The spike of ZJ1is significantly higher than Zhongjiao no.2(ZJ2) and YM49wtih1,04M/ha (17.8%) and0.77M/ha (12.6%), respectively. Under the deficient photosynthetic and temperature, the spike of Zhongjiao No.l has5.97m/ha, which is higher than other two varieties by31.0%and16.1%.
     4. Studies showed that the varieties with high P&TPE had strong adaptability and fast filling rate. Zhongjiao No.1is not as fast as Yumai49before one week of filling. But along with the increasing temperature, filling rate increases rapidly. Both the maximal and average filling rate are higher than Yumai49. The average filling rate of Zhongjiao No.l is higher than Yumai49by13.56%. The maximal rate arrives12.7%.
     5. Researches indicated that the varieties of H-P&TPE could adapt recent climatic change and obtain a high wheat yield. Zhongjiao No.1deriving from NY RIL had high-yield and H-P&TPE properties. Increased yield by5%, photosynthetic production efficiency (PPE) by9%and10.7%, and temperature production efficiency (TPE) by11%and13.5%than Zhongjiao2and Yumai49respectively, and the difference reached a very significant level.
     6. Studies showed that H-P&TPE wheat varieties need less P&T resources can obtain a higher yield, it, is in response to the special climatic conditions and specific cultivation mode advantage, fully embodies the varieties characteristics of H-P&T, and provide technical support to ensure that food production.
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