两种色型豌豆蚜种群数量变化机制研究
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摘要
本文从环境因子(温度和紫外辐射)、种群内及种群间竞争、天敌防控三方面研究豌豆蚜(Acyrthosiphon piusm)种下色型分化生态机制，在12～32℃温度范围内在蚕豆植株上研究了2种色型豌豆蚜生长发育、繁殖力及生命表，同时研究了紫外UV-B辐射对2种色型豌豆蚜生物学特性的影响；其次对红色型和绿色型豌豆蚜的种群内及种群间竞争进行了深入研究；最后利用周集中方法研究了异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis (Pallas)和多异瓢虫Adonia variegata (Goeze)对2种色型豌豆蚜的选择捕食作用，通过以上试验取得了以下结果。
1.两种色型豌豆蚜生物学特性及种群生命表研究
研究了在12～32℃6个温度条件下2种色型豌豆蚜(Acyrthosiphon piusm)的生长发育、繁殖和生命表。高温使2种色型豌豆蚜的死亡率上升，抑制豌豆蚜的生长发育，当温度升至32℃时，2种色型豌豆蚜不能发育至成虫。2种色型豌豆蚜的净增殖率在12℃～20℃时均随着温度的增高而升高，红色型豌豆蚜的净增殖率高于绿色型，在16℃和20℃条件下差异达到显著水平(P＜0.05)。在24℃时，红色型豌豆蚜的净增殖率显著下降，而绿色型豌豆蚜显著上升，红色型豌豆蚜的净增殖率显著低于绿色型(P＜0.05)。到28℃时，2种色型豌豆蚜的净增殖率均显著下降。在12℃～24℃条件下，2种色型豌豆蚜的内禀增长率均随着温度的上升而增加，除16℃时红色型豌豆蚜的内禀增长率因平均世代周期延长而显著低于绿色型(P＜0.05)以外，其余3个温度条件下红色型豌豆蚜的内禀增长率与绿色型相比无显著差异(P＞0.05)。到28℃，红色型豌豆蚜的内禀增长率显著低于绿色型豌豆蚜(P＜0.05)。表明红色型豌豆蚜在较低温度条件下适应性较强，而绿色型豌豆蚜更适合较高温度。
2.紫外辐射UV-B对不同色型豌豆蚜生物学特性的影响
紫外UV-B辐射对红色型和绿色型豌豆蚜当代生物学特性有显著的影响，并且与温度和苜蓿品种密切相关。在甘农3号苜蓿上，16℃时，紫外UV-B辐射对红色型和绿色型豌豆蚜均无显著影响，20℃时，紫外UV-B辐射显著延缓了红色型豌豆蚜的发育历期(P＜0.05)，24℃时，紫外UV-B辐射显著延缓了绿色型豌豆蚜的发育历期(P＜0.05)；在甘农5号苜蓿上，16℃时，紫外UV-B辐射显著延缓了红色型豌豆蚜的生长(P＜0.05)，20℃和24℃时，紫外UV-B辐射显著延缓了绿色型豌豆蚜的生长(P＜0.05)。通过研究不同紫外(UV-B)辐射时间(1，2，4，6，8，10h)对2种色型豌豆蚜后代生物学特性的影响，结果表明，紫外辐射对2种色型豌豆蚜生长发育的影响是可遗传的，在甘农3号苜蓿上，短时间紫外辐射能够促进红色型豌豆蚜的生长发育；在甘农3号和甘农5号苜蓿上，长时间紫外辐射均能抑制2种体色型豌豆蚜的生长发育，且绿色型比红色型敏感，表明紫外胁迫对豌豆蚜的影响与苜蓿品种存在一定的相关性。
为了评估紫外UV-B连续多代短时间(10min、20min、30min、40min)紫外辐射对2种色型豌豆蚜生长发育及繁殖的影响，本试验通过紫外UV-B连续照射两代豌豆蚜，试验结果表明，2种色型豌豆蚜的F1代和F2代的发育历期与同代同色型对照组相比均显著延长(P＜0.05)，当辐射时间相同时，F2代的发育历期长于同色型F1代，2种色型豌豆蚜F2代均不能产蚜。随着照射时间的延长，存活率和生殖力逐渐降低，说明连续多代紫外辐射后可能会使豌豆蚜所受的伤害叠加，2种色型豌豆蚜在连续紫外辐射两代后，表现出了种群退化现象，在UV-B的影响下，在同一世代时随着辐射时间的延长，2种色型豌豆蚜净增殖率、内禀增长率均下降；随着世代的延续，2种色型豌豆蚜净增殖率、内禀增长率均下降，2种色型豌豆蚜F1净增殖率、内禀增长率等生命参数均下降，红色型豌豆蚜的F1净增殖率、内禀增长率等生命参数均显著低于绿色型，可能紫外辐射剂量的累积，红色型豌豆蚜所受累积伤害大于绿色型。
3.两种色型豌豆蚜的资源竞争研究
单种色型豌豆蚜从密度8头/株增至32头/株时，随着密度的升高，2种色型豌豆蚜的产蚜期和寿命显著缩短(P＜0.05)，产蚜量显著降低(P＜0.05)，说明2种色型豌豆蚜种群密度效应均存在一定的负效应。在总密度8头和16头时，2种色型豌豆蚜混合饲养的产蚜期、寿命与单种色型饲养相比无显著差异(P＞0.05)；在单种色型饲养的密度与混合饲养的同一色型密度相同时，由于混合饲养的总密度高于单种色型饲养的密度，混合饲养的产蚜期、寿显著短于单种色型饲养(P＜0.05)，产蚜量显著低于单种色型饲养(P＜0.05)；在32头密度时，单种群饲养的产蚜期、寿命、单头产蚜量与混合饲养时无显著差异(P＞0.05)。在单种色型饲养条件下，同一密度下(除16头/株)红色型豌豆蚜的发育历期显著长于绿色型豌豆蚜(P＜0.05)，在相同密度条件下，红色型豌豆蚜的产蚜期、寿命、产蚜量与绿色型相比无显著差异(P＞0.05)；混合饲养中，在同一密度条件下，红色型豌豆蚜的产蚜期、寿命、产蚜量与绿色型相比无显著差异(P＞0.05)，说明红色型豌豆蚜在该环境条件下的竞争力与绿色型相当，无明显差异，红色型豌豆蚜与绿色型共存对环境表现了一定的适生性。
4.多异瓢虫和异色瓢虫对两种色型豌豆蚜的选择性
对2种色型豌豆蚜的选择捕食作用研究，结果表明，当2种色型豌豆蚜共存时，异色瓢虫成虫对红色型豌豆蚜在低密度(90头)和中密度(120头)时均不表现喜(偏)好性，而在高密度(150头)时表现正喜(偏)好性，对绿色型豌豆蚜在各密度条件下均不表现喜(偏)好性，异色瓢虫对红色豌豆蚜的瞬间攻击率和处理时间分别为：0.8741、0.006，异色瓢虫对绿色型豌豆蚜的瞬间攻击率和处理时间分别为：0.9372、0.007；多异瓢虫成虫对2种色型豌豆蚜的选择捕食作用，结果表明：多异瓢虫成虫对2种色型豌豆蚜在各密度下均不表现明显的喜(偏)好性，多异瓢虫对红色型豌豆蚜的瞬间攻击率和处理时间分别为:0.6658、0.0012，多异瓢虫对绿色型豌豆蚜的瞬间攻击率和处理时间分别为：0.7077、0.014。
Study on the ecological mechanism of color morph differentiation of species of peaaphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) from environment (temperature and UV-radiation), intraspecificcompetition and interspecific competition, predators control, first of all, the development,reproduction, and life table of the two color morph pea aphid were studied (Acyrthosiphonpiusm) at six constant temperatures ranged from12to32℃, meanwhile, studied onbiological characteristics of different color morphs of pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum).Secondly, the intra-specific competition of red and green color morph of pea aphid wereexplored. At last, the selective predation of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) and Adonia variegata(Goeze) on red and green color morph pea aphid were conducted by the method of Zhoujizhong, the following results were obtained by the above test.
1. Biological characteristics and life table of the experimental population of pea aphid(Acyrthosiphon pisum) in fresh plant
The study of the development, reproduction, and life table of the two color morph peaaphid (Acyrthosiphon piusm) at six constant temperatures ranged from12to32℃, the resultshowed that the high temperature led to increase the mortality rate and inhibit the growth anddevelopment of the two color morph, the pea aphid could not develop to adult at32℃. Thenet reproduction rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of two color morph of pea aphidincreased with increasing temperature at ranged from12to20℃, and the net reproductionrate (R0) of the red color morph higher than the green color morph at12to20℃, andsignificantly higher than the green color morph at16and20℃(P＜0.05). At24℃, the netreproduction rate (R0) of red color morph significantly decreased and the net reproduction rate(R0) of green color morph significantly increased (P＜0.05), the net reproduction rate (R0) ofred color morph lower significantly than the green color morph at24℃(P＜0.05). Until28℃, the net reproduction rate (R0) of two color morph both significantly decreased (P＜0.05). The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of two color morph increased with increasingtemperature at12℃～24℃, the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of the red color morph lowerthan the green color morph at only16℃(P＜0.05), the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of thered color morph had no significant differences than green color morph at other threetemperature(P＞0.05). Until28℃, the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of the red color morph significantly lower than green color morph (P＜0.05). It indicated that the red color morphhas great adaptable ability at lower temperature and the green color morph has great adaptableability at higher temperature.
2. Effect of UV-B radiation on biological characteristics of different color morphs ofpea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum)
In order to clarify the obvious effects of UV-B radiation on biological characteristics ofdifferent color morphs of pea aphid themselve, and the responses were relative to varieties ofalfalfa and temperature. At the16℃, UV-radiation had lesser effects on the growth durationand mass and MRGR of the red and green color morphs on Gannong3(P＞0.05), at the20℃,delayed the development duration and reduced the MRGR of red color morph on Gannong3(P＜0.05), but had lesser effect on the mass of red color morph on Gannong3(P＞0.05), andat24℃, delayed the development duration and reduced the mass and MRGR of green colormorph on Gannong3(P＜0.05), while at16℃, UV-B radiation had delayed the developmentduration and reduced the mass and MRGR of red color morph on Gannong5(P＜0.05), but at20℃and24℃, delayed the development duration and reduced the mass and MRGR of greencolor morph on Gannong5(P＜0.05). The objective of the paper was to study the influenceof different UV-radiation time(1，2，4，6，8，10h) on the offspring of red and green morphsof pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), Therefore, the results showed that the effects ofUV-B radiation on pea aphid is inherited; Exposure to relatively short duration of UV-Bradiation(1,2h) can only accelerate the development rate of red color morph on Gannong3,while exposure to relatively long time(10h) of UV-B radiation can reduce development ofboth color morphs on Gannong3and Gannong5, and the green color morph is more sensitiveto UV-B radiation than red color morph, the responses of two color morphs for UV-radiationrespectively were relative to varieties of alfalfa.
The effect of the growth, development and reproduction of two color morph of pea aphidwere evaluated by the different UV-B time(10min、20min、30min、40min)for twosuccessive generations, the results show that the developmental duration of F1and F2generation significantly longer than the same color morph control (P＜0.05), the developmentduration of F2generation longer than F1generation at same UV-radiation time, and the F2 generation of two color morph pea aphid can’t produce. The survive rate and fecundity slowlydecreased with increasing UV-radiation time, it indicated that the successive UV-radiationmay be caused the damage superposition, delayed growth and development, and the pea aphidcan’t produce offspring. The two color morph pea aphid showed the degradation ofpopulation after UV-B for two successive generations, with increasing UV-radidation timeand generation, the net reproduction rate (Ro) and intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of two colormorph in same generation were decreased, the the net reproduction rate (Ro) and intrinsic rateof increase (rm) of two color morph of F1generation decreased, and the the net reproductionrate (Ro) and intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of the red color morph of F1generationsignificantly lower than the green color morph, maybe the accumulation of UV-radiation, thedamage that the red color morph were radiated by UV-B greater than the green color morph.
3. The intra-specific competition of red and green color morph of pea aphid
When the single color morph pea aphid of the density of8,16,24and32pea aphids perplant are reared, the reproductive periods and longevity and progeny per aphid of two colormorph of pea aphid were decreased with the increasing density. Therefore, indicated thatnegative density-dependent effects were observed in this two color morph when they reacheda certain density. For two color morph of pea aphid, the total density of8and16pea aphidper plant, when the total density are same, the reproductive periods and longevity and progenyof which the red and green color morph reared together have no significant difference than thesingle color morph reared, the density of single color morph reared were same with the singlecolor morph of mixed reared, because the total density of mixed reared were more higher thansingle reared, so the the reproductive periods and longevity and progeny of mixed reared werelower than single color morph reared. the total density of32pea aphid per plant, thereproductive periods and longevity and progeny of the single color morph reared had nosignificant difference than mixed reared. Compared the biological parameters of two colormorph pea aphid single were reared in the same density, the development duration of redcolor morph were obviously longer than the green color morph in every density only thedensity of16pea aphid per plant (P＜0.05). At the same density, the reproductive periods andlongevity and progeny of red color morph had no significant difference than the green color morph(P＞0.05). Compared the biological parameters of mixed reared two color morph peaaphid in same density, the reproductive periods and longevity and progeny of red color morphhad no significant difference than the green color morph (P＞0.05). Indicated that the abilityof competition of red color morph of pea aphid had significant difference than the greenmorph in environment conditions, red color morph performed certain adaptability at thisenvironment, because red color morph and green color morph coexistent on sameenvironment.
4. Selective predation of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) and Adonia variegata (Goeze) onred and green color morph pea aphid
In this test, study on selective predation of the adult of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) andAdonia variegata (Goeze) on red and green color morphs pea aphid Agyrthosiphon pisum.First of all, study on selective predation of the adult of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) on red andgreen color morphs pea aphid, and the results showed that the adult beetle had no preferenceto red color morph in the low and midde to tal prey density (120and150), and positivepreference in the high total prey density (150). And no preference to green color morph in alldegrees of total prey density. The instaneous attack rate (a’) and treatment time (Th) ofHarmonia axyridis (Pallas) on red color morph were0.8741and0.006, the instaneous attackrate (a’) and treatmen time (Th) of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) on th green color morph were0.9372and0.007. study on selective predation of the adult of Adonia variegata (Goeze) onred and green color morph pea aphid, and the results showed that the adult beetle had nopreference to red and green color morphs pea aphid. The instaneous attack rate (a’) andtreatment tiime (Th) of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) on red color morph were0.6658and0.0012, the instaneous attack rate (a’) and treatment time (Th) of Adonia variegata (Goeze)on th green color morph were0.7077and0.014.
1.两种色型豌豆蚜生物学特性及种群生命表研究
研究了在12～32℃6个温度条件下2种色型豌豆蚜(Acyrthosiphon piusm)的生长发育、繁殖和生命表。高温使2种色型豌豆蚜的死亡率上升，抑制豌豆蚜的生长发育，当温度升至32℃时，2种色型豌豆蚜不能发育至成虫。2种色型豌豆蚜的净增殖率在12℃～20℃时均随着温度的增高而升高，红色型豌豆蚜的净增殖率高于绿色型，在16℃和20℃条件下差异达到显著水平(P＜0.05)。在24℃时，红色型豌豆蚜的净增殖率显著下降，而绿色型豌豆蚜显著上升，红色型豌豆蚜的净增殖率显著低于绿色型(P＜0.05)。到28℃时，2种色型豌豆蚜的净增殖率均显著下降。在12℃～24℃条件下，2种色型豌豆蚜的内禀增长率均随着温度的上升而增加，除16℃时红色型豌豆蚜的内禀增长率因平均世代周期延长而显著低于绿色型(P＜0.05)以外，其余3个温度条件下红色型豌豆蚜的内禀增长率与绿色型相比无显著差异(P＞0.05)。到28℃，红色型豌豆蚜的内禀增长率显著低于绿色型豌豆蚜(P＜0.05)。表明红色型豌豆蚜在较低温度条件下适应性较强，而绿色型豌豆蚜更适合较高温度。
2.紫外辐射UV-B对不同色型豌豆蚜生物学特性的影响
紫外UV-B辐射对红色型和绿色型豌豆蚜当代生物学特性有显著的影响，并且与温度和苜蓿品种密切相关。在甘农3号苜蓿上，16℃时，紫外UV-B辐射对红色型和绿色型豌豆蚜均无显著影响，20℃时，紫外UV-B辐射显著延缓了红色型豌豆蚜的发育历期(P＜0.05)，24℃时，紫外UV-B辐射显著延缓了绿色型豌豆蚜的发育历期(P＜0.05)；在甘农5号苜蓿上，16℃时，紫外UV-B辐射显著延缓了红色型豌豆蚜的生长(P＜0.05)，20℃和24℃时，紫外UV-B辐射显著延缓了绿色型豌豆蚜的生长(P＜0.05)。通过研究不同紫外(UV-B)辐射时间(1，2，4，6，8，10h)对2种色型豌豆蚜后代生物学特性的影响，结果表明，紫外辐射对2种色型豌豆蚜生长发育的影响是可遗传的，在甘农3号苜蓿上，短时间紫外辐射能够促进红色型豌豆蚜的生长发育；在甘农3号和甘农5号苜蓿上，长时间紫外辐射均能抑制2种体色型豌豆蚜的生长发育，且绿色型比红色型敏感，表明紫外胁迫对豌豆蚜的影响与苜蓿品种存在一定的相关性。
为了评估紫外UV-B连续多代短时间(10min、20min、30min、40min)紫外辐射对2种色型豌豆蚜生长发育及繁殖的影响，本试验通过紫外UV-B连续照射两代豌豆蚜，试验结果表明，2种色型豌豆蚜的F1代和F2代的发育历期与同代同色型对照组相比均显著延长(P＜0.05)，当辐射时间相同时，F2代的发育历期长于同色型F1代，2种色型豌豆蚜F2代均不能产蚜。随着照射时间的延长，存活率和生殖力逐渐降低，说明连续多代紫外辐射后可能会使豌豆蚜所受的伤害叠加，2种色型豌豆蚜在连续紫外辐射两代后，表现出了种群退化现象，在UV-B的影响下，在同一世代时随着辐射时间的延长，2种色型豌豆蚜净增殖率、内禀增长率均下降；随着世代的延续，2种色型豌豆蚜净增殖率、内禀增长率均下降，2种色型豌豆蚜F1净增殖率、内禀增长率等生命参数均下降，红色型豌豆蚜的F1净增殖率、内禀增长率等生命参数均显著低于绿色型，可能紫外辐射剂量的累积，红色型豌豆蚜所受累积伤害大于绿色型。
3.两种色型豌豆蚜的资源竞争研究
单种色型豌豆蚜从密度8头/株增至32头/株时，随着密度的升高，2种色型豌豆蚜的产蚜期和寿命显著缩短(P＜0.05)，产蚜量显著降低(P＜0.05)，说明2种色型豌豆蚜种群密度效应均存在一定的负效应。在总密度8头和16头时，2种色型豌豆蚜混合饲养的产蚜期、寿命与单种色型饲养相比无显著差异(P＞0.05)；在单种色型饲养的密度与混合饲养的同一色型密度相同时，由于混合饲养的总密度高于单种色型饲养的密度，混合饲养的产蚜期、寿显著短于单种色型饲养(P＜0.05)，产蚜量显著低于单种色型饲养(P＜0.05)；在32头密度时，单种群饲养的产蚜期、寿命、单头产蚜量与混合饲养时无显著差异(P＞0.05)。在单种色型饲养条件下，同一密度下(除16头/株)红色型豌豆蚜的发育历期显著长于绿色型豌豆蚜(P＜0.05)，在相同密度条件下，红色型豌豆蚜的产蚜期、寿命、产蚜量与绿色型相比无显著差异(P＞0.05)；混合饲养中，在同一密度条件下，红色型豌豆蚜的产蚜期、寿命、产蚜量与绿色型相比无显著差异(P＞0.05)，说明红色型豌豆蚜在该环境条件下的竞争力与绿色型相当，无明显差异，红色型豌豆蚜与绿色型共存对环境表现了一定的适生性。
4.多异瓢虫和异色瓢虫对两种色型豌豆蚜的选择性
对2种色型豌豆蚜的选择捕食作用研究，结果表明，当2种色型豌豆蚜共存时，异色瓢虫成虫对红色型豌豆蚜在低密度(90头)和中密度(120头)时均不表现喜(偏)好性，而在高密度(150头)时表现正喜(偏)好性，对绿色型豌豆蚜在各密度条件下均不表现喜(偏)好性，异色瓢虫对红色豌豆蚜的瞬间攻击率和处理时间分别为：0.8741、0.006，异色瓢虫对绿色型豌豆蚜的瞬间攻击率和处理时间分别为：0.9372、0.007；多异瓢虫成虫对2种色型豌豆蚜的选择捕食作用，结果表明：多异瓢虫成虫对2种色型豌豆蚜在各密度下均不表现明显的喜(偏)好性，多异瓢虫对红色型豌豆蚜的瞬间攻击率和处理时间分别为:0.6658、0.0012，多异瓢虫对绿色型豌豆蚜的瞬间攻击率和处理时间分别为：0.7077、0.014。
Study on the ecological mechanism of color morph differentiation of species of peaaphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) from environment (temperature and UV-radiation), intraspecificcompetition and interspecific competition, predators control, first of all, the development,reproduction, and life table of the two color morph pea aphid were studied (Acyrthosiphonpiusm) at six constant temperatures ranged from12to32℃, meanwhile, studied onbiological characteristics of different color morphs of pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum).Secondly, the intra-specific competition of red and green color morph of pea aphid wereexplored. At last, the selective predation of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) and Adonia variegata(Goeze) on red and green color morph pea aphid were conducted by the method of Zhoujizhong, the following results were obtained by the above test.
1. Biological characteristics and life table of the experimental population of pea aphid(Acyrthosiphon pisum) in fresh plant
The study of the development, reproduction, and life table of the two color morph peaaphid (Acyrthosiphon piusm) at six constant temperatures ranged from12to32℃, the resultshowed that the high temperature led to increase the mortality rate and inhibit the growth anddevelopment of the two color morph, the pea aphid could not develop to adult at32℃. Thenet reproduction rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of two color morph of pea aphidincreased with increasing temperature at ranged from12to20℃, and the net reproductionrate (R0) of the red color morph higher than the green color morph at12to20℃, andsignificantly higher than the green color morph at16and20℃(P＜0.05). At24℃, the netreproduction rate (R0) of red color morph significantly decreased and the net reproduction rate(R0) of green color morph significantly increased (P＜0.05), the net reproduction rate (R0) ofred color morph lower significantly than the green color morph at24℃(P＜0.05). Until28℃, the net reproduction rate (R0) of two color morph both significantly decreased (P＜0.05). The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of two color morph increased with increasingtemperature at12℃～24℃, the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of the red color morph lowerthan the green color morph at only16℃(P＜0.05), the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of thered color morph had no significant differences than green color morph at other threetemperature(P＞0.05). Until28℃, the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of the red color morph significantly lower than green color morph (P＜0.05). It indicated that the red color morphhas great adaptable ability at lower temperature and the green color morph has great adaptableability at higher temperature.
2. Effect of UV-B radiation on biological characteristics of different color morphs ofpea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum)
In order to clarify the obvious effects of UV-B radiation on biological characteristics ofdifferent color morphs of pea aphid themselve, and the responses were relative to varieties ofalfalfa and temperature. At the16℃, UV-radiation had lesser effects on the growth durationand mass and MRGR of the red and green color morphs on Gannong3(P＞0.05), at the20℃,delayed the development duration and reduced the MRGR of red color morph on Gannong3(P＜0.05), but had lesser effect on the mass of red color morph on Gannong3(P＞0.05), andat24℃, delayed the development duration and reduced the mass and MRGR of green colormorph on Gannong3(P＜0.05), while at16℃, UV-B radiation had delayed the developmentduration and reduced the mass and MRGR of red color morph on Gannong5(P＜0.05), but at20℃and24℃, delayed the development duration and reduced the mass and MRGR of greencolor morph on Gannong5(P＜0.05). The objective of the paper was to study the influenceof different UV-radiation time(1，2，4，6，8，10h) on the offspring of red and green morphsof pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), Therefore, the results showed that the effects ofUV-B radiation on pea aphid is inherited; Exposure to relatively short duration of UV-Bradiation(1,2h) can only accelerate the development rate of red color morph on Gannong3,while exposure to relatively long time(10h) of UV-B radiation can reduce development ofboth color morphs on Gannong3and Gannong5, and the green color morph is more sensitiveto UV-B radiation than red color morph, the responses of two color morphs for UV-radiationrespectively were relative to varieties of alfalfa.
The effect of the growth, development and reproduction of two color morph of pea aphidwere evaluated by the different UV-B time(10min、20min、30min、40min)for twosuccessive generations, the results show that the developmental duration of F1and F2generation significantly longer than the same color morph control (P＜0.05), the developmentduration of F2generation longer than F1generation at same UV-radiation time, and the F2 generation of two color morph pea aphid can’t produce. The survive rate and fecundity slowlydecreased with increasing UV-radiation time, it indicated that the successive UV-radiationmay be caused the damage superposition, delayed growth and development, and the pea aphidcan’t produce offspring. The two color morph pea aphid showed the degradation ofpopulation after UV-B for two successive generations, with increasing UV-radidation timeand generation, the net reproduction rate (Ro) and intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of two colormorph in same generation were decreased, the the net reproduction rate (Ro) and intrinsic rateof increase (rm) of two color morph of F1generation decreased, and the the net reproductionrate (Ro) and intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of the red color morph of F1generationsignificantly lower than the green color morph, maybe the accumulation of UV-radiation, thedamage that the red color morph were radiated by UV-B greater than the green color morph.
3. The intra-specific competition of red and green color morph of pea aphid
When the single color morph pea aphid of the density of8,16,24and32pea aphids perplant are reared, the reproductive periods and longevity and progeny per aphid of two colormorph of pea aphid were decreased with the increasing density. Therefore, indicated thatnegative density-dependent effects were observed in this two color morph when they reacheda certain density. For two color morph of pea aphid, the total density of8and16pea aphidper plant, when the total density are same, the reproductive periods and longevity and progenyof which the red and green color morph reared together have no significant difference than thesingle color morph reared, the density of single color morph reared were same with the singlecolor morph of mixed reared, because the total density of mixed reared were more higher thansingle reared, so the the reproductive periods and longevity and progeny of mixed reared werelower than single color morph reared. the total density of32pea aphid per plant, thereproductive periods and longevity and progeny of the single color morph reared had nosignificant difference than mixed reared. Compared the biological parameters of two colormorph pea aphid single were reared in the same density, the development duration of redcolor morph were obviously longer than the green color morph in every density only thedensity of16pea aphid per plant (P＜0.05). At the same density, the reproductive periods andlongevity and progeny of red color morph had no significant difference than the green color morph(P＞0.05). Compared the biological parameters of mixed reared two color morph peaaphid in same density, the reproductive periods and longevity and progeny of red color morphhad no significant difference than the green color morph (P＞0.05). Indicated that the abilityof competition of red color morph of pea aphid had significant difference than the greenmorph in environment conditions, red color morph performed certain adaptability at thisenvironment, because red color morph and green color morph coexistent on sameenvironment.
4. Selective predation of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) and Adonia variegata (Goeze) onred and green color morph pea aphid
In this test, study on selective predation of the adult of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) andAdonia variegata (Goeze) on red and green color morphs pea aphid Agyrthosiphon pisum.First of all, study on selective predation of the adult of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) on red andgreen color morphs pea aphid, and the results showed that the adult beetle had no preferenceto red color morph in the low and midde to tal prey density (120and150), and positivepreference in the high total prey density (150). And no preference to green color morph in alldegrees of total prey density. The instaneous attack rate (a’) and treatment time (Th) ofHarmonia axyridis (Pallas) on red color morph were0.8741and0.006, the instaneous attackrate (a’) and treatmen time (Th) of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) on th green color morph were0.9372and0.007. study on selective predation of the adult of Adonia variegata (Goeze) onred and green color morph pea aphid, and the results showed that the adult beetle had nopreference to red and green color morphs pea aphid. The instaneous attack rate (a’) andtreatment tiime (Th) of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) on red color morph were0.6658and0.0012, the instaneous attack rate (a’) and treatment time (Th) of Adonia variegata (Goeze)on th green color morph were0.7077and0.014.
引文
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