2.0TCI高速直喷柴油机混合气形成及燃烧过程控制
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摘要
随着世界范围内的能源危机和环境污染问题的日益严重，人们对于发动机在节约能源和控制污染物排放方面的要求日趋严格。柴油机因具有良好的经济性、动力性和可靠性，以及较高的热效率和较低的CO、HC排放而逐渐被广泛应用，轿车柴油机化也是未来汽车行业的发展趋势。由于柴油机高的颗粒物（PM）和NOx排放对环境造成了一定程度的污染，因此世界各国在大量采用柴油机的同时相继制定了越来越严格的排放法规，迫使对柴油机采取更为先进的控制技术来控制污染物的生成。
柴油机特有的燃烧方式所决定的特殊的放热规律是缸内燃油燃烧的根本体现，其直接影响柴油机的动力性、经济性和排放特性。所以内燃机要实现高效率低排放，最根本的有效途径是控制燃烧放热规律。而燃烧放热规律主要受到缸内气流运动特性与喷雾特性两方面的影响，所以两者的优化匹配是控制柴油机燃烧放热规律的主要目标。为此，本文提出了以目标放热规律为控制目标的柴油机燃烧过程的控制方法，并结合燃油喷雾与燃烧室内气流运动的匹配关系，通过对缸内混合气浓度场分布和放热规律的控制，探索实现目标放热规律的有效途径，以达到高效低排放的燃烧过程。
不同燃烧室结构形状及其参数，决定了燃烧室内特有的气流特性及其燃烧规律。如何评价分析燃烧室内的气流特性，对正确把握燃烧室内微观的两相流场特性对混合气形成和燃烧过程以及目标放热规律影响的研究具有重要的意义。对于缩口直喷型燃烧室，因为喷雾夹角、喷射压力、缩口处形状、凸台形状等因素的不同，单纯的用喷射提前角的概念不能直观的描述喷雾与燃烧室形状的匹配，因此提出了喷雾与燃烧室形状相关联的喷雾匹配角参数。
所以，论文首先根据燃烧室结构的评价方法对不同燃烧室形状对气流运动特性的影响进行了分析，由此设计确定了一种燃烧室结构形状，然后根据喷雾匹配角定义涉及的关键参数，来分析喷雾匹配角变化对燃烧放热规律以及排放的影响，这对于评价喷雾与燃烧室形状的匹配具有普遍性的意义。喷雾与燃烧室结构匹配研究结果表明，适当降低压缩比虽然有利于降低NOx排放，但不能兼顾高低速性能，而且不能同时兼顾节能；高压缩比虽然有利于改善发动机节能和高速性能，但不利于NOx排放。在一定的压缩比条件下，通过燃烧室底部凸台形状的合理设计，可有效地组织和控制燃烧室内的气流特性，有利于控制放热规律；有平顶且斜面形状为双曲面的燃烧室，不仅有效抑制预混合燃烧过程，促进扩散燃烧，而且对高速适应性很好，可兼顾发动机高低速性能；喷雾匹配角的变化对放热规律重心影响不大，对放热持续期的影响呈现不同的抛物线规律，抛物线的形状跟发动机转速相关，且在不同的转速区存在放热持续期的最大值，对燃烧过程初期的放热速率影响很大，对扩散燃烧阶段影响相对较小，同时还受发动机转速的影响；通过喷雾夹角来改变喷雾匹配角时，对燃烧的初期放热影响较小，对扩散燃烧阶段影响较大，而喷油器垫片厚度引起的喷雾匹配角的变化，对燃烧的初期放热影响较大，对扩散燃烧阶段影响较小；匹配最佳的喷雾匹配角可以控制预混合燃烧和扩散燃烧的放热速率，从而降低燃烧噪声，同时降低NOx排放，改善燃油经济性；缸内气流运动强度与气流运动的分布对放热规律的影响存在以发动机转速为基准的平衡，随发动机转速的变化呈现此消彼长的规律。
柴油机燃烧放热规律同时影响发动机动力性、经济性和排放特性。为此，在分析了混合气形成对燃烧放热规律影响的基础上，从燃烧过程对排放特性的决定性作用出发，讨论了排放的限制对燃烧过程控制提出的约束条件，这不仅为以后进一步降低排放提供了新的控制方法，而且对目标放热规律的分析也提出了新的依据。研究过程中发现柴油机这种缸内直喷的燃烧模式，其混合气非均匀分布的特性，不仅影响其燃烧放热规律，而且直接影响NO的生成规律。试验与仿真研究结果表明，在柴油机速燃期开始之前温度基本上都低于2000K，此时主要生成快速NO；而在速燃期燃气温度上升到2000K以上，此时由于温度与混合条件的复合作用，快速NO与Zeldovich NO都会生成；在扩散燃烧中后期，缸内温度很高，且基本不存在混合气较浓区域，所以认为只生成Zeldovich NO，不会生成快速NO。在整个燃烧过程中相对理论混合气较稀薄区，NO的生成与温度密切相关；而相对理论混合气浓的区域，快速NO的生成对温度的依赖性很小。尽管快速NO的生成量较小，但是其生成过程的化学反应的中间产物会大大增加Zeldovich NO生成的可能性。所以，NO的控制要从混合气浓度的控制也就是混合气的混合速率以及温度的控制即混合气反应的速率两方面共同考虑，两者缺少任何一方都会导致对NO控制方面的片面性。由基于试验和仿真计算结果所制取的NO和碳烟生成区域的-T图中可以看出，在当量比为1.5~3的范围内，当温度为1800K时就已经有快速NO的生成，随温度的升高NO的产生区域的当量比逐渐下降，直到当量比下降到1.2附近、温度达到最高2400K~2500K，此时NO主要为Zeldovich NO，其在总NO的生成量中占的比例也最大。在当量比为3附近的区域既有快速NO的生成，又有碳烟的生成，所以为了实现NOx与碳烟的同时降低，要尽量避免高浓度区域和高温区域的叠加产生。
在分析以上混合气形成的动态特性对放热规律和NO生成影响的基础上，提出了目标放热规律的概念，以此为依据对发动机各个工况下的燃烧放热规律进行了分析，通过各方面特性的要求提出了目标放热规律在各工况下的目标值，并从控制混合气形成的角度出发提出了为达到目标放热规律所采取的措施。结果表明，目标放热规律的确定可以发挥出一台发动机的性能极限，以达到高效低排放的目的。目标放热规律的实现需要对现行的硬件设备和控制策略进行详细的分析，在设备能够发挥的极限性能的范围内对两者进行良好的匹配。目标放热规律可以划分为预混合燃烧和扩散燃烧阶段。预混合燃烧阶段的主要控制参数有缸内压力升高率和最高燃烧温度。预混合燃烧过程中缸压的变化，不仅影响燃烧噪声水平，同时也影响NOx的排放。故用压力升高率和缸内最高燃烧温度来限制放热规律中的预混合燃烧阶段，不仅限制了燃烧噪声水平、改善了发动机工作粗暴程度，同时也抑制了NOx的排放。针对燃烧放热规律中的扩散燃烧阶段，其燃烧持续期影响了缸内高温的持续期，对NOx排放物的生成起了重要作用，同时扩散燃烧持续期还直接影响了发动机的燃油消耗率。所以NOx排放量和燃油消耗率两方面的权衡关系决定了目标放热规律的目标值，在NOx排放允许的条件下，可以适当的放宽缸内燃烧温度的限制，加速扩散燃烧的速率，达到更佳的燃油经济性。由于硬件设备的技术水平限制，发动机不可能发挥出其最大性能，但从目标放热规律的角度可以看出，在新技术的支持下，完全可以在发动机的各个特性之间取得最优化的匹配，达到高效低排放的极限，这就对设备的开发提出了新的要求。
Nowadays with the growing energy crisis and environmental pollution problemsworldwide, people are becoming more stringent requirements for the engine in energy savingand control of pollutant emissions. The diesel engine has many advantages: such as economypowerful and reliability, as well as higher thermal efficiency and lower CO, HCemissions.Therefore it was widely used gradually, and the dieselization on cars will be thedevelopment trend.But there are some shortcomings,high particulate matter (PM) and NOxrestrict its development,the two emissions had caused a certain damage on the environment,Soall the countries have formulated a large number of diesel engine emission regulations in theincreasingly application,especially limiting NOxemissions without Changing the particulatematter limitation,forcing the diesel engine to take more advanced control technology to controlthe generation of pollutants.
For the diesel engine, its specific exothermic ways determined by the Special combustionstyle is the expression of fuel combustion in the cylinder which has a direct impact on theengine power, economy and emissions characteristics. So if we want to achieve high efficiencyand low emissions, the key point is to control heat release rate actively.While the heat releaserate was effected by inner flow characteristics and the spray characteristics. so the main goal isto optimal match the two main objectives.According to this,the paper proposes a method ofactive control combustion process by controling the target exothermic rate, so combined thefuel injection system with the inner air movement, to control the heat release rate andconcentration field distribution, and achieve high efficiency and low emissions combustionprocess.
Different shapes of combustion chamber and other parameters determine the special flowcharacteristics and the combustion rule. The way that we analyze the flow characteristics incombustion chamber have important significances on grasping the micro flow characteristics, the formation of mixture and the combustion process. When we talk about shrinkage mouthcombustion, we can’t descript the match of spray and the combustion shape intuitively with thesole concept of injection advance angle because of the difference of factors such as spray angel,injection press, the shape at shrinkage mouth and the convex platform shape. As a result, weintroduce the spray wall parameter which reflates the relation between spray and combustionshape. Firstly we analyze the impacts of different combustion shapes on flow characteristic onthe basis of the evaluation method of combustion structure. Secondly we analyze how thechange which is aroused by different impact factors of spray wall angle influence thecombustion heat release rule and the emissions. All these have universal significance on thematch of spray and the combustion shape. The result shows that, though reducing thecompression ratio is beneficial for reducing the NOxemission, it can’t apply to high low speedperformance and energy conservation; though high compression ratio can improve high lowspeed performance and realize energy conservation, it is not beneficial for NOxemission. Thatis to say adjusting the compression ratio only can’t apply to energy conservation and reducingemissions perfectly. Under the certain compression ratio conditions, we can organize andcontrol the flow characteristics in combustion chamber effectively through designing the properconvex platform shape. This is beneficial for controlling the heat release rule. The combustionchamber with flat top and concave shape of slope not only can inhibition the pre-mix processeffectively and promote diffusive combustion, but also can adjust to high speed perfectly andapply to high low speed performance. The change of spray matching angle has little impact onthe center of heat release rate. The impact of heat release duration presents difference parabolicrule which is related to engine speed. And there is a maximum of heat release duration indifference speed zone. The change of spray matching angle has great impact on initial heatrelease and little impact on diffusive combustion and is affected by engine speed. The change ofspray axis has little impact on initial heat release but great impact on diffusive combustion. Onthe contrary, the change of the spray axis’s relative position at the axis of cylinder direction hasgreat impact on initial heat release and little impact on diffusive combustion. We can control therate of pre-mixture combustion and diffusive combustion, to realize lower specific fuelconsumption and reduce NOxemission by matching best spray matching angle. The effect onheat release rule of airflow movement strength in cylinder and the distribution of airflow movement exist a weight balance on the basis of engine speed and present a trading off andtaking turns rule with the change of engine speed.
The target value of the target release rate is limited by power, economy and emissions atthe same time, basing on the analysis of the gas mixture on the impact of the Combustion Law,especially on the detailed analysis of the law of NO emissions,is the to consider the importantrole of prompt NO on the NO generation, not only providing a new control method to furtherreduce the emissions of NO, but a new requirement on the analysis of the target heat releaserate. The results show that the temperature before the start of combustion period in the dieselengine is substantially all below2000K, the fast No are mainly generated this time; the gastemperature of the rapid combustion period is more than2000K, due to the composite effect ofthe temperature and mixing conditions this time, the prompt NO and Zeldovich NO willgenerate; in the late diffusion combustion period, the cylinder temperature is very high, themixed gas doctrinal area does not exist basically, so only the Zeldovich NO generates this time,not the prompt NO. In the rarefied zone relative to theoretical air-fuel mixture in the wholecombustion process, the generation of NO and temperature are closely related; while in therelative theoretical mixed gas concentration area, the generation of NO has little dependence ontemperature. Despite the small amount of the formation of prompt NO, but the generatedintermediate product of the chemical reaction of the process would greatly increase thelikehood of Zeldovich NO formation. Control of NO from the mixed gas concentration control,that is, the mixing rate of the gas mixture and temperature control, that is, the reaction rate ofthe gas mixture, the absence of any party will result in the one-sidedness of NO control. It canbe seen in the equivalent ratio of within the range of1.5to3, the prompt NO would generate atthe temperature of1800K, with the rising of temperature, the NO generation region theequivalent ratio would decreased gradually, until when the ratio decreased in the vicinity of1.2,when the temperature reached in the vicinity of the highest2400K~2500K, the NO ismainly Zeldovich NO, the proportion in the generation amount of the total NO largest. In theequivalence ratio of3and its vicinity region both prompt NO generation, another of sootgenerated, so in order to achieve reduced NOx and soot while, to avoid the superimposition ofthe high concentration region and the high-temperature region is generated.
On the basis of analysis of the effect of dynamic characteristics of the mixture formation on heat release law and NO generation, proposed the concept of a target heat release rate. asbased on that analyzed the heat release rate on various operating conditions. Found the targetvalue of the target heat release rate on various operating conditions according the requirements,and researched the measures to achieve the target heat release rate from the perspective ofcontrolling the mixture formation. The results show that, the engine can achieve performancelimitation under the target heat release rate, so achieving high efficiency and low emissions.The realization of target heat release rate need a good match between the current hardware andcontrol strategies. The target heat release rate can be divided for premixed combustion stageand diffusion combustion stage. The main control parameters of pre-mixing combustion stageinclude the rate of cylinder pressure rise and the maximum combustion temperature. Thechange of in-cylinder pressure in pre-mixed combustion process not only affects the level ofcombustion noise, but also affects the emission of NOx. So controlling the pre-mixingcombustion stage with the rate of pressure rise and the in-cylinder maximum combustiontemperature, in fact, not only limits the level of combustion noise, also restrains the emission ofNOx. The combustion duration in the diffusion combustion stage affected the duration of thecylinder high temperature, and plays an important role in the generation of NOx emissions, alsodirectly affects the engine's fuel consumption rate. So both NOx emissions and fuelconsumption rate determines the target value of the target heat release rate. If the NOxemissions is permitted, the limitations of the cylinder combustion temperature can beappropriate reduced, so that the rate of diffusion combustion is accelerate and to achieve themore fuel economy. Due to the limitation of the hardware technical level, the engine isimpossible to play the maximum performance, but from the perspective of the target heatrelease rate, optimizational match can be achieved between the various characteristics of theengine completely in support of the new technology so as to achieve high efficiency and lowemissions limit, which put forward new demands to development of equipment.
柴油机特有的燃烧方式所决定的特殊的放热规律是缸内燃油燃烧的根本体现，其直接影响柴油机的动力性、经济性和排放特性。所以内燃机要实现高效率低排放，最根本的有效途径是控制燃烧放热规律。而燃烧放热规律主要受到缸内气流运动特性与喷雾特性两方面的影响，所以两者的优化匹配是控制柴油机燃烧放热规律的主要目标。为此，本文提出了以目标放热规律为控制目标的柴油机燃烧过程的控制方法，并结合燃油喷雾与燃烧室内气流运动的匹配关系，通过对缸内混合气浓度场分布和放热规律的控制，探索实现目标放热规律的有效途径，以达到高效低排放的燃烧过程。
不同燃烧室结构形状及其参数，决定了燃烧室内特有的气流特性及其燃烧规律。如何评价分析燃烧室内的气流特性，对正确把握燃烧室内微观的两相流场特性对混合气形成和燃烧过程以及目标放热规律影响的研究具有重要的意义。对于缩口直喷型燃烧室，因为喷雾夹角、喷射压力、缩口处形状、凸台形状等因素的不同，单纯的用喷射提前角的概念不能直观的描述喷雾与燃烧室形状的匹配，因此提出了喷雾与燃烧室形状相关联的喷雾匹配角参数。
所以，论文首先根据燃烧室结构的评价方法对不同燃烧室形状对气流运动特性的影响进行了分析，由此设计确定了一种燃烧室结构形状，然后根据喷雾匹配角定义涉及的关键参数，来分析喷雾匹配角变化对燃烧放热规律以及排放的影响，这对于评价喷雾与燃烧室形状的匹配具有普遍性的意义。喷雾与燃烧室结构匹配研究结果表明，适当降低压缩比虽然有利于降低NOx排放，但不能兼顾高低速性能，而且不能同时兼顾节能；高压缩比虽然有利于改善发动机节能和高速性能，但不利于NOx排放。在一定的压缩比条件下，通过燃烧室底部凸台形状的合理设计，可有效地组织和控制燃烧室内的气流特性，有利于控制放热规律；有平顶且斜面形状为双曲面的燃烧室，不仅有效抑制预混合燃烧过程，促进扩散燃烧，而且对高速适应性很好，可兼顾发动机高低速性能；喷雾匹配角的变化对放热规律重心影响不大，对放热持续期的影响呈现不同的抛物线规律，抛物线的形状跟发动机转速相关，且在不同的转速区存在放热持续期的最大值，对燃烧过程初期的放热速率影响很大，对扩散燃烧阶段影响相对较小，同时还受发动机转速的影响；通过喷雾夹角来改变喷雾匹配角时，对燃烧的初期放热影响较小，对扩散燃烧阶段影响较大，而喷油器垫片厚度引起的喷雾匹配角的变化，对燃烧的初期放热影响较大，对扩散燃烧阶段影响较小；匹配最佳的喷雾匹配角可以控制预混合燃烧和扩散燃烧的放热速率，从而降低燃烧噪声，同时降低NOx排放，改善燃油经济性；缸内气流运动强度与气流运动的分布对放热规律的影响存在以发动机转速为基准的平衡，随发动机转速的变化呈现此消彼长的规律。
柴油机燃烧放热规律同时影响发动机动力性、经济性和排放特性。为此，在分析了混合气形成对燃烧放热规律影响的基础上，从燃烧过程对排放特性的决定性作用出发，讨论了排放的限制对燃烧过程控制提出的约束条件，这不仅为以后进一步降低排放提供了新的控制方法，而且对目标放热规律的分析也提出了新的依据。研究过程中发现柴油机这种缸内直喷的燃烧模式，其混合气非均匀分布的特性，不仅影响其燃烧放热规律，而且直接影响NO的生成规律。试验与仿真研究结果表明，在柴油机速燃期开始之前温度基本上都低于2000K，此时主要生成快速NO；而在速燃期燃气温度上升到2000K以上，此时由于温度与混合条件的复合作用，快速NO与Zeldovich NO都会生成；在扩散燃烧中后期，缸内温度很高，且基本不存在混合气较浓区域，所以认为只生成Zeldovich NO，不会生成快速NO。在整个燃烧过程中相对理论混合气较稀薄区，NO的生成与温度密切相关；而相对理论混合气浓的区域，快速NO的生成对温度的依赖性很小。尽管快速NO的生成量较小，但是其生成过程的化学反应的中间产物会大大增加Zeldovich NO生成的可能性。所以，NO的控制要从混合气浓度的控制也就是混合气的混合速率以及温度的控制即混合气反应的速率两方面共同考虑，两者缺少任何一方都会导致对NO控制方面的片面性。由基于试验和仿真计算结果所制取的NO和碳烟生成区域的-T图中可以看出，在当量比为1.5~3的范围内，当温度为1800K时就已经有快速NO的生成，随温度的升高NO的产生区域的当量比逐渐下降，直到当量比下降到1.2附近、温度达到最高2400K~2500K，此时NO主要为Zeldovich NO，其在总NO的生成量中占的比例也最大。在当量比为3附近的区域既有快速NO的生成，又有碳烟的生成，所以为了实现NOx与碳烟的同时降低，要尽量避免高浓度区域和高温区域的叠加产生。
在分析以上混合气形成的动态特性对放热规律和NO生成影响的基础上，提出了目标放热规律的概念，以此为依据对发动机各个工况下的燃烧放热规律进行了分析，通过各方面特性的要求提出了目标放热规律在各工况下的目标值，并从控制混合气形成的角度出发提出了为达到目标放热规律所采取的措施。结果表明，目标放热规律的确定可以发挥出一台发动机的性能极限，以达到高效低排放的目的。目标放热规律的实现需要对现行的硬件设备和控制策略进行详细的分析，在设备能够发挥的极限性能的范围内对两者进行良好的匹配。目标放热规律可以划分为预混合燃烧和扩散燃烧阶段。预混合燃烧阶段的主要控制参数有缸内压力升高率和最高燃烧温度。预混合燃烧过程中缸压的变化，不仅影响燃烧噪声水平，同时也影响NOx的排放。故用压力升高率和缸内最高燃烧温度来限制放热规律中的预混合燃烧阶段，不仅限制了燃烧噪声水平、改善了发动机工作粗暴程度，同时也抑制了NOx的排放。针对燃烧放热规律中的扩散燃烧阶段，其燃烧持续期影响了缸内高温的持续期，对NOx排放物的生成起了重要作用，同时扩散燃烧持续期还直接影响了发动机的燃油消耗率。所以NOx排放量和燃油消耗率两方面的权衡关系决定了目标放热规律的目标值，在NOx排放允许的条件下，可以适当的放宽缸内燃烧温度的限制，加速扩散燃烧的速率，达到更佳的燃油经济性。由于硬件设备的技术水平限制，发动机不可能发挥出其最大性能，但从目标放热规律的角度可以看出，在新技术的支持下，完全可以在发动机的各个特性之间取得最优化的匹配，达到高效低排放的极限，这就对设备的开发提出了新的要求。
Nowadays with the growing energy crisis and environmental pollution problemsworldwide, people are becoming more stringent requirements for the engine in energy savingand control of pollutant emissions. The diesel engine has many advantages: such as economypowerful and reliability, as well as higher thermal efficiency and lower CO, HCemissions.Therefore it was widely used gradually, and the dieselization on cars will be thedevelopment trend.But there are some shortcomings,high particulate matter (PM) and NOxrestrict its development,the two emissions had caused a certain damage on the environment,Soall the countries have formulated a large number of diesel engine emission regulations in theincreasingly application,especially limiting NOxemissions without Changing the particulatematter limitation,forcing the diesel engine to take more advanced control technology to controlthe generation of pollutants.
For the diesel engine, its specific exothermic ways determined by the Special combustionstyle is the expression of fuel combustion in the cylinder which has a direct impact on theengine power, economy and emissions characteristics. So if we want to achieve high efficiencyand low emissions, the key point is to control heat release rate actively.While the heat releaserate was effected by inner flow characteristics and the spray characteristics. so the main goal isto optimal match the two main objectives.According to this,the paper proposes a method ofactive control combustion process by controling the target exothermic rate, so combined thefuel injection system with the inner air movement, to control the heat release rate andconcentration field distribution, and achieve high efficiency and low emissions combustionprocess.
Different shapes of combustion chamber and other parameters determine the special flowcharacteristics and the combustion rule. The way that we analyze the flow characteristics incombustion chamber have important significances on grasping the micro flow characteristics, the formation of mixture and the combustion process. When we talk about shrinkage mouthcombustion, we can’t descript the match of spray and the combustion shape intuitively with thesole concept of injection advance angle because of the difference of factors such as spray angel,injection press, the shape at shrinkage mouth and the convex platform shape. As a result, weintroduce the spray wall parameter which reflates the relation between spray and combustionshape. Firstly we analyze the impacts of different combustion shapes on flow characteristic onthe basis of the evaluation method of combustion structure. Secondly we analyze how thechange which is aroused by different impact factors of spray wall angle influence thecombustion heat release rule and the emissions. All these have universal significance on thematch of spray and the combustion shape. The result shows that, though reducing thecompression ratio is beneficial for reducing the NOxemission, it can’t apply to high low speedperformance and energy conservation; though high compression ratio can improve high lowspeed performance and realize energy conservation, it is not beneficial for NOxemission. Thatis to say adjusting the compression ratio only can’t apply to energy conservation and reducingemissions perfectly. Under the certain compression ratio conditions, we can organize andcontrol the flow characteristics in combustion chamber effectively through designing the properconvex platform shape. This is beneficial for controlling the heat release rule. The combustionchamber with flat top and concave shape of slope not only can inhibition the pre-mix processeffectively and promote diffusive combustion, but also can adjust to high speed perfectly andapply to high low speed performance. The change of spray matching angle has little impact onthe center of heat release rate. The impact of heat release duration presents difference parabolicrule which is related to engine speed. And there is a maximum of heat release duration indifference speed zone. The change of spray matching angle has great impact on initial heatrelease and little impact on diffusive combustion and is affected by engine speed. The change ofspray axis has little impact on initial heat release but great impact on diffusive combustion. Onthe contrary, the change of the spray axis’s relative position at the axis of cylinder direction hasgreat impact on initial heat release and little impact on diffusive combustion. We can control therate of pre-mixture combustion and diffusive combustion, to realize lower specific fuelconsumption and reduce NOxemission by matching best spray matching angle. The effect onheat release rule of airflow movement strength in cylinder and the distribution of airflow movement exist a weight balance on the basis of engine speed and present a trading off andtaking turns rule with the change of engine speed.
The target value of the target release rate is limited by power, economy and emissions atthe same time, basing on the analysis of the gas mixture on the impact of the Combustion Law,especially on the detailed analysis of the law of NO emissions,is the to consider the importantrole of prompt NO on the NO generation, not only providing a new control method to furtherreduce the emissions of NO, but a new requirement on the analysis of the target heat releaserate. The results show that the temperature before the start of combustion period in the dieselengine is substantially all below2000K, the fast No are mainly generated this time; the gastemperature of the rapid combustion period is more than2000K, due to the composite effect ofthe temperature and mixing conditions this time, the prompt NO and Zeldovich NO willgenerate; in the late diffusion combustion period, the cylinder temperature is very high, themixed gas doctrinal area does not exist basically, so only the Zeldovich NO generates this time,not the prompt NO. In the rarefied zone relative to theoretical air-fuel mixture in the wholecombustion process, the generation of NO and temperature are closely related; while in therelative theoretical mixed gas concentration area, the generation of NO has little dependence ontemperature. Despite the small amount of the formation of prompt NO, but the generatedintermediate product of the chemical reaction of the process would greatly increase thelikehood of Zeldovich NO formation. Control of NO from the mixed gas concentration control,that is, the mixing rate of the gas mixture and temperature control, that is, the reaction rate ofthe gas mixture, the absence of any party will result in the one-sidedness of NO control. It canbe seen in the equivalent ratio of within the range of1.5to3, the prompt NO would generate atthe temperature of1800K, with the rising of temperature, the NO generation region theequivalent ratio would decreased gradually, until when the ratio decreased in the vicinity of1.2,when the temperature reached in the vicinity of the highest2400K~2500K, the NO ismainly Zeldovich NO, the proportion in the generation amount of the total NO largest. In theequivalence ratio of3and its vicinity region both prompt NO generation, another of sootgenerated, so in order to achieve reduced NOx and soot while, to avoid the superimposition ofthe high concentration region and the high-temperature region is generated.
On the basis of analysis of the effect of dynamic characteristics of the mixture formation on heat release law and NO generation, proposed the concept of a target heat release rate. asbased on that analyzed the heat release rate on various operating conditions. Found the targetvalue of the target heat release rate on various operating conditions according the requirements,and researched the measures to achieve the target heat release rate from the perspective ofcontrolling the mixture formation. The results show that, the engine can achieve performancelimitation under the target heat release rate, so achieving high efficiency and low emissions.The realization of target heat release rate need a good match between the current hardware andcontrol strategies. The target heat release rate can be divided for premixed combustion stageand diffusion combustion stage. The main control parameters of pre-mixing combustion stageinclude the rate of cylinder pressure rise and the maximum combustion temperature. Thechange of in-cylinder pressure in pre-mixed combustion process not only affects the level ofcombustion noise, but also affects the emission of NOx. So controlling the pre-mixingcombustion stage with the rate of pressure rise and the in-cylinder maximum combustiontemperature, in fact, not only limits the level of combustion noise, also restrains the emission ofNOx. The combustion duration in the diffusion combustion stage affected the duration of thecylinder high temperature, and plays an important role in the generation of NOx emissions, alsodirectly affects the engine's fuel consumption rate. So both NOx emissions and fuelconsumption rate determines the target value of the target heat release rate. If the NOxemissions is permitted, the limitations of the cylinder combustion temperature can beappropriate reduced, so that the rate of diffusion combustion is accelerate and to achieve themore fuel economy. Due to the limitation of the hardware technical level, the engine isimpossible to play the maximum performance, but from the perspective of the target heatrelease rate, optimizational match can be achieved between the various characteristics of theengine completely in support of the new technology so as to achieve high efficiency and lowemissions limit, which put forward new demands to development of equipment.
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