有机废物资源化利用及生态工业和农业园区模式研究
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摘要
环境污染与生态破坏使我们付出了巨大的资源和环境代价，资源与环境的双约束难题成为越来越突出的问题，这些问题严重制约了我国未来的发展。因此，资源的高效、经济、多尺度和循环利用成为解决资源、环境和发展之间瓶颈问题的有效手段。
目前，对于有机废物资源化利用研究比较分散，也不够深入和全面，主要是一些政策和理论的探讨。本文从食品加工和农业生产两个方面，选取具有代表性的有机废物进行资源化利用研究，分析典型有机废物成分特点，据其探讨有机废物资源化的方法路线，并进行较详细的效益分析，利用有机废物资源化利用实践研究的结论，进而探讨生态工业园区和生态农业园区的模式构建。
结合浮渣的资源化方案，以及现行处理乳品废水的水解酸化-好氧工艺，提出了乳品废水处理全流程资源化的技术路线。整个工艺流程由废水资源化系统、浮渣资源化系统和污泥资源化系统3部分组成，从废水到系统产物—水解池浮渣、污泥都得到了资源化利用，主要产品为达标水、脂肪酸、絮凝剂和肥料。通过对谷氨酸发酵高浓度废液成分的分析结合对味精生产过程的解析，提出了利用谷氨酸发酵高浓度废液中丰富的氮源和生物活性物质与玉米秸秆水解混合生产复合型生物絮凝剂，利用高硫酸根含量和当地盛产的风化煤、褐煤混合生产高效腐植酸微生物有机复合肥，同时生产菌体蛋白饲料的味精废水资源化综合利用方案。以青岛琅琊台集团公司在酿酒过程中以及衣康酸和葡萄糖酸钠生物发酵生产过程中产生的粮食酒糟、瓜干酒糟、玉米淀粉蛋白渣、衣康酸母液、衣康酸菌丝体、葡萄糖酸钠菌丝体等废弃物为研究对象，应用生物-微生物技术生产高活性生物蛋白饲料、叶面肥、冲施肥等生物制品，并提出了一整套废弃物全流程资源化的技术路线。
为更好的对秸秆类农业废物进行资源化利用，采用正交试验的方法对秸秆进行了预处理实验，结果表明，秸秆稀碱预处理的效果好于稀酸预处理。稀碱预处理最优条件为：反应温度80℃条件下，质量分数为1%的NaOH，反应时间90min。预处理后秸秆木质素含量降低了54.35%，纤维素含量提高了78.24%。提出了一种农业废物秸秆资源化利用的新途径：通过纤维素降解菌降解预处理后的秸秆得到糖化液，应用产絮菌进行发酵生产生物絮凝剂，糖化液的上清液，通过补料生产饲料，进行牲畜的养殖，牲畜产生的粪便用于发酵产生沼气，沼气的底泥用于农田的施肥，实现了秸秆的资源化利用。探讨了海林农场以沼气为核心的农业循环经济模式，实现了物质在养殖业、种植业和农民生活间的梯级利用和清洁能源的使用，减少了物质的投入、废物的产出、提高了资源的利用效率，同时实现了环境效益、生态效益和经济效益；也为北方寒冷地区冬季沼气池内温度低，提供了宝贵的经验，对于北方寒冷地区，发展沼气为核心的循环经济奠定了基础。提出了一套松花江流域哈尔滨段农业面源污染治理方案，以循环经济为理念，通过在松花江流域哈尔滨段沿江区域进行科学合理的区域划分，结合加强污水处理基础设施及其配套管网工程的建设，重点解决畜禽养殖、农药化肥径流、农村生活用水及水土流失四方面带来的水体污染问题，通过使用一系列相关工程技术措施，逐步实现松花江水质生态的全面改善。
通过对相关企业的实地考察，对企业产生有机废物的研究，提出以废弃物资源化为核心的工业生态园区循环经济模式。以物质集成、能量集成、信息集成为技术，以具体的物质生态链和远程的信息生态链相结合，构建虚实结合的高科技生态工业园区。核心企业及其相关的附属企业组成工业生态群落，群落问通过产品和能量、水的级联使用与远程企业联系在一起，通过一些共同产品、水或能量关系，构成了多种物质能量链接的酿酒生态工业链、生态链生物发酵生态工业链、环保产业生态工业链等生态工业产业链条，最终各种工业生态构成以区域循环经济理念为核心的园区总体生态工业网络。构建附属企业，充分利用园区核心企业产生的副产物和废弃物进行再生产，较好地体现出工业生态系统物质循环和能量有效利用的理念。提出以生物质能源化为核心的农村生态园区循环经济模式。以农业生产和农村生活中的生物质废弃的资源化和能源化为结点，以农业种植和畜禽养殖为主体，建立了现代化高效农业生态工程模式，并对农业观光园区进行了初步规划设计。
Environmental pollution and ecological destruction, we paid a huge resourceand environmental costs, resource constraints and environmental problems becomemore and more prominent double the problems that seriously hampered thedevelopment of China's future. Therefore, efficient, economic, multi-scale andrecycling of resources become effective means to solve the bottlenecks ofenvironment and development.
Currently, the utilization of organic waste rather scattered, not enough in-depthand comprehensive, most of researches focus on primarily of policies and theories.In this paper, food processing and agricultural production were selected as samplesof organic waste utilization, were analyzed from the characteristics of typicalcomponents of organic waste resources. According to the method of lines and amore detailed benefit analysis of use of organic waste utilization was practiced toexplore the eco-industrial parks and eco-agriculture park mode.
Three model cases of the the resource regeneration of organic wastes wereproposed. The feasibility of whole process reclamation and utilization of dairywastewater was analyzed. The reclamation and utilization of the scruff in thehydrolytic acidification tank were discussed especially. Based on the experiments,during the treatment of dairy wastewater, it was technologically feasible to realizezero secondary pollutants discharge and whole process reclamation and utilization.According to the utilization values of different components, three reclamation planswere established. Optimal plan for reclamation was determined as mixed fatty acidextraction. Combining the reclamation of scruff and the existing hydrolyzation-acidification-oxidation process for dairy wastewater treatment, the technical pathfor whole process reclamation and utilization of dairy wastewater was put forward.The whole process was constituted by wastewater, scruff and sludge reclamationsystems. The wastewater, the byproduct scruff and the sludge were all reclaimed.The major products were standard effluent, fatty acid, flocculent and fertilizer.
Rice straw pretreatment process was optimized by orthogonal experiment. Theoptimal condition of NaOH pretreated rice straw was temperature80℃,concentration of NaOH solution1.0%, reaction time90min, suitable smashed ricestraw40mesh. Pretreated rice straws were degraded by cellulose degradationbacterium. The degradation rate and reduced sugar yield are70.3%and10.6%. Flocculation producing bacteria could utilize the saccharifyed liquid of rice strawand produce bioflocculant. A new way of utilization of agricultural waste strawwas put forward：saccharification liquid got from straw degraded by cellulosedegradation bacteria after pretreatment, flocculating bacteria was fermented for bio-flocculants production, Saccharification liquid supernatant produced by feedingfeed for livestock farming, livestock manure produced by fermentation for biogas,biogas sludge fertilizer for farmland, to achieve the straw utilization. Hailin farmbiogas as the core economic model of agricultural cycle was investigated, achievingthe substances step-utilization of breeding, farming and human waste, reducing thematerial's amount, waste output and improving resource use efficiency, whileachieving the environmental benefits, ecological and economic benefits; too cold inwinter for the northern digester, the temperature was low, and it provided valuableexperience for the northern cold areas, the development of gas as the corefoundation of circular economy. A set of Songhua River in Harbin section ofagricultural non-point source pollution control program was proposed, to recyclingeconomy concept, by construction of the Harbin section of Songhua River along theregional scientific and rational regional division, combined with enhancing watertreatment infrastructure and supporting pipe network building, focus on resolvinglivestock, pesticide and fertilizer runoff, water and soil erosion in rural life to bringabout four body of water pollution, by using a series of relevant engineers steps toachieve progressively the full realization of the Songhua River ecology of waterquality improvement.
Combining the material mater ecological chain and the long-range informationecological chain, the virtual and real high-tech eco-industrial parks was constructedwith the integrated technology of matter, energy and information. From thepractical conditions of Shandong province and Jiaonan area, four major projectswere determined to be developed preferentially: ecological vintage, biologicalfermentation, logistics and environmental protection. Accessorial enterprises wereconstructed by making the full utilization of the byproducts and wastes generatedby the core enterprises, which was a favorable reflection of the concepts of mattercirculation of the industrial ecological system and the effective utilization of energy.The key enterprises and their accessorial enterprises formed the industrialecological communities. Through the serial utilization of product, energy and water,the ecological communities were connected to the long-range enterprises. Throughthe common products and the relationships between water and energy, ecologicalindustrial chains such as vintage ecological industry, ecological biological fermentation, and environmental protection were formulated. Finally, ecologicalindustrial network were formed with the district concept of circular economy. Thecircular economy model of eco-agricultural parks, that taking resource regenerationof organic wastes as core was proposed. The reclamation and utilization of wasteswere conducted from a macroscopical, ecological, circular, sustainable perspective.The reclamation of itaconic acid mother liquid was a node in the whole processreclamation and utilization of organic wastes.
目前，对于有机废物资源化利用研究比较分散，也不够深入和全面，主要是一些政策和理论的探讨。本文从食品加工和农业生产两个方面，选取具有代表性的有机废物进行资源化利用研究，分析典型有机废物成分特点，据其探讨有机废物资源化的方法路线，并进行较详细的效益分析，利用有机废物资源化利用实践研究的结论，进而探讨生态工业园区和生态农业园区的模式构建。
结合浮渣的资源化方案，以及现行处理乳品废水的水解酸化-好氧工艺，提出了乳品废水处理全流程资源化的技术路线。整个工艺流程由废水资源化系统、浮渣资源化系统和污泥资源化系统3部分组成，从废水到系统产物—水解池浮渣、污泥都得到了资源化利用，主要产品为达标水、脂肪酸、絮凝剂和肥料。通过对谷氨酸发酵高浓度废液成分的分析结合对味精生产过程的解析，提出了利用谷氨酸发酵高浓度废液中丰富的氮源和生物活性物质与玉米秸秆水解混合生产复合型生物絮凝剂，利用高硫酸根含量和当地盛产的风化煤、褐煤混合生产高效腐植酸微生物有机复合肥，同时生产菌体蛋白饲料的味精废水资源化综合利用方案。以青岛琅琊台集团公司在酿酒过程中以及衣康酸和葡萄糖酸钠生物发酵生产过程中产生的粮食酒糟、瓜干酒糟、玉米淀粉蛋白渣、衣康酸母液、衣康酸菌丝体、葡萄糖酸钠菌丝体等废弃物为研究对象，应用生物-微生物技术生产高活性生物蛋白饲料、叶面肥、冲施肥等生物制品，并提出了一整套废弃物全流程资源化的技术路线。
为更好的对秸秆类农业废物进行资源化利用，采用正交试验的方法对秸秆进行了预处理实验，结果表明，秸秆稀碱预处理的效果好于稀酸预处理。稀碱预处理最优条件为：反应温度80℃条件下，质量分数为1%的NaOH，反应时间90min。预处理后秸秆木质素含量降低了54.35%，纤维素含量提高了78.24%。提出了一种农业废物秸秆资源化利用的新途径：通过纤维素降解菌降解预处理后的秸秆得到糖化液，应用产絮菌进行发酵生产生物絮凝剂，糖化液的上清液，通过补料生产饲料，进行牲畜的养殖，牲畜产生的粪便用于发酵产生沼气，沼气的底泥用于农田的施肥，实现了秸秆的资源化利用。探讨了海林农场以沼气为核心的农业循环经济模式，实现了物质在养殖业、种植业和农民生活间的梯级利用和清洁能源的使用，减少了物质的投入、废物的产出、提高了资源的利用效率，同时实现了环境效益、生态效益和经济效益；也为北方寒冷地区冬季沼气池内温度低，提供了宝贵的经验，对于北方寒冷地区，发展沼气为核心的循环经济奠定了基础。提出了一套松花江流域哈尔滨段农业面源污染治理方案，以循环经济为理念，通过在松花江流域哈尔滨段沿江区域进行科学合理的区域划分，结合加强污水处理基础设施及其配套管网工程的建设，重点解决畜禽养殖、农药化肥径流、农村生活用水及水土流失四方面带来的水体污染问题，通过使用一系列相关工程技术措施，逐步实现松花江水质生态的全面改善。
通过对相关企业的实地考察，对企业产生有机废物的研究，提出以废弃物资源化为核心的工业生态园区循环经济模式。以物质集成、能量集成、信息集成为技术，以具体的物质生态链和远程的信息生态链相结合，构建虚实结合的高科技生态工业园区。核心企业及其相关的附属企业组成工业生态群落，群落问通过产品和能量、水的级联使用与远程企业联系在一起，通过一些共同产品、水或能量关系，构成了多种物质能量链接的酿酒生态工业链、生态链生物发酵生态工业链、环保产业生态工业链等生态工业产业链条，最终各种工业生态构成以区域循环经济理念为核心的园区总体生态工业网络。构建附属企业，充分利用园区核心企业产生的副产物和废弃物进行再生产，较好地体现出工业生态系统物质循环和能量有效利用的理念。提出以生物质能源化为核心的农村生态园区循环经济模式。以农业生产和农村生活中的生物质废弃的资源化和能源化为结点，以农业种植和畜禽养殖为主体，建立了现代化高效农业生态工程模式，并对农业观光园区进行了初步规划设计。
Environmental pollution and ecological destruction, we paid a huge resourceand environmental costs, resource constraints and environmental problems becomemore and more prominent double the problems that seriously hampered thedevelopment of China's future. Therefore, efficient, economic, multi-scale andrecycling of resources become effective means to solve the bottlenecks ofenvironment and development.
Currently, the utilization of organic waste rather scattered, not enough in-depthand comprehensive, most of researches focus on primarily of policies and theories.In this paper, food processing and agricultural production were selected as samplesof organic waste utilization, were analyzed from the characteristics of typicalcomponents of organic waste resources. According to the method of lines and amore detailed benefit analysis of use of organic waste utilization was practiced toexplore the eco-industrial parks and eco-agriculture park mode.
Three model cases of the the resource regeneration of organic wastes wereproposed. The feasibility of whole process reclamation and utilization of dairywastewater was analyzed. The reclamation and utilization of the scruff in thehydrolytic acidification tank were discussed especially. Based on the experiments,during the treatment of dairy wastewater, it was technologically feasible to realizezero secondary pollutants discharge and whole process reclamation and utilization.According to the utilization values of different components, three reclamation planswere established. Optimal plan for reclamation was determined as mixed fatty acidextraction. Combining the reclamation of scruff and the existing hydrolyzation-acidification-oxidation process for dairy wastewater treatment, the technical pathfor whole process reclamation and utilization of dairy wastewater was put forward.The whole process was constituted by wastewater, scruff and sludge reclamationsystems. The wastewater, the byproduct scruff and the sludge were all reclaimed.The major products were standard effluent, fatty acid, flocculent and fertilizer.
Rice straw pretreatment process was optimized by orthogonal experiment. Theoptimal condition of NaOH pretreated rice straw was temperature80℃,concentration of NaOH solution1.0%, reaction time90min, suitable smashed ricestraw40mesh. Pretreated rice straws were degraded by cellulose degradationbacterium. The degradation rate and reduced sugar yield are70.3%and10.6%. Flocculation producing bacteria could utilize the saccharifyed liquid of rice strawand produce bioflocculant. A new way of utilization of agricultural waste strawwas put forward：saccharification liquid got from straw degraded by cellulosedegradation bacteria after pretreatment, flocculating bacteria was fermented for bio-flocculants production, Saccharification liquid supernatant produced by feedingfeed for livestock farming, livestock manure produced by fermentation for biogas,biogas sludge fertilizer for farmland, to achieve the straw utilization. Hailin farmbiogas as the core economic model of agricultural cycle was investigated, achievingthe substances step-utilization of breeding, farming and human waste, reducing thematerial's amount, waste output and improving resource use efficiency, whileachieving the environmental benefits, ecological and economic benefits; too cold inwinter for the northern digester, the temperature was low, and it provided valuableexperience for the northern cold areas, the development of gas as the corefoundation of circular economy. A set of Songhua River in Harbin section ofagricultural non-point source pollution control program was proposed, to recyclingeconomy concept, by construction of the Harbin section of Songhua River along theregional scientific and rational regional division, combined with enhancing watertreatment infrastructure and supporting pipe network building, focus on resolvinglivestock, pesticide and fertilizer runoff, water and soil erosion in rural life to bringabout four body of water pollution, by using a series of relevant engineers steps toachieve progressively the full realization of the Songhua River ecology of waterquality improvement.
Combining the material mater ecological chain and the long-range informationecological chain, the virtual and real high-tech eco-industrial parks was constructedwith the integrated technology of matter, energy and information. From thepractical conditions of Shandong province and Jiaonan area, four major projectswere determined to be developed preferentially: ecological vintage, biologicalfermentation, logistics and environmental protection. Accessorial enterprises wereconstructed by making the full utilization of the byproducts and wastes generatedby the core enterprises, which was a favorable reflection of the concepts of mattercirculation of the industrial ecological system and the effective utilization of energy.The key enterprises and their accessorial enterprises formed the industrialecological communities. Through the serial utilization of product, energy and water,the ecological communities were connected to the long-range enterprises. Throughthe common products and the relationships between water and energy, ecologicalindustrial chains such as vintage ecological industry, ecological biological fermentation, and environmental protection were formulated. Finally, ecologicalindustrial network were formed with the district concept of circular economy. Thecircular economy model of eco-agricultural parks, that taking resource regenerationof organic wastes as core was proposed. The reclamation and utilization of wasteswere conducted from a macroscopical, ecological, circular, sustainable perspective.The reclamation of itaconic acid mother liquid was a node in the whole processreclamation and utilization of organic wastes.
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