苹果渣多酚分离鉴定与体外抗氧化和抗炎活性初步研究
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摘要
苹果渣是苹果加工的副产物,富含苹果多酚。苹果多酚具有预防高血压、抗肿瘤等多种药理功能,它已成为人们研究的热点。目前对苹果多酚的提取、分离研究报道较多,但提取方法仍存在效率低、纯度低、污染大等缺点,因此苹果多酚的制备难度很大。抗氧化和抗炎活性是苹果多酚重要的生理功能,但关于其组成与活性之间作用关系和机制的研究仍比较缺乏。因此本研究以苹果渣为原料,选取十种不同极性溶剂提取苹果多酚,以总酚得率和抗氧化活性为指标,比较不同溶剂的提取效果。选取乙醇／水为提取溶剂,系统研究了微波辅助溶剂法提取多酚的最佳工艺。然后选取十种不同型号的树脂对苹果多酚进行纯化,通过比较静态吸附率和解吸率,确定最佳树脂及其最佳纯化工艺。采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)鉴定了苹果渣中不同极性段的多酚组成,通过分析不同极性段的多酚组成及其体外清除自由基能力试验,初步揭示了多酚组成与体外抗氧化活性的关系。最后,以小鼠巨噬细胞为试验材料,通过脂多糖(LPS)诱导构建炎症细胞模型,对苹果多酚抗炎活性进行了研究,并简要分析了苹果多酚抗炎成分及其作用机制。
主要研究结果如下：
(1)选取10种不同极性溶剂分别从苹果渣中提取苹果多酚,极性强的溶剂提取的总酚得率高,其对DPPH·和·OH清除率也高。以甲醇为提取溶剂时,总酚得率最高,达2.85±0.11mg/g干果渣,对上述两种自由基的清除率也最高,分别为(97.52±0.23)%和(98.24±0.65)%；极性弱的溶剂提取的总酚得率低,对上述两种自由基的清除率也低。但乙酸乙酯例外,乙酸乙酯提取的总酚得率低,仅为0.38±0.04mg/g干果渣,但其对上述两种自由基的清除能力与甲醇等溶剂无显著性差异。
(2)以乙醇／水为提取溶剂,在单因素试验基础上,利用响应曲面法(RSM)优化微波辅助溶剂法提取苹果多酚的工艺,建立了总酚得率与提取工艺参数关系的二次多项数学模型,确定了最佳提取工艺条件为：微波功率650W,提取时间53s,乙醇体积分数60%,料液比1：20(苹果渣干重：溶剂体积,g/mL)。验证试验表明,在最优工艺条件下,苹果多酚得率达(62.68±0.35)mg/100g干果渣。与乙醇回流提取法和超声波辅助提取法相比,微波辅助提取法的总酚得率最高,用时最短。
(3)选取十种不同型号大孔吸附树脂纯化苹果多酚,静态吸附和解吸试验表明NKA-Ⅱ型树脂对苹果多酚的吸附量大、解吸效果好,是纯化苹果多酚的理想树脂。分别以吸附率、解吸率为指标,采用RSM建立了NKA-Ⅱ型树脂纯化苹果多酚吸附和解吸工艺的二次多项式模型,确定了最佳动态吸附条件为：吸附速率1.06mL/min、上样液pH值3.19、上样液浓度1.42mg/mL;最佳解吸条件为：解吸速率0.91mL/mim、乙醇体积分数73.99%、洗脱剂pH值8.90。验证试验表明,采用最优工艺条件可制备纯度达48.45%的苹果多酚。
(4)采用0～100%体积分数的乙醇／水溶液为洗脱剂,对苹果多酚粗提液进行柱层析分离,分成六个极性段APⅠ-Ⅵ。APⅢ的总酚含量最高(105.12±0.11mmg/100g干果渣),APⅠ-Ⅵ在相同和不同总酚浓度下,APⅢ对DPPH·和·OH清除率均最高。HPLC分析表明,APⅠ-Ⅵ多酚组成和含量差异显著,其中APIII中原花青素B2含量最高,为52.625mg/100g。已分析的多酚化合物中原花青素B2清除DPPH·和·OH的能力最强,其次为绿原酸、金丝桃苷、表儿茶素,而4-羟基桂皮酸、p-香豆酸的自由基清除能力相对较弱。综合分析,苹果多酚体外清除自由基能力与总酚含量相关,原花青素B2、绿原酸、金丝桃苷、表儿茶素等化合物是苹果多酚发挥其体外抗氧化活性的重要因子。
(5)以LPS诱导小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7构建细胞炎症模型,以炎症因子环氧合酶(COX-2)为靶向,采用Western blot技术(免疫印迹)和HPLC分析表明,AP3具有显著的抗炎活性,原花青素B2、金丝桃苷和槲皮素是主要抗炎成分。原花青素B2在AP3中含量最高,抗炎活性最强；原花青素B2对COX-2蛋白表达的抑制作用具有浓度依赖性,但不具有时间依赖性。在发挥抗炎活性时,原花青素B2与槲皮素具有协同作用,与金丝桃苷无相互作用,槲皮素与金丝桃苷具有拮抗作用。原花青素B2对LPS诱导的细胞炎症不具有修复作用。原花青素B2对COX-2蛋白表达的抑制作用可能部分或全部的通过PI3K-AKT通路调控,而不通过HO-1通路调控。
从苹果渣中提取苹果多酚,是变废为宝的科学举措,本研究为苹果多酚的开发利用提供了科学依据,为深入研究其抗氧化和抗炎活性机理奠定了理论基础。
Apple pomace is a byproduct of apple production, which has abundant polyphenols. Apple phenols has become the focus of investigation, which are shown to have a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, such as anti-hypertension, antitumor, et al. At present, many reports on extraction of apple polypheols had been published. However, these methods have a lot of shortcomings, such as low efficiency, low purity of final product, making more serious pollution, et al. So, it is hard to apply to produce apple polyphenols industrially. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities are the important physiological functions of apple polyphenols. However, study of relationship between polyphenols component and bioactivities is still lacking. This work focuses on isolation and identification of polyphenols from apple pomace and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characters in vitro. Firstly, different polar solvents were used to extract apple polyphenols from industrial pomace. On basis of yield and antioxidant activity, these afforded extracts were compared, and alcoholic microwave-assisted extraction process of polyphenols was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Then, different absorbent resins were selected and used to purify apple polyphenols by comparison of their absorption and desorption rates followed by optimization of purification processes. Six extracts were derived from different polar solvents consisted of water and ethanol, which phenol components were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Relationship between polyphenol constitutes and antioxidant activities in vitro were discovered through antioxidant assays. Finally, anti-inflammatory effect of purified extracts with abundant polyphenols was investigated using mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7pretreated by lipid-polysaccharide (LPS).
The main results were concluded as follows:
1. Methanol was the best solvent to extract polyphenols from apple pomace, which yield reached upto2.85±0.11mg/g. Its DPPH-scavenging rate was (97.52±0.23)%, which was highest in all of solvents. Ethyl acetate was the inferior solvent, which yield was only0.38±0.04mg/g and its DPPH-scavenging rate was (73.89±0.81). It was shown that antioxidant activity of apple polyphenols was correlated not only with phenol quantity, but also with its polarities.
2. On basis of pretreated experiment through single factor, alcoholic extraction of polyphenols from apple pomace was optimized using RSM. The optimial conditions of extraction process were as follows:microwave power650W, extraction time53s, ethanol content60%, ratio of pomace weight to volume of solvent1:20(g/mL). Validation tests indicated that the actual yield of polyphenols was62.68±0.35mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per100g dry apple pomace with RSD=0.86%(n=5) under the optimal conditions, which was in good agreement with the predicted yield and higher than those of reflux and ultrasonic-assisted extraction methods.
3. NKA-Ⅱ was shown be the best macroporous absorbent resin through optimization experiments of absorption and desorption, which the optimal absorbent conditions were absorption rate1.06mL/min, pH value3.19, solution concentration1.42mg/mL and the optimal desorbent conditions were desorption rate0.91mL/min, ethanol content73.99%, pH value8.90. Validation tests suggested that the purity of apple polyphenols reached upto48.45%under these optimal conditions, which was applied to industrial production.
4. Six phenol-enriched fractions, namely API-VI, were afforded from chromatography column using different elutions consisted of water and ethanol. The total phenolic content of APⅢ was the highest among these fractions, which was105.12±0.11mg/100g using Folin-Ciocalteu method. And its DPPH-scavenging capability was the strongest, which inhibitory rate reached (95.73±0.53)%. HPLC analysis showed that API-VI had notable difference in polyphenol components and their quantity. Procyanidin B2was the main component in APIII, which content was52.625mg/100g. antioxidant assay indicated that procyanidin B2had the strongest capability to scavenge DPPH (87.03±0.32)%followed by chlorogenic acid, syrigin,(-)-epicatechin, cinnamic acid, coumaric acid and phlorizin. It suggested that DPPH-scavenging capability of apple polyphenols was positive correlated with its content and procyanidin B2, chlorogenic acid, syrigin,(-)-epicatechin and other phenols were the key factors for antioxidant activity.
5. Anti-inflammatory assay showed that fraction APIII had potential activity. HPLC analysis indicated that procyanidin B2, quercetin and syrigin were the main chemicals in APⅢ. The results of primary mechanism suggested that the quantity of procyanidin B2had positive correlation with anti-inflammatory effects. However, the inhibitory effect of procyanidin B2on COX-2expression did not depend on time. And the effect was synergic with quercetin but not with syrigin. Anti-inflammatory tests also exhibited that quercetin had antagonism with syrigin. Procyanidin B2did not repair the inflammation induced by LPS. It indicated that the inhibitory passage that procyanidin B2affected on COX-2maybe or should be PI3K-AKT but not HO-1.
It is an important and scientific way to isolate and purify polyphenols from industrial apple pomace. The present work provided many significant findings for resonable development and utilization of polyphenols. It also estabilisded the theoretical foundation used to investigate on antoxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanism.
主要研究结果如下：
(1)选取10种不同极性溶剂分别从苹果渣中提取苹果多酚,极性强的溶剂提取的总酚得率高,其对DPPH·和·OH清除率也高。以甲醇为提取溶剂时,总酚得率最高,达2.85±0.11mg/g干果渣,对上述两种自由基的清除率也最高,分别为(97.52±0.23)%和(98.24±0.65)%；极性弱的溶剂提取的总酚得率低,对上述两种自由基的清除率也低。但乙酸乙酯例外,乙酸乙酯提取的总酚得率低,仅为0.38±0.04mg/g干果渣,但其对上述两种自由基的清除能力与甲醇等溶剂无显著性差异。
(2)以乙醇／水为提取溶剂,在单因素试验基础上,利用响应曲面法(RSM)优化微波辅助溶剂法提取苹果多酚的工艺,建立了总酚得率与提取工艺参数关系的二次多项数学模型,确定了最佳提取工艺条件为：微波功率650W,提取时间53s,乙醇体积分数60%,料液比1：20(苹果渣干重：溶剂体积,g/mL)。验证试验表明,在最优工艺条件下,苹果多酚得率达(62.68±0.35)mg/100g干果渣。与乙醇回流提取法和超声波辅助提取法相比,微波辅助提取法的总酚得率最高,用时最短。
(3)选取十种不同型号大孔吸附树脂纯化苹果多酚,静态吸附和解吸试验表明NKA-Ⅱ型树脂对苹果多酚的吸附量大、解吸效果好,是纯化苹果多酚的理想树脂。分别以吸附率、解吸率为指标,采用RSM建立了NKA-Ⅱ型树脂纯化苹果多酚吸附和解吸工艺的二次多项式模型,确定了最佳动态吸附条件为：吸附速率1.06mL/min、上样液pH值3.19、上样液浓度1.42mg/mL;最佳解吸条件为：解吸速率0.91mL/mim、乙醇体积分数73.99%、洗脱剂pH值8.90。验证试验表明,采用最优工艺条件可制备纯度达48.45%的苹果多酚。
(4)采用0～100%体积分数的乙醇／水溶液为洗脱剂,对苹果多酚粗提液进行柱层析分离,分成六个极性段APⅠ-Ⅵ。APⅢ的总酚含量最高(105.12±0.11mmg/100g干果渣),APⅠ-Ⅵ在相同和不同总酚浓度下,APⅢ对DPPH·和·OH清除率均最高。HPLC分析表明,APⅠ-Ⅵ多酚组成和含量差异显著,其中APIII中原花青素B2含量最高,为52.625mg/100g。已分析的多酚化合物中原花青素B2清除DPPH·和·OH的能力最强,其次为绿原酸、金丝桃苷、表儿茶素,而4-羟基桂皮酸、p-香豆酸的自由基清除能力相对较弱。综合分析,苹果多酚体外清除自由基能力与总酚含量相关,原花青素B2、绿原酸、金丝桃苷、表儿茶素等化合物是苹果多酚发挥其体外抗氧化活性的重要因子。
(5)以LPS诱导小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7构建细胞炎症模型,以炎症因子环氧合酶(COX-2)为靶向,采用Western blot技术(免疫印迹)和HPLC分析表明,AP3具有显著的抗炎活性,原花青素B2、金丝桃苷和槲皮素是主要抗炎成分。原花青素B2在AP3中含量最高,抗炎活性最强；原花青素B2对COX-2蛋白表达的抑制作用具有浓度依赖性,但不具有时间依赖性。在发挥抗炎活性时,原花青素B2与槲皮素具有协同作用,与金丝桃苷无相互作用,槲皮素与金丝桃苷具有拮抗作用。原花青素B2对LPS诱导的细胞炎症不具有修复作用。原花青素B2对COX-2蛋白表达的抑制作用可能部分或全部的通过PI3K-AKT通路调控,而不通过HO-1通路调控。
从苹果渣中提取苹果多酚,是变废为宝的科学举措,本研究为苹果多酚的开发利用提供了科学依据,为深入研究其抗氧化和抗炎活性机理奠定了理论基础。
Apple pomace is a byproduct of apple production, which has abundant polyphenols. Apple phenols has become the focus of investigation, which are shown to have a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, such as anti-hypertension, antitumor, et al. At present, many reports on extraction of apple polypheols had been published. However, these methods have a lot of shortcomings, such as low efficiency, low purity of final product, making more serious pollution, et al. So, it is hard to apply to produce apple polyphenols industrially. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities are the important physiological functions of apple polyphenols. However, study of relationship between polyphenols component and bioactivities is still lacking. This work focuses on isolation and identification of polyphenols from apple pomace and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characters in vitro. Firstly, different polar solvents were used to extract apple polyphenols from industrial pomace. On basis of yield and antioxidant activity, these afforded extracts were compared, and alcoholic microwave-assisted extraction process of polyphenols was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Then, different absorbent resins were selected and used to purify apple polyphenols by comparison of their absorption and desorption rates followed by optimization of purification processes. Six extracts were derived from different polar solvents consisted of water and ethanol, which phenol components were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Relationship between polyphenol constitutes and antioxidant activities in vitro were discovered through antioxidant assays. Finally, anti-inflammatory effect of purified extracts with abundant polyphenols was investigated using mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7pretreated by lipid-polysaccharide (LPS).
The main results were concluded as follows:
1. Methanol was the best solvent to extract polyphenols from apple pomace, which yield reached upto2.85±0.11mg/g. Its DPPH-scavenging rate was (97.52±0.23)%, which was highest in all of solvents. Ethyl acetate was the inferior solvent, which yield was only0.38±0.04mg/g and its DPPH-scavenging rate was (73.89±0.81). It was shown that antioxidant activity of apple polyphenols was correlated not only with phenol quantity, but also with its polarities.
2. On basis of pretreated experiment through single factor, alcoholic extraction of polyphenols from apple pomace was optimized using RSM. The optimial conditions of extraction process were as follows:microwave power650W, extraction time53s, ethanol content60%, ratio of pomace weight to volume of solvent1:20(g/mL). Validation tests indicated that the actual yield of polyphenols was62.68±0.35mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per100g dry apple pomace with RSD=0.86%(n=5) under the optimal conditions, which was in good agreement with the predicted yield and higher than those of reflux and ultrasonic-assisted extraction methods.
3. NKA-Ⅱ was shown be the best macroporous absorbent resin through optimization experiments of absorption and desorption, which the optimal absorbent conditions were absorption rate1.06mL/min, pH value3.19, solution concentration1.42mg/mL and the optimal desorbent conditions were desorption rate0.91mL/min, ethanol content73.99%, pH value8.90. Validation tests suggested that the purity of apple polyphenols reached upto48.45%under these optimal conditions, which was applied to industrial production.
4. Six phenol-enriched fractions, namely API-VI, were afforded from chromatography column using different elutions consisted of water and ethanol. The total phenolic content of APⅢ was the highest among these fractions, which was105.12±0.11mg/100g using Folin-Ciocalteu method. And its DPPH-scavenging capability was the strongest, which inhibitory rate reached (95.73±0.53)%. HPLC analysis showed that API-VI had notable difference in polyphenol components and their quantity. Procyanidin B2was the main component in APIII, which content was52.625mg/100g. antioxidant assay indicated that procyanidin B2had the strongest capability to scavenge DPPH (87.03±0.32)%followed by chlorogenic acid, syrigin,(-)-epicatechin, cinnamic acid, coumaric acid and phlorizin. It suggested that DPPH-scavenging capability of apple polyphenols was positive correlated with its content and procyanidin B2, chlorogenic acid, syrigin,(-)-epicatechin and other phenols were the key factors for antioxidant activity.
5. Anti-inflammatory assay showed that fraction APIII had potential activity. HPLC analysis indicated that procyanidin B2, quercetin and syrigin were the main chemicals in APⅢ. The results of primary mechanism suggested that the quantity of procyanidin B2had positive correlation with anti-inflammatory effects. However, the inhibitory effect of procyanidin B2on COX-2expression did not depend on time. And the effect was synergic with quercetin but not with syrigin. Anti-inflammatory tests also exhibited that quercetin had antagonism with syrigin. Procyanidin B2did not repair the inflammation induced by LPS. It indicated that the inhibitory passage that procyanidin B2affected on COX-2maybe or should be PI3K-AKT but not HO-1.
It is an important and scientific way to isolate and purify polyphenols from industrial apple pomace. The present work provided many significant findings for resonable development and utilization of polyphenols. It also estabilisded the theoretical foundation used to investigate on antoxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanism.
引文
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