麻楝种质资源遗传多样性研究
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摘要
麻楝（Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss）为楝科（Meliaceae）麻楝属（Chukrasia A. Juss）植物，是中国热带和南亚热带珍贵乡土树种。针对麻楝种质资源多样性研究匮乏、国内麻楝良种缺乏的现实，本研究利用表型、生理生化和分子标记等评价指标，对麻楝主要分布区的种质资源进行了多样性分析，探讨了其群体遗传变异规律。这为麻楝优良种源选择、种子调拨、育种改良计划的制定等提供了有益的参考。主要研究结果如下：
1.麻楝种子形态和营养特征变异分析
以天然分布区26个麻楝种源的种子为试材，研究其形态特征和营养成分的变异，并选择其中6个种源以不同浓度的聚乙二醇（PEG）溶液模拟干旱水分胁迫。结果表明：种源间种子的形态特征和营养成分差异极显著，遗传多样性丰富；主成分聚类分析可将26个种源分为2个类群，第一类群包括两个种源澳大利亚和马来西亚，其特点是种子形态较大、百粒重较重、养分含量较高；第二个类群包括其余24个种源。结合聚类分析和种子形态与地理气候因子相关分析结果可以知，麻楝种子形态变异具有一定的地理区域特征，即分布区南部种子较大而北部种子较小。种子抗旱性结果表明：水势胁迫处理均降低了种子的发芽率和发芽势；-0.86MPa为麻楝种子萌发的临界水势；适当的干旱胁迫可以增大各种源麻楝幼苗根苗比。
2.麻楝苗期生长变异研究
11个麻楝种源1年生苗高、地径及生物量生长差异极显著；利用Logistic曲线拟合苗高生长过程，发现苗高、地径均呈现“慢-快-慢”的“S”型生长节律，苗高生长模型为H=54.08/(1+e~(2.149-0.0113t))，地径生长模型为D=6.03/(1+e~(2.298-0.0132t))；利用有序样本分类法可将麻楝苗期生长分为生长前期、高峰期、盛末期和生长后期4个阶段；聚类分析可将参试麻楝种源划分为3个类群，第一类群为速生种源，包括泰国的TH3和老挝的LA1；第二类群为中速生长种源，包括中国的三个种源（CN1、CN2、CN3）；其余为第三类群生长相对较慢种源。
3.麻楝幼苗表型性状变异分析
对21个麻楝种源1年生幼苗的13个表型性状（苗高、地径、总根长、根表面积、根直径、根体积、叶面积、叶长、叶宽、叶周长、气孔长、气孔宽、气孔密度）研究，结果表明：幼苗表型性状种源间差异显著，遗传多样性丰富；13个表型性状的遗传变异系数在0.63%~44.2%之间，其中以叶面积的遗传变异系数最大（44.2%），气孔宽的遗传变异系数最小（0.63%）；基于种源方差分量的广义遗传力在0.06~0.39之间，其中苗高最大（0.39），气孔宽最小（0.06）。根据苗木生长性状广义遗传力的大小排序为：叶面积>苗高>叶长>地径>叶周长>总根长>根表面积>气孔密度>根直径>根体积>气孔长>气孔宽。
4.麻楝幼树生长和光合作用参数变异分析
为系统揭示不同种源麻楝生长和光合作用的变异规律，以22个种源2.5年幼树为研究对象，利用LI-6400光合作用仪于秋季初期对幼树的光合特征进行了测定与分析。结果表明：麻楝的光饱和点为1000μmol·m-2·s-1；相同生长环境中，生长和光合参数在种源间差异显著；根据生长和光合参数的主成分聚类分析，可将22个种源分为3个类群。第一类群来自中国的3个种源CN1、CN2和CN3，长势较好、净光合速率和蒸腾速率较大；第二类群有10个种源，分别为缅甸MM3、越南VN2、老挝LA3、泰国TH8、TH1、TH2、TH3、TH5、TH6和马来西亚MY；其它为第三类群，其特点生长较差，净光合速率和蒸腾速率较小。
5.麻楝叶挥发油成分及含量变异分析
用GC-MS法测定21个麻楝种源叶挥发油成分，采用峰面积归一法计算各组成成分的相对百分含量，来研究种源间挥发油的遗传变异。结果表明：种源间分离出的色谱峰数不相同，CN3种源最多有96个色谱峰，VN3最少只有54个；不同种源挥发油的组成成分有所差异，各组成相对百分含量也不相同，而且在有些种源中检测到特异挥发性物质。麻楝挥发油的主要成分有青叶醛、榄香烯、噻吩、反式-橙花叔醇、古巴烯、N-乙酰对氨基酚、α-荜澄茄油烯、(E,E,E)-2,6,10-三甲基-2,6,9,11-十二烷四烯-1-醛、萜油烯、右旋大根香叶烯、反式-3-己烯-1-醇和甲基庚烯酮等。麻楝种源挥发油研究为麻楝药用价值开发的定向选育开辟了创新性途径。
6.麻楝种质资源ISSR变异分析
利用单因子试验，测试了麻楝ISSR-PCR反应体系中的主要影响因子。经优化试验，建立了适合麻楝的ISSR-PCR反应体系：20μl反应体系中含30ng模板DNA、1.0μmol·L~(-1)随机引物、0.15mmol·L~(-1)dNTPs、2.5mmol·L~(-1)Mg~(2+)、2.5U Taq DNA聚合酶，最佳退火温度为56℃。ISSR-PCR反应程序为94℃预变性5min，94℃变性45s，56℃退火45s，72℃延伸1.5min，40个循环；72℃再延伸7min，4℃保存。
从95条随机引物中筛选8条重复性好、特异性强的引物对样本DNA进行ISSR-PCR扩增，8条引物共扩增出137条带，其中129条为多态性条带，多态性条带百分率为94.16%。POP Gene分析结果表明：麻楝种源平均Shannon表型多样性指数（I）为0.1172，Nei’s基因多样度（h）为0.0784；通过分析种源间的基因多样度Dst，得到种源基因分化系数Gst为0.4696，同样AMOVA分子方差分析表明种源内的变异（54.32%）大于种源间的变异（45.68%），说明麻楝种源的遗传变异主要来自种源内部；利用UPGMA法对23个种源进行聚类分析，可将所有参试种源分为两个类群。
7.麻楝种源综合评价与选择
以1年生幼苗表型性状和2.5年幼树生长及光合参数，用多指标决策分析中一维选优法对参试麻楝种源进行选择，选择性状以麻楝幼树的生长和光合参数为主，并结合苗期地径、根表面积和气孔密度等性状进行综合评定，初步确定中国的CN1、CN2、CN3、老挝的LA1和泰国的TH3为优良种源。
Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss (Meliaceae) is a valuable fast-growing tree species native tothe tropical and subtropical regions of southern China. However, genetic diversity andprovenance variation of C. tabularis is not well understood. In this study, provenances andindividual families within provenances of C. tabularis from the species’ distribution rangewere used test material. Evaluation of genetic diversity based on phenotypic, physiological,biochemical, and molecular aspects was carried out to investigate the genetic variation and toprovide the basis for selection of superior provenances for genetic improvement. The mainresults are summarized as follows:
1. Seeds of C. tabularis from26provenances in8countries (Australia, China, Laos,Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam) were used to study the variation inmorphological characteristics and nutrient content. Seeds of6provenances were subjected todifferent concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution to simulate drought stress. Theresults showed marhed differences in morphological characteristics and nutrient componentsamong different provenances. Principal components analysis and cluster analysis involving the26provenances revealed that the seed sources could be divided into two main groups. The firstgroup included two seed sources from Australia and Malaysia; their seeds were larger andheavier, and higher in nutrient content. The second groups consisted of the remaining24provenances. Cluster analysis and correlation analysis further showed that the seeds fromsouthern latitudes was larger than those from northern latitudes.
Different water stress treatments reduced seed germination of C. tabularis and-0.86MPawas the critical potential of seed germination. The study also found that appropriate droughtstress could increase the ratio of root and other plant parts of C. tabularis seedlings.
2. There were siginificant differences between provenances in height, ground diameterand biomass growth of1-year-old C. tabularis seedlings. The Logistic curve fitting of seedling growth process showed that seedling height and ground diameter had a "slow-fast-slow"pattern of the "S" type growth rhythm. Seedling height growth model wasH=54.08/(1+e2.149-0.0113t) and diameter growth model was D=6.03/(1+e2.298-0.0132t) which couldbe classified into peak, the end of the peak and later growth period. Cluster analysis of C.tabularis provenances divided the seed sources into3groups. The first group was thefast-growing provenances from Thailand (TH3) and Laos (LA1). The second group wasmoderate growing provenances from China (CN1, CN2and CN3). The third group consisted ofslow growing provenances.
3. Comparative study of13phenotypic traits in one-year-old seedlings of C. tabularisshowed significant differences and marked genetic diversity. The genetic variation coefficientof the phenotypic traits was0.63~44.2%. The genetic variation coefficient of leaf area was thegreatest (44.2%) and that of the stoma width was smallest (0.63%). The broad-senseheritability was0.06~0.39, highest in the seedling height (0.39) and lowest in the stomatalwidth tal(0.06).
4. Variation in growth and photosynthesis was assessed in2.5-year-old C. tabularisseedlings from22provenances from7countries (China, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka,Thailand, Vietnam). The results showed that the light saturation point was1000μmol·m-2·s-1.There were significantly differencesin growth and photosynthetic indicators of C.tabularisunder the same growth environment. According to the principal components analysis andcluster analysis, the22provenances were divided into3clusters. The first cluster consisted ofthree fast-growing Chinese provenances (CN1, CN2and CN); their net photosynthetic rate andtranspiration rate were higher. The second cluster included10provenances from Laos (LA3),Malaysia (MY), Myanmar (MM3), Thailand (TH8, TH1, TH2, TH3, TH5, TH6) and Vietnam(VN2). The third cluster Laos (LA1,LA2), Myanmar (MM1,MM4), Sri Lanka(LK1, LK2,LK3), Thailand (TH4), and Vietnam (VN3) was characterized by slow growth, and low netphotosynthetic rate and transpiration rates.
5. An experiment was conducted to study the genetic variation in leaf volatile oil of C.tabularis provenances. The results showed that C. tabularis provenances differed in bladechromatographic peak number. CN3had96chromatographic peaks while VN3had54.Provenances differed in composition and percentage content of the volatile oil. In another study,specific volatile oils were detected in some provenancess. The main components of volatile oilfrom leaves were2-Hexenal, gamma-Elemene, alpha-Cubebene, Caryophyllene, GermacreneD, and Eucalyptol.
6. Template DNA, primer, dNTPs, Mg2+, concentration of Taq DNA polymerase andannealing temperature were primary factors in ISSR-PCR. Using the genomic DNA of C.tabularis leaves, the above six factors were systematically analyzed. The result showed that theoptimal reaction system of ISSR was20μl containing30ng template DNA,1.0μmol·L-1random primers,0.15mmol·L-1dNTPs,2.5mmol·L-1Mg2+and2.5U Taq DNA polymerase,and that the optimized annealing temperature was56℃, the PCR procedure waspre-denaturizing at94℃for5min, denaturizing at94℃for45s, annealing at56℃for45s,extension at72℃for1.5min, reaction of40cycles and re-extension at72℃for7min, Theproducts were stored at4℃.
Selected eight highly reproducibility, specificity primer on DNA of C. tabularis wereamplified by ISSR-PCR from95random primers. A total of137bands was amplified and129bands (94.16%) were polymorphic POPGene analysis results showed that the index Shannonphenotype diversity (I) averaged0.1172, Nei's gene diversity (H) was0.0784, and genedifferentiation coefficient (Gst) was0.4696. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA)indicated that the variation within provenance (54.32%) was greater than the variation betweenprovenances (45.68%), suggesting a higher degree of genetic variation within provenances of C.tabularis. Cluster analysis was performed on23provenances by UPGMA and all provenancescould be divided into two clusters. The frist cluster included14provenances from China (CN1,CN2and CN3), Laos (LA1, LA2and LA3), Sri Lanka(LK1, LK2and LK3), Thailand (TH3, TH6), Vietnam (VN2, VN3and VN4). The second cluster included9provenances fromMyanmar (MM1, MM2, MM3, MM4), Thailand (TH1, TH2, TH4, TH5, TH7).
7. Based on multiple criteria decision analysis of one-dimensional optimization methodand1-year phenotypic traits and2.5-year growth and photosynthetic indexes, CN1, CN2, CN3,LA1and TH3were regarded as superior provenances. The growth photosynthetic indicators ofC. tabularis saplings were the main selection traits. In order to further improve the selectionaccuracy, seedling ground diameter, root surface area and stomaal density should be combined.
1.麻楝种子形态和营养特征变异分析
以天然分布区26个麻楝种源的种子为试材，研究其形态特征和营养成分的变异，并选择其中6个种源以不同浓度的聚乙二醇（PEG）溶液模拟干旱水分胁迫。结果表明：种源间种子的形态特征和营养成分差异极显著，遗传多样性丰富；主成分聚类分析可将26个种源分为2个类群，第一类群包括两个种源澳大利亚和马来西亚，其特点是种子形态较大、百粒重较重、养分含量较高；第二个类群包括其余24个种源。结合聚类分析和种子形态与地理气候因子相关分析结果可以知，麻楝种子形态变异具有一定的地理区域特征，即分布区南部种子较大而北部种子较小。种子抗旱性结果表明：水势胁迫处理均降低了种子的发芽率和发芽势；-0.86MPa为麻楝种子萌发的临界水势；适当的干旱胁迫可以增大各种源麻楝幼苗根苗比。
2.麻楝苗期生长变异研究
11个麻楝种源1年生苗高、地径及生物量生长差异极显著；利用Logistic曲线拟合苗高生长过程，发现苗高、地径均呈现“慢-快-慢”的“S”型生长节律，苗高生长模型为H=54.08/(1+e~(2.149-0.0113t))，地径生长模型为D=6.03/(1+e~(2.298-0.0132t))；利用有序样本分类法可将麻楝苗期生长分为生长前期、高峰期、盛末期和生长后期4个阶段；聚类分析可将参试麻楝种源划分为3个类群，第一类群为速生种源，包括泰国的TH3和老挝的LA1；第二类群为中速生长种源，包括中国的三个种源（CN1、CN2、CN3）；其余为第三类群生长相对较慢种源。
3.麻楝幼苗表型性状变异分析
对21个麻楝种源1年生幼苗的13个表型性状（苗高、地径、总根长、根表面积、根直径、根体积、叶面积、叶长、叶宽、叶周长、气孔长、气孔宽、气孔密度）研究，结果表明：幼苗表型性状种源间差异显著，遗传多样性丰富；13个表型性状的遗传变异系数在0.63%~44.2%之间，其中以叶面积的遗传变异系数最大（44.2%），气孔宽的遗传变异系数最小（0.63%）；基于种源方差分量的广义遗传力在0.06~0.39之间，其中苗高最大（0.39），气孔宽最小（0.06）。根据苗木生长性状广义遗传力的大小排序为：叶面积>苗高>叶长>地径>叶周长>总根长>根表面积>气孔密度>根直径>根体积>气孔长>气孔宽。
4.麻楝幼树生长和光合作用参数变异分析
为系统揭示不同种源麻楝生长和光合作用的变异规律，以22个种源2.5年幼树为研究对象，利用LI-6400光合作用仪于秋季初期对幼树的光合特征进行了测定与分析。结果表明：麻楝的光饱和点为1000μmol·m-2·s-1；相同生长环境中，生长和光合参数在种源间差异显著；根据生长和光合参数的主成分聚类分析，可将22个种源分为3个类群。第一类群来自中国的3个种源CN1、CN2和CN3，长势较好、净光合速率和蒸腾速率较大；第二类群有10个种源，分别为缅甸MM3、越南VN2、老挝LA3、泰国TH8、TH1、TH2、TH3、TH5、TH6和马来西亚MY；其它为第三类群，其特点生长较差，净光合速率和蒸腾速率较小。
5.麻楝叶挥发油成分及含量变异分析
用GC-MS法测定21个麻楝种源叶挥发油成分，采用峰面积归一法计算各组成成分的相对百分含量，来研究种源间挥发油的遗传变异。结果表明：种源间分离出的色谱峰数不相同，CN3种源最多有96个色谱峰，VN3最少只有54个；不同种源挥发油的组成成分有所差异，各组成相对百分含量也不相同，而且在有些种源中检测到特异挥发性物质。麻楝挥发油的主要成分有青叶醛、榄香烯、噻吩、反式-橙花叔醇、古巴烯、N-乙酰对氨基酚、α-荜澄茄油烯、(E,E,E)-2,6,10-三甲基-2,6,9,11-十二烷四烯-1-醛、萜油烯、右旋大根香叶烯、反式-3-己烯-1-醇和甲基庚烯酮等。麻楝种源挥发油研究为麻楝药用价值开发的定向选育开辟了创新性途径。
6.麻楝种质资源ISSR变异分析
利用单因子试验，测试了麻楝ISSR-PCR反应体系中的主要影响因子。经优化试验，建立了适合麻楝的ISSR-PCR反应体系：20μl反应体系中含30ng模板DNA、1.0μmol·L~(-1)随机引物、0.15mmol·L~(-1)dNTPs、2.5mmol·L~(-1)Mg~(2+)、2.5U Taq DNA聚合酶，最佳退火温度为56℃。ISSR-PCR反应程序为94℃预变性5min，94℃变性45s，56℃退火45s，72℃延伸1.5min，40个循环；72℃再延伸7min，4℃保存。
从95条随机引物中筛选8条重复性好、特异性强的引物对样本DNA进行ISSR-PCR扩增，8条引物共扩增出137条带，其中129条为多态性条带，多态性条带百分率为94.16%。POP Gene分析结果表明：麻楝种源平均Shannon表型多样性指数（I）为0.1172，Nei’s基因多样度（h）为0.0784；通过分析种源间的基因多样度Dst，得到种源基因分化系数Gst为0.4696，同样AMOVA分子方差分析表明种源内的变异（54.32%）大于种源间的变异（45.68%），说明麻楝种源的遗传变异主要来自种源内部；利用UPGMA法对23个种源进行聚类分析，可将所有参试种源分为两个类群。
7.麻楝种源综合评价与选择
以1年生幼苗表型性状和2.5年幼树生长及光合参数，用多指标决策分析中一维选优法对参试麻楝种源进行选择，选择性状以麻楝幼树的生长和光合参数为主，并结合苗期地径、根表面积和气孔密度等性状进行综合评定，初步确定中国的CN1、CN2、CN3、老挝的LA1和泰国的TH3为优良种源。
Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss (Meliaceae) is a valuable fast-growing tree species native tothe tropical and subtropical regions of southern China. However, genetic diversity andprovenance variation of C. tabularis is not well understood. In this study, provenances andindividual families within provenances of C. tabularis from the species’ distribution rangewere used test material. Evaluation of genetic diversity based on phenotypic, physiological,biochemical, and molecular aspects was carried out to investigate the genetic variation and toprovide the basis for selection of superior provenances for genetic improvement. The mainresults are summarized as follows:
1. Seeds of C. tabularis from26provenances in8countries (Australia, China, Laos,Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam) were used to study the variation inmorphological characteristics and nutrient content. Seeds of6provenances were subjected todifferent concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution to simulate drought stress. Theresults showed marhed differences in morphological characteristics and nutrient componentsamong different provenances. Principal components analysis and cluster analysis involving the26provenances revealed that the seed sources could be divided into two main groups. The firstgroup included two seed sources from Australia and Malaysia; their seeds were larger andheavier, and higher in nutrient content. The second groups consisted of the remaining24provenances. Cluster analysis and correlation analysis further showed that the seeds fromsouthern latitudes was larger than those from northern latitudes.
Different water stress treatments reduced seed germination of C. tabularis and-0.86MPawas the critical potential of seed germination. The study also found that appropriate droughtstress could increase the ratio of root and other plant parts of C. tabularis seedlings.
2. There were siginificant differences between provenances in height, ground diameterand biomass growth of1-year-old C. tabularis seedlings. The Logistic curve fitting of seedling growth process showed that seedling height and ground diameter had a "slow-fast-slow"pattern of the "S" type growth rhythm. Seedling height growth model wasH=54.08/(1+e2.149-0.0113t) and diameter growth model was D=6.03/(1+e2.298-0.0132t) which couldbe classified into peak, the end of the peak and later growth period. Cluster analysis of C.tabularis provenances divided the seed sources into3groups. The first group was thefast-growing provenances from Thailand (TH3) and Laos (LA1). The second group wasmoderate growing provenances from China (CN1, CN2and CN3). The third group consisted ofslow growing provenances.
3. Comparative study of13phenotypic traits in one-year-old seedlings of C. tabularisshowed significant differences and marked genetic diversity. The genetic variation coefficientof the phenotypic traits was0.63~44.2%. The genetic variation coefficient of leaf area was thegreatest (44.2%) and that of the stoma width was smallest (0.63%). The broad-senseheritability was0.06~0.39, highest in the seedling height (0.39) and lowest in the stomatalwidth tal(0.06).
4. Variation in growth and photosynthesis was assessed in2.5-year-old C. tabularisseedlings from22provenances from7countries (China, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka,Thailand, Vietnam). The results showed that the light saturation point was1000μmol·m-2·s-1.There were significantly differencesin growth and photosynthetic indicators of C.tabularisunder the same growth environment. According to the principal components analysis andcluster analysis, the22provenances were divided into3clusters. The first cluster consisted ofthree fast-growing Chinese provenances (CN1, CN2and CN); their net photosynthetic rate andtranspiration rate were higher. The second cluster included10provenances from Laos (LA3),Malaysia (MY), Myanmar (MM3), Thailand (TH8, TH1, TH2, TH3, TH5, TH6) and Vietnam(VN2). The third cluster Laos (LA1,LA2), Myanmar (MM1,MM4), Sri Lanka(LK1, LK2,LK3), Thailand (TH4), and Vietnam (VN3) was characterized by slow growth, and low netphotosynthetic rate and transpiration rates.
5. An experiment was conducted to study the genetic variation in leaf volatile oil of C.tabularis provenances. The results showed that C. tabularis provenances differed in bladechromatographic peak number. CN3had96chromatographic peaks while VN3had54.Provenances differed in composition and percentage content of the volatile oil. In another study,specific volatile oils were detected in some provenancess. The main components of volatile oilfrom leaves were2-Hexenal, gamma-Elemene, alpha-Cubebene, Caryophyllene, GermacreneD, and Eucalyptol.
6. Template DNA, primer, dNTPs, Mg2+, concentration of Taq DNA polymerase andannealing temperature were primary factors in ISSR-PCR. Using the genomic DNA of C.tabularis leaves, the above six factors were systematically analyzed. The result showed that theoptimal reaction system of ISSR was20μl containing30ng template DNA,1.0μmol·L-1random primers,0.15mmol·L-1dNTPs,2.5mmol·L-1Mg2+and2.5U Taq DNA polymerase,and that the optimized annealing temperature was56℃, the PCR procedure waspre-denaturizing at94℃for5min, denaturizing at94℃for45s, annealing at56℃for45s,extension at72℃for1.5min, reaction of40cycles and re-extension at72℃for7min, Theproducts were stored at4℃.
Selected eight highly reproducibility, specificity primer on DNA of C. tabularis wereamplified by ISSR-PCR from95random primers. A total of137bands was amplified and129bands (94.16%) were polymorphic POPGene analysis results showed that the index Shannonphenotype diversity (I) averaged0.1172, Nei's gene diversity (H) was0.0784, and genedifferentiation coefficient (Gst) was0.4696. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA)indicated that the variation within provenance (54.32%) was greater than the variation betweenprovenances (45.68%), suggesting a higher degree of genetic variation within provenances of C.tabularis. Cluster analysis was performed on23provenances by UPGMA and all provenancescould be divided into two clusters. The frist cluster included14provenances from China (CN1,CN2and CN3), Laos (LA1, LA2and LA3), Sri Lanka(LK1, LK2and LK3), Thailand (TH3, TH6), Vietnam (VN2, VN3and VN4). The second cluster included9provenances fromMyanmar (MM1, MM2, MM3, MM4), Thailand (TH1, TH2, TH4, TH5, TH7).
7. Based on multiple criteria decision analysis of one-dimensional optimization methodand1-year phenotypic traits and2.5-year growth and photosynthetic indexes, CN1, CN2, CN3,LA1and TH3were regarded as superior provenances. The growth photosynthetic indicators ofC. tabularis saplings were the main selection traits. In order to further improve the selectionaccuracy, seedling ground diameter, root surface area and stomaal density should be combined.
引文
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