冀北人工固沙林林分特征与综合评价研究
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摘要
河北省北部处于首都的上游，既是北京的沙源地，又是风沙的必经通道，在保障京、津、冀生态安全方面具有重要的作用，为此，河北省营造了大量的人工固沙林。为了掌握河北省北部人工固沙林的生长状况、结构状态和功能作用，本项研究在划分河北省沙化土地类型的基础上，针对北部沙化最严重的坝东森林草原沙化土地和冀西北间山盆地沙化土地2个类型，以近30年来人工营造的华北落叶松、樟子松、侧柏、白榆、北京杨、小叶杨、小美旱杨和新疆杨8个主要树种、15个类型的固沙林为研究对象，从群落生态学和测树学的角度入手，采用野外调查的方法获取了典型林分样地的胸径、树高、冠幅、密度、郁闭度、生物量等反映林分生长和结构的32项指标，采用主成分分析法，为人工固沙林建立了综合评价模型，对林分做出了综合评价。本项研究的主要结论如下：
（1）冀北人工固沙林受自然环境的影响，林分生长缓慢，生长量低。樟子松的材积连年、平均生长量最高，年均生物量最大值产生于黄羊滩的13a生樟子松林，其次是坝上的30a生华北落叶松和24a生樟子松，最小的是黄羊滩侧柏林。在冀西北零星沙地，白榆的生长状况好于其他树种。北京杨生长量虽不低，但生长过程受环境影响波动较大。所有林分的年均生物量在71-6007kg/hm~2·a，未能达到相应树种正常生长状态时的生物量。
（2）采用正态分布、对数正态分布、Welbull分布、Gamma分布和β分布5种分布曲线，对8个树种的林分胸径分布进行拟合的结果表明，适合性最好的拟合曲线依次为β分布、正态分布和Welbull分布，分别能够拟合84.6%、76.9%和69.2%的林分，且同时能够符合这3个分布假设的林分达到了69.2%。说明林分大部分处于β分布、正态分布和Welbull分布状态。对数正态分布对所有参与拟合的林分均不能很好地描述。
（3）15个类型的林分中的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在0.804-2.221之间，最大值仅2.221，说明冀北人工固沙林的物种多样性较低。其中，以7号侧柏林分最高，其次是1号、2号华北落叶松林分和11号北京杨林分。针叶林的多样性指数普遍高于阔叶林。均匀度指数与Shannon-Wiener指数的大小排序相似。林分的Margalef丰富度指数的范围在0.806-3.733之间，差异较大。随着林龄的增大，物种的数量能够稳定下来并均匀分布。
（4）所有林分的输沙都发生在地面以上高度0-12cm范围内，其中，35.3%-63.1%的输沙发生在近地表0-2cm高度，64.7%-90.9%的输沙集中发生在距离地面4cm高度范围内。输沙在垂直高度上具有一定的分布规律，越靠近地面，集沙越多，越远离地面，集沙量减少，呈指数分布。30a生的华北落叶松和24a生的樟子松林林内已经没有输沙通过，完全达到了降低风沙侵蚀、固定沙化土地的目的。由于侧柏生长过于缓慢，防护能力低，输沙率高，而白榆林分在阔叶树种中降低输沙率的效果最好。林分输沙率与林分的郁闭度呈显著负相关，在水平方向对降低输沙发挥作用。
（5）冀北人工固沙林林地土壤总孔隙度在32％-54％之间，土壤孔隙构成中非毛管孔隙占总孔隙度的比例偏高，土壤的持水、保肥能力差，渗水能力强。土壤田间持水量的变化范围在10.54%－37.24%之间。冀西北的零星沙地，土壤有机质含量普遍偏低，而坝上林地的有机质含量明显高，且林分中针叶林的土壤有机质含量最大的林分位于坝上高原，整体上具备森林草原和草甸草原的特点，土地退化不严重。土壤氮素与有机质含量趋势相同。林分土壤中的全磷和速效磷全都处于极低水平。坝上高原和坝下零星沙地的全钾含量截然不同，前者含量很低，后者很高。
（6）经过主成分分析，建立了综合评价模型，为人工固沙林的总体特征进行了综合评价，15个类型综合评价结果排名顺序为：5号24a生樟子松林>2号30a生华北落叶松林>3号8a生樟子松林>10号5a生北京杨林>11号25a生北京杨林>9号13a生白榆林>1号8a生华北落叶松林>8号7a生白榆林>4号113a生樟子松林>14号9a生小美旱杨林>15号9a生新疆杨林>13号15a生小叶杨林>7号17a生侧柏林>6号7a生侧柏林>12号9a生小叶杨林。排在前3位是分布于坝东森林草原沙化土地类型的24a生樟子松林、30a生华北落叶松林和8a生樟子松林；而排在最后4位的则全部是冀西北间山盆地沙化土地类型的9a生小叶杨林、7a生侧柏林和17a生侧柏林、15a生小叶杨林。
根据综合评价的结果，把15个人工固沙林类型按照好、较好、中等、较差和差5个等级划分为5个类型组。针对不同等级的人工固沙林简要提出了优化经营对策。总体上说，对于坝上高原，华北落叶松和樟子松是人工固沙造林树种的首选，而对于冀北的零星沙地，最适宜树种是白榆，局部条件下可应用小美旱杨、新疆杨造林，但由于抗旱性差、耗水多，在固沙造林需慎重采用。
The north of Hebei province is located in the upstream of Beijing, it is not only the sourceof sandstorm, but also the channel of wind and sand, it plays an important role in protecting theecological security for Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei. Many plantations have afforested innorthern Hebei in recent decades. In order to understand the growth, structure and ecologicalfuction of sand fixation plantation in northern Hebei, on the basis of sandification land division,aimed to2types of heavy sandification land--east Bashang forest-steppe and northwestbasin-mountain,15type stands composed of different tree species including Larixprincipis-rupprechtii Mayr, Pinus sylvestnis, Populus X beijingensis, Ulmus pumila L.,Platycladus orientalis, Populus simoniiCarr., Populus simonii×(Populus pyramidalis+Salixmatsudana) cv. Poplaris and Populus bolleana were studyed by the method of sample-plotsurvy.32indices including diameter at breast height(DBH), tree height(H), crown breadth, treenumber, crown density, biomass were chose as the main factors to represent the whole status ofstands. Then, the model of comprehensive aseesment for sand-fixation plantations was built byprincipal component analysis method, Characteriscs of stand were evaluated in the end. Themain results for this paper are listed as the follows:
(1) Sand fixation plantations generally grow very slow due to the harsh surroundings innorthern Hebei, Pinus sylvestnis has the biggest growing rate of volume in both averageincrement and current annual increment. The maxium value happened at13years old forest inHuangyangtan, followed by30years old Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr and24years oldPinus sylvestnis in Bashang. The least amount of growth was found in Platycladus orientalisstand. The result shows that Populus X beijingensis grows not very slow but easy to be affectedby surroundings. Ulmus pumila L. is the tree species with satisfying performance inHuangyangtan. All of the stands grow lower than normal at the rate of71-6007kg/hm~2·a.
(2)The distribution rule of DBH was analysied by5methods including normaldistribution, lognormal distribution, Welbull distribution, Gamma distribution and βdistribution, the result shows that normal distribution, Welbull distribution and β distribution can well match the distribution rule of DBH with the ratioes of84.6%、76.9%and69.2%respectively for15stands, and stands fitting all the three distributions at the same time reach aratio of69.2%, but lognormal distribution doesn't fit any of these stands.
(3)The Shannon-Wiener diversity indices for15types of stand fall into0.804-2.221,indicates that the diversities under sand-fixation plantations are very low. The fisrt three standsowning big diversity are No.7, No.1, No.2in order of numerical size.Coniferous stand hashigher diversity than deciduous one. Evenness index has the same order as Shannon-Wienerdiversity index. Margalef richness indices keep between0.806and3.733with big difference.As the tree grows older, the amount of undercanopy species can reach and keep a steady level.
(4) The results also shows that sand-fixation plantations have played an important role inblocking sand, reducing wind erosion. Different type stands have different sand transportingrates, but35.3%-63.1%of sands was shifted only under the height of4cm above ground,64.7%-90.9%under the height of4cm. Sand transporting rate in vertical direction distributesregularly in the order of0-2cm>2-4cm>4-6cm>6-8cm>8-10cm>10-12cm. In this survy,sand has never been transported again in the stands of30years old Larixprincipis-rupprechtii Mayr and24years old Pinus sylvestnis in Bashang, which completelymet the objective of reducing wind and blocking sand. Since Pinus sylvestnis grows very slow,with weak ability of defendence, it has higher sand transporting rate, but Ulmus pumila L..stand blocks sand very well with no any transported sand. Sand transporting rate has very closecorrelativy with canopy densey, which has played an important role in horizontal direction.
(5) Soil porosity in sand fixation plantations is from32％to54％, with morenoncaplillary porosity than caplillary one. The soil has lower ability of keeping water andfertilizer. The scale of water holding capacity is from10.54%to37.24%. In northwest Hebei,the content of soil organic is rather low, however, it is pretty high in Bashang. The highest soilorganic content for coniferious planted forest land happens in Bashang, which means that thesoil still keeps a typical characteristic of forest steppe or meadow steppe with no heavysandification. The composition of soil nitrogen has the same rule as organic. Both totalphosphorus and available phosphorus are in the extremely low level. To total potassium, Bashang is very different from scattered sandy land in the northwest, it is very low in Bashangbut very high in the northwest.
(6) Comprehensive aseesment model for sand fixation plantations has been built by themethod of principle component analysis, the result of aseesment shows as the following order:5>2>3>10>11>9>1>8>4>14>15>13>7>6>12. the first three stands are24years old Pinussylvestnis,30years old Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr, and8years old Pinus sylvestnis, allof them locate in Bashang sandy land, the last four stands based on the aseesment order are8year-old Populus simoniiCarr.,7and17year-old Platycladus orientalis, and15year-oldPopulus simoniiCarr.
According to the aseesment result,15stands were divided into5groups including the best,better, middle, worse and the worest, in the end of this paper, optimizing managementcountermeasures have also been proposed to develop the sand fixation forest. In general, Larixprincipis-rupprechtii Mayr, and Pinus sylvestnis are the first choice for Bashang forest-steppetype. Ulmus pumila L.. is good for the scattered sandy land of northwest basin-mountain, orPopulus bolleana and Populus simonii×(Populus pyramidalis+Salix matsudana) cv. Poplarisin some special part, however, they are not recommended to be used as the planting treespecies because of their high water consumption and poor resistence to the evironment.
（1）冀北人工固沙林受自然环境的影响，林分生长缓慢，生长量低。樟子松的材积连年、平均生长量最高，年均生物量最大值产生于黄羊滩的13a生樟子松林，其次是坝上的30a生华北落叶松和24a生樟子松，最小的是黄羊滩侧柏林。在冀西北零星沙地，白榆的生长状况好于其他树种。北京杨生长量虽不低，但生长过程受环境影响波动较大。所有林分的年均生物量在71-6007kg/hm~2·a，未能达到相应树种正常生长状态时的生物量。
（2）采用正态分布、对数正态分布、Welbull分布、Gamma分布和β分布5种分布曲线，对8个树种的林分胸径分布进行拟合的结果表明，适合性最好的拟合曲线依次为β分布、正态分布和Welbull分布，分别能够拟合84.6%、76.9%和69.2%的林分，且同时能够符合这3个分布假设的林分达到了69.2%。说明林分大部分处于β分布、正态分布和Welbull分布状态。对数正态分布对所有参与拟合的林分均不能很好地描述。
（3）15个类型的林分中的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在0.804-2.221之间，最大值仅2.221，说明冀北人工固沙林的物种多样性较低。其中，以7号侧柏林分最高，其次是1号、2号华北落叶松林分和11号北京杨林分。针叶林的多样性指数普遍高于阔叶林。均匀度指数与Shannon-Wiener指数的大小排序相似。林分的Margalef丰富度指数的范围在0.806-3.733之间，差异较大。随着林龄的增大，物种的数量能够稳定下来并均匀分布。
（4）所有林分的输沙都发生在地面以上高度0-12cm范围内，其中，35.3%-63.1%的输沙发生在近地表0-2cm高度，64.7%-90.9%的输沙集中发生在距离地面4cm高度范围内。输沙在垂直高度上具有一定的分布规律，越靠近地面，集沙越多，越远离地面，集沙量减少，呈指数分布。30a生的华北落叶松和24a生的樟子松林林内已经没有输沙通过，完全达到了降低风沙侵蚀、固定沙化土地的目的。由于侧柏生长过于缓慢，防护能力低，输沙率高，而白榆林分在阔叶树种中降低输沙率的效果最好。林分输沙率与林分的郁闭度呈显著负相关，在水平方向对降低输沙发挥作用。
（5）冀北人工固沙林林地土壤总孔隙度在32％-54％之间，土壤孔隙构成中非毛管孔隙占总孔隙度的比例偏高，土壤的持水、保肥能力差，渗水能力强。土壤田间持水量的变化范围在10.54%－37.24%之间。冀西北的零星沙地，土壤有机质含量普遍偏低，而坝上林地的有机质含量明显高，且林分中针叶林的土壤有机质含量最大的林分位于坝上高原，整体上具备森林草原和草甸草原的特点，土地退化不严重。土壤氮素与有机质含量趋势相同。林分土壤中的全磷和速效磷全都处于极低水平。坝上高原和坝下零星沙地的全钾含量截然不同，前者含量很低，后者很高。
（6）经过主成分分析，建立了综合评价模型，为人工固沙林的总体特征进行了综合评价，15个类型综合评价结果排名顺序为：5号24a生樟子松林>2号30a生华北落叶松林>3号8a生樟子松林>10号5a生北京杨林>11号25a生北京杨林>9号13a生白榆林>1号8a生华北落叶松林>8号7a生白榆林>4号113a生樟子松林>14号9a生小美旱杨林>15号9a生新疆杨林>13号15a生小叶杨林>7号17a生侧柏林>6号7a生侧柏林>12号9a生小叶杨林。排在前3位是分布于坝东森林草原沙化土地类型的24a生樟子松林、30a生华北落叶松林和8a生樟子松林；而排在最后4位的则全部是冀西北间山盆地沙化土地类型的9a生小叶杨林、7a生侧柏林和17a生侧柏林、15a生小叶杨林。
根据综合评价的结果，把15个人工固沙林类型按照好、较好、中等、较差和差5个等级划分为5个类型组。针对不同等级的人工固沙林简要提出了优化经营对策。总体上说，对于坝上高原，华北落叶松和樟子松是人工固沙造林树种的首选，而对于冀北的零星沙地，最适宜树种是白榆，局部条件下可应用小美旱杨、新疆杨造林，但由于抗旱性差、耗水多，在固沙造林需慎重采用。
The north of Hebei province is located in the upstream of Beijing, it is not only the sourceof sandstorm, but also the channel of wind and sand, it plays an important role in protecting theecological security for Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei. Many plantations have afforested innorthern Hebei in recent decades. In order to understand the growth, structure and ecologicalfuction of sand fixation plantation in northern Hebei, on the basis of sandification land division,aimed to2types of heavy sandification land--east Bashang forest-steppe and northwestbasin-mountain,15type stands composed of different tree species including Larixprincipis-rupprechtii Mayr, Pinus sylvestnis, Populus X beijingensis, Ulmus pumila L.,Platycladus orientalis, Populus simoniiCarr., Populus simonii×(Populus pyramidalis+Salixmatsudana) cv. Poplaris and Populus bolleana were studyed by the method of sample-plotsurvy.32indices including diameter at breast height(DBH), tree height(H), crown breadth, treenumber, crown density, biomass were chose as the main factors to represent the whole status ofstands. Then, the model of comprehensive aseesment for sand-fixation plantations was built byprincipal component analysis method, Characteriscs of stand were evaluated in the end. Themain results for this paper are listed as the follows:
(1) Sand fixation plantations generally grow very slow due to the harsh surroundings innorthern Hebei, Pinus sylvestnis has the biggest growing rate of volume in both averageincrement and current annual increment. The maxium value happened at13years old forest inHuangyangtan, followed by30years old Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr and24years oldPinus sylvestnis in Bashang. The least amount of growth was found in Platycladus orientalisstand. The result shows that Populus X beijingensis grows not very slow but easy to be affectedby surroundings. Ulmus pumila L. is the tree species with satisfying performance inHuangyangtan. All of the stands grow lower than normal at the rate of71-6007kg/hm~2·a.
(2)The distribution rule of DBH was analysied by5methods including normaldistribution, lognormal distribution, Welbull distribution, Gamma distribution and βdistribution, the result shows that normal distribution, Welbull distribution and β distribution can well match the distribution rule of DBH with the ratioes of84.6%、76.9%and69.2%respectively for15stands, and stands fitting all the three distributions at the same time reach aratio of69.2%, but lognormal distribution doesn't fit any of these stands.
(3)The Shannon-Wiener diversity indices for15types of stand fall into0.804-2.221,indicates that the diversities under sand-fixation plantations are very low. The fisrt three standsowning big diversity are No.7, No.1, No.2in order of numerical size.Coniferous stand hashigher diversity than deciduous one. Evenness index has the same order as Shannon-Wienerdiversity index. Margalef richness indices keep between0.806and3.733with big difference.As the tree grows older, the amount of undercanopy species can reach and keep a steady level.
(4) The results also shows that sand-fixation plantations have played an important role inblocking sand, reducing wind erosion. Different type stands have different sand transportingrates, but35.3%-63.1%of sands was shifted only under the height of4cm above ground,64.7%-90.9%under the height of4cm. Sand transporting rate in vertical direction distributesregularly in the order of0-2cm>2-4cm>4-6cm>6-8cm>8-10cm>10-12cm. In this survy,sand has never been transported again in the stands of30years old Larixprincipis-rupprechtii Mayr and24years old Pinus sylvestnis in Bashang, which completelymet the objective of reducing wind and blocking sand. Since Pinus sylvestnis grows very slow,with weak ability of defendence, it has higher sand transporting rate, but Ulmus pumila L..stand blocks sand very well with no any transported sand. Sand transporting rate has very closecorrelativy with canopy densey, which has played an important role in horizontal direction.
(5) Soil porosity in sand fixation plantations is from32％to54％, with morenoncaplillary porosity than caplillary one. The soil has lower ability of keeping water andfertilizer. The scale of water holding capacity is from10.54%to37.24%. In northwest Hebei,the content of soil organic is rather low, however, it is pretty high in Bashang. The highest soilorganic content for coniferious planted forest land happens in Bashang, which means that thesoil still keeps a typical characteristic of forest steppe or meadow steppe with no heavysandification. The composition of soil nitrogen has the same rule as organic. Both totalphosphorus and available phosphorus are in the extremely low level. To total potassium, Bashang is very different from scattered sandy land in the northwest, it is very low in Bashangbut very high in the northwest.
(6) Comprehensive aseesment model for sand fixation plantations has been built by themethod of principle component analysis, the result of aseesment shows as the following order:5>2>3>10>11>9>1>8>4>14>15>13>7>6>12. the first three stands are24years old Pinussylvestnis,30years old Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr, and8years old Pinus sylvestnis, allof them locate in Bashang sandy land, the last four stands based on the aseesment order are8year-old Populus simoniiCarr.,7and17year-old Platycladus orientalis, and15year-oldPopulus simoniiCarr.
According to the aseesment result,15stands were divided into5groups including the best,better, middle, worse and the worest, in the end of this paper, optimizing managementcountermeasures have also been proposed to develop the sand fixation forest. In general, Larixprincipis-rupprechtii Mayr, and Pinus sylvestnis are the first choice for Bashang forest-steppetype. Ulmus pumila L.. is good for the scattered sandy land of northwest basin-mountain, orPopulus bolleana and Populus simonii×(Populus pyramidalis+Salix matsudana) cv. Poplarisin some special part, however, they are not recommended to be used as the planting treespecies because of their high water consumption and poor resistence to the evironment.
引文
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