路堤荷载下土工格栅—夯实水泥土楔形桩复合地基承载机理研究
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摘要
为探索一种能较好适应软土路基加固需求的新方法,本文基于对楔形桩、柔性桩复合地基、加筋碎石垫层工作机理等研究成果的分析、归纳、整理,并考虑公路荷载的特点,创造性地提出了土工格栅-夯实水泥土楔形桩双向增强体复合地基加固软土的新技术。采用模型试验、三维数值模拟和理论分析相结合的方法,较为系统地研究了楔形桩的沉桩效应、土工格栅加筋碎石垫层的工作特性、夯实水泥土楔形桩复合地基和土工格栅-夯实水泥土楔形桩复合地基的承载特性,以及路堤荷载下夯实水泥土桩复合地基变形规律。本文开展了下列工作：
(1)通过静力沉桩模型试验,获得了等截面桩与楔形桩在静力沉桩中桩周土的竖向位移、径向位移、沉桩贯入力与沉桩深度的规律,以及桩周土最大竖向位移和径向位移的位置和大小。
(2)采用模型试验结合三维数值模拟的方法,研究了刚性基础下碎石垫层和加筋碎石垫层的工作特性,分析了垫层厚度、土工格栅、格栅层数、格栅铺设位置等参数变化对碎石垫层和加筋碎石垫层变形模量、竖向应力场、沉降变形的影响。
(3)为揭示夯实水泥土楔形桩复合地基、土工格栅-夯实水泥土楔形桩复合地基的承载特性,进行了大比例模型试验,获得了有无土工格栅碎石垫层下夯实水泥土圆柱形桩复合地基、夯实水泥土楔形桩复合地基的桩-土平均沉降差、桩体应力、平均桩-土应力比、平均沉降、桩身轴力等随荷载变化的规律。
(4)基于剪切位移法,引入Mylonakis&Gazetas桩-土相互作用及温克尔地基模型,导出了复合地基中桩-桩、桩-土及土-土相互作用柔度系数计算式；在此基础上,考虑垫层的影响,提出了路堤荷载作用下桩-土-垫层共同作用分析的新方法,并利用Matlab软件编制了相应的计算程序对夯实水泥土桩复合地基的工作性状进行了分析,获得了地基下反力的分布特征、最佳的楔角范围,以及垫层厚度、垫层模量、荷载等因素对复合地基桩-土沉降差的影响,为夯实水泥土楔形桩复合地基的承载力与沉降计算提供理论基础。
(5)基于一定的假设,并将桩-土复合加固区与变形影响范围内的天然地基视为一个整体,构造出了满足位移边界条件的位移分量表达式,利用位移变分法,建立了路堤荷载作用下地基变形分析的近似解析算法,推导出了荷载作用范围内地基的平均沉降与荷载关系的近似解析算式。并编制相关计算程序,结合模型试验结果分析了地基表面沉降分布规律、土的侧向位移随深度的变化规律、荷载与平均沉降的关系。
本文研究结果表明：1)楔形桩能有效地增强桩与桩周土的相互作用,夯实水泥土楔形桩的桩侧摩阻力主要分布在集中在沿桩深度的上半段,比夯实水泥土圆柱形桩更适宜加固深厚软土地基；2)夯实水泥土楔形桩复合地基能有效地减小地基沉降与桩-土沉降差,提高地基承载力与桩-土应力比,且楔角越大,楔形桩改善复合地基工作性状的作用越明显；3)土工格栅能有效提高碎石垫层刚度,改善垫层的工作性能；4)土工格栅-夯实水泥土楔形桩复合地基的工作性状明显优于土工格栅-夯实水泥土圆柱形桩复合地基的工作性状。
In order to explore a new method for reinforcing soft subgrade, based on analysing, concluding and coordinating the research results of working mechanism on tapered pile, composite foundation with flexible piles and reinforced gravel bed cushion, and considering the characteristics of highway load, a new technique on reinforcing soft ground, two-direction reinforced composite foundation with tapered rammed cement-soil columms and geogrids, was proposed in this dissertation. Using some methods containing large scale model test,3D numerical simulation and theoretical analysis, the piling effects of tapered pile, the working characteristics of reinforced gravel bed cushion with geogrids, the bearing behavior of composite foundation with rammed cement-soil columns and composite foundation with tapered rammed cement-soil columns and geogrids, the deformation laws for composite foundation with rammed cement-soil columns under embankment loading was studied repectively. In this dissertation, the main characteristics contribution is as follows:
(1) By static piling of tapered pile and cylindrical pile model tests, some change laws of vertical displacement of soil surrounding pile, radial displacement of of soil surrounding pile and piling pressure with piling depth increasing had been obtained, respectively. The position and value of maximal vertical displacement and radial displacement of soil surrounding pile had also been obtained.
(2) Using model tests combined with3D numerical simulation studied on the working characteristics of gravel bed cushion and reinforced gravel bed cushion with geogrids under rigid foundation, respectively. When some parameters, such as the thickness of bed cushion, geogrids, geogrids layers and its lied location, was changed, the deformation modulus, vertical stress field and settlement of gravel bed cushion and reinforced gravel bed cushion with geogrids was analyzed, respectively.
(3) To disclose the bearing characteristics of composite foundation with rammed tapered cement-soil columns, composite foundation with rammed tapered cement-soil columns and geogrids, a series of large-scale model tests were performed in laboratory, respectively. Some significative results on composite foundation with rammed rammed tapered cement-soil columns and rammed cylindrical cement-soil columns under gravel bed cushion or gravel bed cushion reinforced by geogrids, the relationship between loading and the the average settlement difference between column and soil, column stress, average pile-soil stress ratio, axil force, average settlement, had been obtained, respectively.
(4) Based on the shear displacement method, and the Mylonakis&Gazetas model for interaction between pile and soil, and the E. Winkler's layered foundation model were introduced, the calculation formulae of the flexibility coefficients for interaction between pile and pile, pile and soil, soil and soil were obtained. Considering the performance of cushion, a new analysis method on pile-soil-cushion mutual action under the embankment was suggested, and the correlated program was also developed by Matlab software. The bearing behavior of composite foundation with rammed cement-soil columns was analyzed by the program. It had been obtained, the reaction distribution characteristics of underside soil, the optimal taper scope, and also obtained the influences on differential settlement between pile and soil by some factors, bed cushion thickness, bed cushion modulus, at al. All of these can offered theoretical basis for calculating bearing capacity and settlement of composite foundation with rammed tapered cement-soil columns.
(5) Based on some assumptions, and regarding reinforcement area and natural foundation as a whole, the adequate displacement components which satisfy the displacement boundary conditions were selected, using the variational method of displacement, approximate analytical algorithm of foundation deformation are established under embankment loads, the approximate analytical formula of the load and the average settlement of groundwork under loading scope were derived. According to the proposed methods, the calculation program was written. Combined with the model tests, it was analyzed by the program, the distribution law for settlement of groundwork surface, the relationship between lateral displacement and depth, the relationship between loading and average settlement.
The research results in this dissertation indicate that:1) tepered pile can strengthen the interaction between pile and soil surrounding pile, and the skin friction of rammed tapered cement-soil columns distributes mainly the upper half of the column along pile depth, the soft ground is reinforced by rammed tapered cement-soil columns more befittingly than by rammed cylindrical cement-soil columns;2) the composite foundation with rammed tapered cement-soil columns can reduce the settlement and the settlement difference between column and soil, enhance the bearing capacity and the pile-soil stress ratio, and the taper is bigger, the bearing behavior of composite foundation is ameliorated more markedly by tapered pile;3) geogrids can increase the stiffness and improve the working performance of gravel bed cushion;4) the baering behavior of composite foundation with rammed tapered cement-soil columns and geogrids is better than that of composite foundation with rammed cylindrical cement-soil columns and geogrids.
(1)通过静力沉桩模型试验,获得了等截面桩与楔形桩在静力沉桩中桩周土的竖向位移、径向位移、沉桩贯入力与沉桩深度的规律,以及桩周土最大竖向位移和径向位移的位置和大小。
(2)采用模型试验结合三维数值模拟的方法,研究了刚性基础下碎石垫层和加筋碎石垫层的工作特性,分析了垫层厚度、土工格栅、格栅层数、格栅铺设位置等参数变化对碎石垫层和加筋碎石垫层变形模量、竖向应力场、沉降变形的影响。
(3)为揭示夯实水泥土楔形桩复合地基、土工格栅-夯实水泥土楔形桩复合地基的承载特性,进行了大比例模型试验,获得了有无土工格栅碎石垫层下夯实水泥土圆柱形桩复合地基、夯实水泥土楔形桩复合地基的桩-土平均沉降差、桩体应力、平均桩-土应力比、平均沉降、桩身轴力等随荷载变化的规律。
(4)基于剪切位移法,引入Mylonakis&Gazetas桩-土相互作用及温克尔地基模型,导出了复合地基中桩-桩、桩-土及土-土相互作用柔度系数计算式；在此基础上,考虑垫层的影响,提出了路堤荷载作用下桩-土-垫层共同作用分析的新方法,并利用Matlab软件编制了相应的计算程序对夯实水泥土桩复合地基的工作性状进行了分析,获得了地基下反力的分布特征、最佳的楔角范围,以及垫层厚度、垫层模量、荷载等因素对复合地基桩-土沉降差的影响,为夯实水泥土楔形桩复合地基的承载力与沉降计算提供理论基础。
(5)基于一定的假设,并将桩-土复合加固区与变形影响范围内的天然地基视为一个整体,构造出了满足位移边界条件的位移分量表达式,利用位移变分法,建立了路堤荷载作用下地基变形分析的近似解析算法,推导出了荷载作用范围内地基的平均沉降与荷载关系的近似解析算式。并编制相关计算程序,结合模型试验结果分析了地基表面沉降分布规律、土的侧向位移随深度的变化规律、荷载与平均沉降的关系。
本文研究结果表明：1)楔形桩能有效地增强桩与桩周土的相互作用,夯实水泥土楔形桩的桩侧摩阻力主要分布在集中在沿桩深度的上半段,比夯实水泥土圆柱形桩更适宜加固深厚软土地基；2)夯实水泥土楔形桩复合地基能有效地减小地基沉降与桩-土沉降差,提高地基承载力与桩-土应力比,且楔角越大,楔形桩改善复合地基工作性状的作用越明显；3)土工格栅能有效提高碎石垫层刚度,改善垫层的工作性能；4)土工格栅-夯实水泥土楔形桩复合地基的工作性状明显优于土工格栅-夯实水泥土圆柱形桩复合地基的工作性状。
In order to explore a new method for reinforcing soft subgrade, based on analysing, concluding and coordinating the research results of working mechanism on tapered pile, composite foundation with flexible piles and reinforced gravel bed cushion, and considering the characteristics of highway load, a new technique on reinforcing soft ground, two-direction reinforced composite foundation with tapered rammed cement-soil columms and geogrids, was proposed in this dissertation. Using some methods containing large scale model test,3D numerical simulation and theoretical analysis, the piling effects of tapered pile, the working characteristics of reinforced gravel bed cushion with geogrids, the bearing behavior of composite foundation with rammed cement-soil columns and composite foundation with tapered rammed cement-soil columns and geogrids, the deformation laws for composite foundation with rammed cement-soil columns under embankment loading was studied repectively. In this dissertation, the main characteristics contribution is as follows:
(1) By static piling of tapered pile and cylindrical pile model tests, some change laws of vertical displacement of soil surrounding pile, radial displacement of of soil surrounding pile and piling pressure with piling depth increasing had been obtained, respectively. The position and value of maximal vertical displacement and radial displacement of soil surrounding pile had also been obtained.
(2) Using model tests combined with3D numerical simulation studied on the working characteristics of gravel bed cushion and reinforced gravel bed cushion with geogrids under rigid foundation, respectively. When some parameters, such as the thickness of bed cushion, geogrids, geogrids layers and its lied location, was changed, the deformation modulus, vertical stress field and settlement of gravel bed cushion and reinforced gravel bed cushion with geogrids was analyzed, respectively.
(3) To disclose the bearing characteristics of composite foundation with rammed tapered cement-soil columns, composite foundation with rammed tapered cement-soil columns and geogrids, a series of large-scale model tests were performed in laboratory, respectively. Some significative results on composite foundation with rammed rammed tapered cement-soil columns and rammed cylindrical cement-soil columns under gravel bed cushion or gravel bed cushion reinforced by geogrids, the relationship between loading and the the average settlement difference between column and soil, column stress, average pile-soil stress ratio, axil force, average settlement, had been obtained, respectively.
(4) Based on the shear displacement method, and the Mylonakis&Gazetas model for interaction between pile and soil, and the E. Winkler's layered foundation model were introduced, the calculation formulae of the flexibility coefficients for interaction between pile and pile, pile and soil, soil and soil were obtained. Considering the performance of cushion, a new analysis method on pile-soil-cushion mutual action under the embankment was suggested, and the correlated program was also developed by Matlab software. The bearing behavior of composite foundation with rammed cement-soil columns was analyzed by the program. It had been obtained, the reaction distribution characteristics of underside soil, the optimal taper scope, and also obtained the influences on differential settlement between pile and soil by some factors, bed cushion thickness, bed cushion modulus, at al. All of these can offered theoretical basis for calculating bearing capacity and settlement of composite foundation with rammed tapered cement-soil columns.
(5) Based on some assumptions, and regarding reinforcement area and natural foundation as a whole, the adequate displacement components which satisfy the displacement boundary conditions were selected, using the variational method of displacement, approximate analytical algorithm of foundation deformation are established under embankment loads, the approximate analytical formula of the load and the average settlement of groundwork under loading scope were derived. According to the proposed methods, the calculation program was written. Combined with the model tests, it was analyzed by the program, the distribution law for settlement of groundwork surface, the relationship between lateral displacement and depth, the relationship between loading and average settlement.
The research results in this dissertation indicate that:1) tepered pile can strengthen the interaction between pile and soil surrounding pile, and the skin friction of rammed tapered cement-soil columns distributes mainly the upper half of the column along pile depth, the soft ground is reinforced by rammed tapered cement-soil columns more befittingly than by rammed cylindrical cement-soil columns;2) the composite foundation with rammed tapered cement-soil columns can reduce the settlement and the settlement difference between column and soil, enhance the bearing capacity and the pile-soil stress ratio, and the taper is bigger, the bearing behavior of composite foundation is ameliorated more markedly by tapered pile;3) geogrids can increase the stiffness and improve the working performance of gravel bed cushion;4) the baering behavior of composite foundation with rammed tapered cement-soil columns and geogrids is better than that of composite foundation with rammed cylindrical cement-soil columns and geogrids.
引文
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