松软破碎围岩巷道柔模混凝土支护研究与实践
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摘要
本文采用理论研究、数值计算分析和现场工业性试验以及监测的方法，通过柔模混凝土支护原理的研究，包括锚碹联合支护及锚碹缓冲层联合支护形式，并针对松软破碎围岩巷道实际工程地质条件，提出了合理的支护参数设计方法和生产作业线，并将光纤光栅监测技术用于柔模混凝土支护应用监测中，为柔模混凝土巷道支护技术的推广应用奠定了理论基础。对以下问题开展了深入研究。
（1）针对松软破碎围岩巷道，提出柔模混凝土巷道支护结构。根据岩碹组合梁理论，分析了锚碹联合支护作用原理及锚杆的作用，锚杆一方面增加了岩层与碹层之间的摩擦力，形成关键支撑架，避免两层出现离层现象；另一方面，锚杆杆体可增加岩层间的抗剪刚度，防止岩层间的水平错动，从而将锚杆的锚固范围内的岩层与碹层锁紧成一个较厚的组合梁，在混凝土强度形成前发挥过渡作用。研究了组合拱与柔模混凝土碹形成组合梁后，柔模混凝土支护结构整体稳定性。
（2）围岩与柔模混凝土碹体形成一种共同体，研究了围岩性态及其变化状况对柔模混凝土碹体的作用，以及柔模混凝土碹体所受的压力及其变形，柔模混凝土碹体以自己的刚度和强度抑制围岩的变形和破裂的进一步发展，这一过程同样影响到柔模混凝土碹体自身的受力。以红柳煤矿缓坡副斜井柔模混凝土支护为依托，根据实际地质条件，提出柔模混凝土巷道支护参数设计方法。柔模混凝土支护是一种新型快速支护方式，适合煤矿松软破碎条件下安全快速施工的要求。
（3）采用数值模拟计算方法，分析在仅有锚杆支护的条件下、锚杆与柔模混凝土碹体支护条件下，巷道顶底板位移、两帮位移，及巷道周边塑性区范围。得出锚杆和柔模混凝土碹体支护条件下，锚杆受力较小，没有发生塑性区，支护结构稳定性良好。
（4）根据柔模混凝土支护具有的稳定性好、施工方便、工人劳动强度低、施工速度快等优点，研究了柔模混凝土支护施工工艺，建立了施工中工艺过程，制定了相应的施工质量控制及验收标准，为柔模混凝土支护的规范化操作提供了参考依据。研究无机化学锚固剂、外加剂的作用，柔性模板的滤水作用与外加剂分散作用形成自密实混凝土，节约了振捣工序；一次性浇注面积大，在泵压作用下混凝土相互挤密咬合，无回弹、无粉尘，保证了施工人员的健康。
（5）在工程实践中，采用光纤光栅监测系统、激光位移实时监测系统等监测手段对柔模混凝土支护结构进行了支护质量监测，分析柔模混凝土支护的变形和锚杆的受力。光纤光栅系统监测了锚杆轴向力的大小，反映出柔模混凝土支护过程中围岩压力的变化，锚杆轴向力在支护过程中经历了先增大，后减小最后趋于稳定的状态。监测表明，柔模混凝土碹体在支护后与锚杆共同承载，整体支护结构稳定。
（6）研究成果成功地应用于红柳煤矿缓坡副斜井支护施工，在服务期间内，巷道不需要维修，满足生产要求，取得了显著的技术、经济效益。
This dissertation studies the flexible formwork and concrete roadway support theory,including the anchored crown anchor combined supporting principle and buffer layer combinedsupporting principle, according to the actual geological conditions, puts forward the reasonablesupport parameter design method and production line, for the future application of flexibleformwork and concrete roadway supporting technology provides the theoretical basis anddesign method. The content of this paper is solving this problem, the technical route andinnovations. According to the research content, determined by theoretical study, numericalanalysis and in-situ test, combined with the research method of the monitoring system of fiberBragg grating. Through the research and practice the following results obtained：
The first,according to the rock of combined beam theory, combination arch is a layer of alayer, body, roof bolt action, one is the friction between the anchoring force of strata and crownlayer, prevent sliding along the two layer, the two layer to avoid separation phenomenon; on theother hand, the anchor rod body can increase the shear stiffness among strata, prevent wrongamong strata moving, so the strata and crown layer anchorage range bolt of locking into a thickcomposite beam. Combined arch with flexible formwork arch formed concrete compositebeams, the bending moment is the only flexible formwork and concrete arch support moment0.063times, at this moment, greatly flexible formwork and concrete arch reduction, flexibleformwork and concrete supporting structure greatly improves the overall stability. Rock archbeam Yu yan arch laminated beam and flexible formwork and concrete arch with maximumtensile stress, reduced by11times, the bending moment is reduced by93%, large bearingcapacity increase.
The second,soft mould pump note concrete support and concrete block Xuan build by laying bricks or stones compared with good stability, supporting capacity big, construction isconvenient, labor intensity low, construction speed etc; Fiber template filter water action andadmixture dispersion effect form self-compacting concrete, saving vibro process, improve thestrength of concrete at the same time for pumping concrete mechanical work provided acondition; Pump note concrete high mechanization degree, and construction speed is quick, acasting large thickness, high strength concrete, no rebound, no dust, and ensured theconstruction personnel health. In China using inorganic chemical anchoring agent, its materialand soil close, bonding effect is good, than resin anchoring agent and reliable, and easyinstallation, low cost, Soft mould pump note concrete support is a new type of rapid supportingmethod, suitable for Philippine coal mine soil conditions and the requirements of rapidconstruction safety.
The third,fiber grating system can monitor the bolt axial force, reflected the change ofsurrounding rock pressure flexible formwork and concrete supporting process, support changesin the structure of the force, the axial force of bolt experienced increases in supporting process,and then decreases the final stable state. Bolt axial force on the flexible formwork and concretesupport6to7days after supporting peak, the maximum11.2kN, basically stable at20dayslater, and smaller stress, maximum8.42kN, flexible formwork and concrete arch in supportingwith bolt joint bearing, the supporting structure stability.
The forth,rock arch composite beam theory calculation were not considered in theconnection of combined arch and flexible formwork and concrete arch bolt strength, stiffness,density, the simulations also had no effect on the anchor geometry size and different layout offlexible formwork and concrete arch bending moment of comparative studies; the anchorcombined support of buffer layer protecting just discussed earlier theories, there are manyproblems need to be further study and work to continue to explore and research.
The fifth,in engineering practice,employ fiber bragg gratings monitoring system and laserdisplacement real-time monitoring system to monitor supporting quality of the flexibleformwork and concrete roadway supporting structure,analyse deformation of flexibleformwork concrete roadway supporting and the stress of the bolt.Fiber bragg gratingsmonitored the bolt axial stress,reflects the variation of the surrounding rocks stress in flexibleformwork and concrete roadway supporting.The bolt axial stress increases first,thendecreases,finaly gets stable in the supporting period.Monitoring demonstrates that the flexibleformwork concrete masonry bears the load with bolt,the whole supporting structure becomessteady.
The end,research achievement put into use in Hongliu mine gentle slope inclined shaft supporting construction,in service period,the roadway needs no maintain,satisfy themanufacture requirement,attains remarkable technology and economic benefits.
（1）针对松软破碎围岩巷道，提出柔模混凝土巷道支护结构。根据岩碹组合梁理论，分析了锚碹联合支护作用原理及锚杆的作用，锚杆一方面增加了岩层与碹层之间的摩擦力，形成关键支撑架，避免两层出现离层现象；另一方面，锚杆杆体可增加岩层间的抗剪刚度，防止岩层间的水平错动，从而将锚杆的锚固范围内的岩层与碹层锁紧成一个较厚的组合梁，在混凝土强度形成前发挥过渡作用。研究了组合拱与柔模混凝土碹形成组合梁后，柔模混凝土支护结构整体稳定性。
（2）围岩与柔模混凝土碹体形成一种共同体，研究了围岩性态及其变化状况对柔模混凝土碹体的作用，以及柔模混凝土碹体所受的压力及其变形，柔模混凝土碹体以自己的刚度和强度抑制围岩的变形和破裂的进一步发展，这一过程同样影响到柔模混凝土碹体自身的受力。以红柳煤矿缓坡副斜井柔模混凝土支护为依托，根据实际地质条件，提出柔模混凝土巷道支护参数设计方法。柔模混凝土支护是一种新型快速支护方式，适合煤矿松软破碎条件下安全快速施工的要求。
（3）采用数值模拟计算方法，分析在仅有锚杆支护的条件下、锚杆与柔模混凝土碹体支护条件下，巷道顶底板位移、两帮位移，及巷道周边塑性区范围。得出锚杆和柔模混凝土碹体支护条件下，锚杆受力较小，没有发生塑性区，支护结构稳定性良好。
（4）根据柔模混凝土支护具有的稳定性好、施工方便、工人劳动强度低、施工速度快等优点，研究了柔模混凝土支护施工工艺，建立了施工中工艺过程，制定了相应的施工质量控制及验收标准，为柔模混凝土支护的规范化操作提供了参考依据。研究无机化学锚固剂、外加剂的作用，柔性模板的滤水作用与外加剂分散作用形成自密实混凝土，节约了振捣工序；一次性浇注面积大，在泵压作用下混凝土相互挤密咬合，无回弹、无粉尘，保证了施工人员的健康。
（5）在工程实践中，采用光纤光栅监测系统、激光位移实时监测系统等监测手段对柔模混凝土支护结构进行了支护质量监测，分析柔模混凝土支护的变形和锚杆的受力。光纤光栅系统监测了锚杆轴向力的大小，反映出柔模混凝土支护过程中围岩压力的变化，锚杆轴向力在支护过程中经历了先增大，后减小最后趋于稳定的状态。监测表明，柔模混凝土碹体在支护后与锚杆共同承载，整体支护结构稳定。
（6）研究成果成功地应用于红柳煤矿缓坡副斜井支护施工，在服务期间内，巷道不需要维修，满足生产要求，取得了显著的技术、经济效益。
This dissertation studies the flexible formwork and concrete roadway support theory,including the anchored crown anchor combined supporting principle and buffer layer combinedsupporting principle, according to the actual geological conditions, puts forward the reasonablesupport parameter design method and production line, for the future application of flexibleformwork and concrete roadway supporting technology provides the theoretical basis anddesign method. The content of this paper is solving this problem, the technical route andinnovations. According to the research content, determined by theoretical study, numericalanalysis and in-situ test, combined with the research method of the monitoring system of fiberBragg grating. Through the research and practice the following results obtained：
The first,according to the rock of combined beam theory, combination arch is a layer of alayer, body, roof bolt action, one is the friction between the anchoring force of strata and crownlayer, prevent sliding along the two layer, the two layer to avoid separation phenomenon; on theother hand, the anchor rod body can increase the shear stiffness among strata, prevent wrongamong strata moving, so the strata and crown layer anchorage range bolt of locking into a thickcomposite beam. Combined arch with flexible formwork arch formed concrete compositebeams, the bending moment is the only flexible formwork and concrete arch support moment0.063times, at this moment, greatly flexible formwork and concrete arch reduction, flexibleformwork and concrete supporting structure greatly improves the overall stability. Rock archbeam Yu yan arch laminated beam and flexible formwork and concrete arch with maximumtensile stress, reduced by11times, the bending moment is reduced by93%, large bearingcapacity increase.
The second,soft mould pump note concrete support and concrete block Xuan build by laying bricks or stones compared with good stability, supporting capacity big, construction isconvenient, labor intensity low, construction speed etc; Fiber template filter water action andadmixture dispersion effect form self-compacting concrete, saving vibro process, improve thestrength of concrete at the same time for pumping concrete mechanical work provided acondition; Pump note concrete high mechanization degree, and construction speed is quick, acasting large thickness, high strength concrete, no rebound, no dust, and ensured theconstruction personnel health. In China using inorganic chemical anchoring agent, its materialand soil close, bonding effect is good, than resin anchoring agent and reliable, and easyinstallation, low cost, Soft mould pump note concrete support is a new type of rapid supportingmethod, suitable for Philippine coal mine soil conditions and the requirements of rapidconstruction safety.
The third,fiber grating system can monitor the bolt axial force, reflected the change ofsurrounding rock pressure flexible formwork and concrete supporting process, support changesin the structure of the force, the axial force of bolt experienced increases in supporting process,and then decreases the final stable state. Bolt axial force on the flexible formwork and concretesupport6to7days after supporting peak, the maximum11.2kN, basically stable at20dayslater, and smaller stress, maximum8.42kN, flexible formwork and concrete arch in supportingwith bolt joint bearing, the supporting structure stability.
The forth,rock arch composite beam theory calculation were not considered in theconnection of combined arch and flexible formwork and concrete arch bolt strength, stiffness,density, the simulations also had no effect on the anchor geometry size and different layout offlexible formwork and concrete arch bending moment of comparative studies; the anchorcombined support of buffer layer protecting just discussed earlier theories, there are manyproblems need to be further study and work to continue to explore and research.
The fifth,in engineering practice,employ fiber bragg gratings monitoring system and laserdisplacement real-time monitoring system to monitor supporting quality of the flexibleformwork and concrete roadway supporting structure,analyse deformation of flexibleformwork concrete roadway supporting and the stress of the bolt.Fiber bragg gratingsmonitored the bolt axial stress,reflects the variation of the surrounding rocks stress in flexibleformwork and concrete roadway supporting.The bolt axial stress increases first,thendecreases,finaly gets stable in the supporting period.Monitoring demonstrates that the flexibleformwork concrete masonry bears the load with bolt,the whole supporting structure becomessteady.
The end,research achievement put into use in Hongliu mine gentle slope inclined shaft supporting construction,in service period,the roadway needs no maintain,satisfy themanufacture requirement,attains remarkable technology and economic benefits.
引文
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